2nd presentation gd lecture

8/8/2019 2nd Presentation GD Lecture

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Developmental Milestones

By: PETER-TOM ADDAUAN CALLANG


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Why is it important? Milestones enables us to monitor a

babys learning, behavior, and

development. Milestones help to mark progress along

a childs developmental journey.

Milestones provide important guidelinesfor tracking healthy development fromfour months to adolescence.


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Milestones are changes in specific physical and mental

abilities (such as walking and understanding

language) that mark the end of onedevelopmental period and the beginning ofanother.

indicate stage transition

are a set of functional skills or age-specifictasks that most children can do at a certainage range.


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Aphoto of a group of mothers together with theirinfants, a time when moms often compare their

children's milestones...


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Aphoto of a baby smiling, a developmental milestonethat most babies reach by the time that they are six toeight weeks old.March 17, 2007


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two types of smiles for babies: the spontaneous or almost reflexive smile

that can occur early in the newbornperiod. (2 months)

the social smile that occurs in response to

something, like when you talk or sing toyour baby. (3 months)

Laughs in response to environment(4 months)


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Stages of Growth and Development

Neonatal birth to 28 days

Infancy

1 month

to 1year

Toddlerhood 1 to 3 years

Preschool 3 to 6 years

Schoolage 6 to 12 years

Adolescence 12 to 20 years

Adulthood 20 years and after


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Milestones for the infantsFive Major Periods:

1. The neonatal period2. 1 to 4 months

3. 5-6 months

4. 7 to 9 months5. 10 to 12 months


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Infants

birth to 1 year

Basic task survival

Breathing

Sleeping

Eating/sucking

Swallowing

Digesting

Eliminating


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Weight

At birth - 2.7- 3.8 kg 6 months - twice the birth weight

12 months - thrice the birth weight


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Height Average length 50cm (20 in)

Two recumbent lengths Crown-to-rump length (top of thehead to the babys buttocks)

H

ead-to-heel length (top ofhead toheel to base ofheel)


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Height Measurements


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Head Molding and Circumference

Misshapen

Molding of the head Fontanelles-

unossified membranous gaps in the skull

Sutures-

junction lines of the skull bones


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Anterior fontanel Diamond-shaped

Gradually decreases at 6 months andcloses at 9 months


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Posterior Fontanel Located between the parietal bones and

occipital bones

Closes 4-8 weeks after birth


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Photo of baby seconds after delivery


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Vision 4 months Follow and react to

bright colors, movement, and

objects? 6 months able to recognize

colors

9 months can recognize facial

characteristics and often smilesto a familiar face.

12 months able to recognizewhere a change in level occurs(edge of bed)


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Hearing Few days able to

distinguish different sounds

5 months will pausewhile sucking to listen to avoice

9 months able tolocate source of sound

12 months listens tosounds, distinguish wordsand responds


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Smell and Taste

Prefer sweet tastes

Tend to decrease their

sucking to fluids withsalty content

Able to smell mothersmilk and respond to thisby turning towards themother


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Touch Sensitive to extreme

Well-developed at birth

Skin-to-skin touching isessential

Positive response

Warmth, love, security


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Reflexes Unconcscious, involutary responses

Neither learned nor consciously carriedout

Nervous system responses to stimuli


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Sucking

Reflex

Feeding reflexthat occurs wheninfants lips aretouched


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Rooting Reflex Feeding reflex

elicited bytouching

the babys cheekcausing the babyscheek to turn to theside that was

touched Disappears at 4

months


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Moro reflex Infant reacts by

extending both arms and

legs outward with thefingers spread, thensuddenly retracting thelimbs

Cries at the same time

Disappears after 4months


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Palmar grasp reflex Occurs when a small

object is placed against

the palm of the handcausing the fingers tocurl around it.

Disappears after 3

months


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Plantar reflex Occurs when an

object is placed

beneath the toescauses it to curlaround it.

Disappears after 8

months


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Tonic neck reflex (TNR)/fencing reflex

Postural reflex

Babys head to the right

side and the left side ofthe body shows a flexingof the left arm and theleft leg

Disappears after 4months


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Stepping reflex (walking or Dancing reflex)

The legs move up anddown (as if walking)

when the baby is heldupright with feettouching s\a flat surface


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Babinski reflex When the sole of the foot

is stroked, the big toe

rises and the other toesfan out.

Negative babinskiafter age 1- toes curl

down

Positive babinski- after1 year- brain injury


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Retained Neonatal(Primitive) Reflexes


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MoroReflex

retained alarm response can contributeto hyper-excitability, agitation, anddifficulty socializing.


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Rooting Reflex Thumb sucking and fussy eating can be

attributed to the retention of this reflex.

As the tongue sits too far forward (as ifready to suck), it may result in speechand articulation problems, dribbling,

and difficulty swallowing and chewing.


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Plantar Reflex Balance, walking and coordination may

be affected by this retained reflex.

This may put pressure on the pelvisand, in turn, cause low back or hipstrain.


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Asymmetrical Tonic Neck

Reflex Important for hand-eye coordination

and distance perception.

Some of the more obvious patternsrelating to this retained reflex aremessyhand writing, disturbed walking

and poor eye-body skills such as weakcatching/kicking abilities.


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Palmar Reflex A child can describe retention of this

reflex as its hard getting my ideas

from myhead, down my arm, and ontopaper.

This can disturb both the flow of writing

and expression of thoughts. This reflexis important for fine motor control.


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Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex Retention of this reflex affects gross motor

skills.

Children are more injury prone, clumsy, andmay find it difficult to coordinate their upperand lower body together.

Exercise may not be enjoyed but once

corrected, we commonly see an eagerness toexercise and an improved performancerunning and swimming.


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Motor development

Babys ability tomove and tocontrol the body.


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1 month Can lifthead

momentarily when

prone turns the head when

prone

Head lag whenpulled in a sittingposition


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2 months

Can raise headsfrom a proneposition


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6 months

Can sit withoutsupport


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9 months

Can reach

Grasp a rattle, andtransfer it from handto hand


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Every child is unique!


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Thank you.

2nd presentation gd lecture

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