2introduction to nworks
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Raj JainThe Ohio State University
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Introduction toIntroduction toNetworking ProtocolsNetworking Protocols
and Architectureand ArchitectureRaj Jain
Professor of CISThe Ohio State University
Columbus, OH [email protected]
These slides are available on-line at:http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~jain/cis677-00/
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Raj JainThe Ohio State University
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OverviewOverview
❑ Data Comm vs Networking vs Distributed Systems
❑ Types of Networks
❑ Protocol Layers: OSI and TCP/IP Models
❑ Connection-oriented vs connectionless
❑ Layered packet format
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Data Communication vs NetworkingData Communication vs Networking
❑ Communication: Two Nodes. Mostly EE issues.
❑ Networking: Two or more nodes. More issues, e.g.,routing
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Distributed Systems vs NetworksDistributed Systems vs Networks❑ Distributed Systems:
❑ Users are unaware of underlying structure.E.g., trn instead of \n\bone\0\trn
❑ Mostly operating systems issues.❑ Nodes are generally under one organization’s
control.❑ Networks: Users specify the location of resources.
http:\\www.cis.ohio-state.edu\~jain\❑ Nodes are autonomous.
ServerServer
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Types of NetworksTypes of Networks
❑ Point to point vs Broadcast
❑ Circuit switched vs packet switched
❑ Local Area Networks (LAN) 0-2 km,Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) 2-50 km,Wide Area Networks (WAN) 50+ km
WAN Bus LANRingLAN
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Protocol LayersProtocol Layers
Philosopher
Translator
Secretary
I believe there is a God!
❑ Problem: Philosophers in different countries speakdifferent languages. The Telex system works onlywith English.
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Design Issues for LayersDesign Issues for Layers
❑ Duplexity:
❑ Simplex: Transmit or receive
❑ Full Duplex: Transmit and receive simultaneously
❑ Half-Duplex: Transmit and receive alternately
❑ Error Control: Error detection and recovery
❑ Flow Control: Fast sender
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ISO/OSI Reference ModelISO/OSI Reference Model
ApplicationPresentation
SessionTransportNetworkDatalinkPhysical How to transmit signal: Coding
Two party communication: EthernetRouting, Addressing: IPEnd-to-end communication: TCP
File transfer, Email, Remote LoginASCII Text, SoundEstablish/manage connection
1
2
3
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LayeringLayering
❑ Protocols of a layer perform a similar set of functions❑ All alternatives for a row have the same interfaces❑ Choice of protocols at a layer is independent of those
of at other layers. E.g., IP over Ethernet or token ring❑ Need one component of each layer ⇒ Null
components
SameInterfaces
Trans Control Prot
Novell Netware (IPX)
Token Ring
Internet Protocol
EthernetCopper Fiber
FTP Telnet Web EmailUser Datagram Prot
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SDU
Interfaces and ServicesInterfaces and Services
❑ IDU = Interface Data Unit = ICI + SDU❑ ICI = Interface Control Information❑ SDU = Service Data Unit❑ PDU = Protocol Data Unit = Fragments of SDU +
Header or Several SDUs + Header (blocking)❑ SAP = Service Access Point
ICI SDU
IDU
SDUICI HeaderPDU
SAPICI SDU
IDU
SDUICI
SAP
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Protocol Data Unit (PDU)Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Datalink
Physical
APDU, Message
PPDU
SPDU
TPDU
NPDU, Packet
DPDU, Frame
PhPDU, Frame
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Datalink
Physical
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Service Data Unit (SDU)Service Data Unit (SDU)Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Datalink
PSDU
SSDU
TSDU
NSDU
DSDU
PhSDUPhysical
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Connection-Oriented vs ConnectionlessConnection-Oriented vs Connectionless
❑ Connection-Oriented: Telephone System❑ Path setup before data is sent❑ Data need not have address. Circuit number is used.❑ Virtual circuits: Multiple circuits on one wire.
❑ Connectionless: Postal System. Also known asdatagram.❑ Complete address on each packet❑ The address decides the next hop at each routing
point
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Types of ServicesTypes of Services
❑ Byte streams: user message boundaries are not preserved
❑ Request-reply: The reply serves as an acknowledgement also
❑ Message oriented or byte oriented approach can be used forunreliable connection-oriented communication
Connection-oriented Datagram
Reliable Unreliable Reliable Unreliable
Acknowledged Request-ReplyMessageSequence
ByteStream
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Service PrimitivesService Primitives
❑ Indication = Interrupt
1. Request2. Indication
Higher Layer
Lower Layer
Higher Layer
Lower Layer
1 234
3. Response4. Confirm
Unconfirmed service: No confirmation or response
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TCP/IP Reference ModelTCP/IP Reference Model❑ TCP = Transport Control Protocol
❑ IP = Internet Protocol (Routing)
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Datalink
Physical
Application
Transport
Internetwork
Host to Network
FTP
TCP
IP
Ethernet
Telnet HTTP
UDP
PacketRadio
Point-to-Point
TCP/IP Ref Model OSI Ref ModelTCP/IP Protocols
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OSI vs TCP Reference ModelsOSI vs TCP Reference Models❑ OSI introduced concept of services, interface,
protocols. These were force-fitted to TCP later⇒ It is not easy to replace protocols in TCP.
❑ In OSI, reference model was done before protocols.In TCP, protocols were done before the model
❑ OSI: Standardize first, build laterTCP: Build first, standardize later
❑ OSI took too long to standardize. TCP/IP was alreadyin wide use by the time.
❑ OSI become too complex.
❑ TCP/IP is not general. Ad hoc.
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Layered Packet FormatLayered Packet Format
❑ Nth layer control info ispassed as N-1th layerdata.
FTP DataFTP
Header
TCP DataTCP
Header
IP DataIP
Header
Ethernet DataEthernetHeader
EthernetTrailer
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SummarySummary
❑ Communication, Networks, and Distributed systems
❑ ISO/OSI’s 7-layer reference model
❑ TCP/IP has a 4-layer model
❑ PDU, SAP, Request, Indication
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Reading AssignmentReading Assignment
❑ Read Sections 1.4, 1.5, Appendix 1A, 1B, Sections2.2, and 2.3 of Stallings 6th Edition
❑ 1.4 Protocols and Protocol Architecture
❑ 1.5 Standards
❑ Appendix 1A: Standards organizations
❑ Appendix 1B: Internet Resources
❑ 2.2 OSI
❑ 2.3 TCP/IP
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HomeworkHomework
❑ Visit www.ietf.org and find the titles of RFC1 andRFC137
❑ Check newsgroup comp.protocols.tcp-ip and list anyone of the current issues being discussed there
❑ Submit answers to Problems 2.4 and 2.7 of Stallings6th Edition
❑ Problem 2.4: Communications between France andChina
❑ Problem 2.7: Segmentation and Blocking