2.fibe air ip 10e etsi product description for i6.8(revfa)

Copyright © 2012 by Ceragon Networks Ltd. All rights reserved.

ETSI Version

FibeAir® IP-10 E-Series Product Description

April 2012

Hardware Release: R3

Software Release: i6.8

Document Revision Fa


Ceragon Proprietary and Confidential of 167

Notice

This document contains information that is proprietary to Ceragon Networks Ltd. No part of this publication may be reproduced, modified, or distributed without prior written authorization of Ceragon Networks Ltd. This document is provided as is, without warranty of any kind.

Registered Trademarks

Ceragon Networks® is a registered trademark of Ceragon Networks Ltd. FibeAir® is a registered trademark of Ceragon Networks Ltd. CeraView® is a registered trademark of Ceragon Networks Ltd. Other names mentioned in this publication are owned by their respective holders.

Trademarks

CeraMap™, PolyView™, EncryptAir™, ConfigAir™, CeraMon™, EtherAir™, and MicroWave Fiber™, are trademarks of Ceragon Networks Ltd. Other names mentioned in this publication are owned by their respective holders.

Statement of Conditions

The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. Ceragon Networks Ltd. shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or consequential damage in connection with the furnishing, performance, or use of this document or equipment supplied with it.

Open Source Statement

The Product may use open source software, among them O/S software released under the GPL or GPL alike license ("GPL License"). Inasmuch that such software is being used, it is released under the GPL License, accordingly. Some software might have changed. The complete list of the software being used in this product including their respective license and the aforementioned

public available changes is accessible on http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.

Information to User

Any changes or modifications of equipment not expressly approved by the manufacturer could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment and the warranty for such equipment.

http://www.gnu.org/licenses/



Revision History

Rev Date Author Description Approved by Date

A November 8, 2011 Baruch Gitlin First revision for release 6.8. Tomer Carmeli November 8, 2011

B November 17,

2011

Baruch Gitlin Added waveguide flanges table for

1500HP/RFU-HP and revised

1500HP/RFU-HP transmit power

specifications.

Tomer Carmeli/Rami

Lerner

November 17,

2011

C November 27,

2011

Baruch Gitlin Added mechanical, environmental,

and electrical specifications for

RFUs and revised Protection

Options section.

Tomer Carmeli/Rami

Lerner

November 27,

2011

D February 8, 2012 Baruch Gitlin Revised RFU-C and 1500HP/RFU-

HP specifications.

Rami Lerner February 8, 2012

E March 15, 2012 Baruch Gitlin Revise PDV value for PTP

optimized transport.

Tomer Carmeli March 15, 2012

F April 2, 2012 Baruch Gitlin Revise RFU-C frequency

specifications.

Rami Lerner April 2, 2012



Table of Contents

1. About This Guide ............................................................................................ 14

2. What You Should Know ................................................................................. 14

3. Target Audience ............................................................................................. 14

4. Related Documents ........................................................................................ 14

5. Section Summary ........................................................................................... 15

6. Product Overview ........................................................................................... 16

6.1 IP-10E Highlights ......................................................................................................... 17 6.1.1 Best Utilization of Spectrum Assets ............................................................................. 17 6.1.2 Spectral Efficiency ........................................................................................................ 17 6.1.3 Radio Link .................................................................................................................... 17 6.1.4 Wireless Network ......................................................................................................... 18 6.1.5 Scalability ..................................................................................................................... 18 6.1.6 Availability .................................................................................................................... 19 6.1.7 Network Level Optimization ......................................................................................... 19 6.1.8 Network Management .................................................................................................. 19 6.1.9 Power Saving Mode High Power Radio ....................................................................... 20

6.2 Hardware Description ................................................................................................... 21 6.2.1 Dimensions and Voltage Rating ................................................................................... 21 6.2.2 Front Panel Interfaces .................................................................................................. 21 6.2.3 Available Assembly Options * ...................................................................................... 22 6.2.4 RFU Options................................................................................................................. 22

6.3 Licensing ...................................................................................................................... 23 6.3.1 Working with License Keys .......................................................................................... 23 6.3.2 Licensed Features ........................................................................................................ 23

6.4 Radio Configuration Options ........................................................................................ 25

6.5 Feature Overview ......................................................................................................... 26 6.5.1 General Features ......................................................................................................... 26 6.5.2 Capacity-Related Features .......................................................................................... 26 6.5.3 Ethernet Features ........................................................................................................ 27 6.5.4 Synchronization Features ............................................................................................ 28 6.5.5 Security Features ......................................................................................................... 28 6.5.6 Management Features ................................................................................................. 29

7. Functional Description ................................................................................... 31

7.1 Functional Overview ..................................................................................................... 32

7.2 IDU Interfaces .............................................................................................................. 33 7.2.1 Ethernet Interfaces ....................................................................................................... 33 7.2.2 Additional Interfaces ..................................................................................................... 34 7.2.3 Power Options .............................................................................................................. 34

7.3 Nodal Configuration ..................................................................................................... 35 7.3.1 Nodal Configuration Benefits ....................................................................................... 35 7.3.2 IP-10E Nodal Design .................................................................................................... 35



7.3.3 Nodal Enclosure Design ............................................................................................... 36 7.3.4 Nodal Management ...................................................................................................... 37 7.3.5 Centralized System Features ....................................................................................... 38 7.3.6 Ethernet Connectivity in Nodal Configurations ............................................................ 38

7.4 Protection Options ........................................................................................................ 39 7.4.1 1+1 HSB Protection ...................................................................................................... 39 7.4.2 2+0 Multi-Radio and 2+0 Multi-Radio with IDU and Line Protection............................ 41 7.4.3 2+2 HSB Protection ...................................................................................................... 41

8. Main Features ................................................................................................. 43

8.1 Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) ...................................................................... 44 8.1.1 Eight Working Points .................................................................................................... 44 8.1.2 Hitless and Errorless Step-by-Step Adjustments ......................................................... 45 8.1.3 Configurable Minimum ACM Profile ............................................................................. 45 8.1.4 ACM Benefits ............................................................................................................... 45 8.1.5 ACM and Built-In Quality of Service ............................................................................. 46 8.1.6 ACM with Adaptive Transmit Power ............................................................................ 46

8.2 Multi-Radio ................................................................................................................... 48 8.2.1 IDU and Line Protection in Multi-Radio ........................................................................ 49

8.3 XPIC Support ............................................................................................................... 50 8.3.1 XPIC Benefits ............................................................................................................... 50 8.3.2 XPIC Implementation ................................................................................................... 51 8.3.3 XPIC and Multi-Radio ................................................................................................... 52

8.4 Space and Frequency Diversity ................................................................................... 53 8.4.1 Baseband Switching (BBS) Frequency Diversity ......................................................... 54 8.4.2 Baseband Switching (BBS) Space Diversity ................................................................ 54 8.4.3 IF Combining (IFC) ....................................................................................................... 55 8.4.4 Diversity Type Comparison .......................................................................................... 55

8.5 LTE-Ready Latency ..................................................................................................... 56 8.5.1 Benefits of IP-10E’s Top-of-the-Line Low Latency....................................................... 56

8.6 Carrier Grade Ethernet................................................................................................. 57 8.6.1 Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10E ................................................................ 58 8.6.2 Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10E - Node Failure ........................................ 59

8.7 Ethernet Switching ....................................................................................................... 60 8.7.1 Smart Pipe Mode ......................................................................................................... 60 8.7.2 Managed Switch Mode ................................................................................................. 61 8.7.3 Metro Switch Mode ...................................................................................................... 61

8.8 Integrated QoS Support ............................................................................................... 62 8.8.1 QoS Overview .............................................................................................................. 62 8.8.2 IP-10E Standard QoS .................................................................................................. 63 8.8.3 QoS Traffic Flow in Smart Pipe Mode .......................................................................... 63 8.8.4 QoS Traffic Flow in Managed Switch and Metro Switch Mode .................................... 64 8.8.5 Enhanced QoS ............................................................................................................. 64 8.8.6 Weighted Random Early Detection .............................................................................. 65 8.8.7 Standard and Enhanced QoS Comparison .................................................................. 67 8.8.8 Enhanced QoS Benefits ............................................................................................... 67

8.9 Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) Support ....................................................................... 68 8.9.1 RSTP ...................................................................................................................... 68



8.9.2 Carrier Ethernet Wireless Ring-Optimized RSTP ........................................................ 68 8.9.3 Ring-Optimized RSTP Limitations................................................................................ 69 8.9.4 Basic IP-10E Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring Topology Examples.............................. 70

8.9.4.1 IP-10E Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring with Dual-Homing .......................... 70

8.9.4.2 IP-10E Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring - 1+0 .............................................. 71

8.9.4.3 IP-10E Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring - Aggregation Site .......................... 71

8.10 Ethernet Line Protection............................................................................................... 72 8.10.1 Multi-Unit LAG .............................................................................................................. 73 8.10.2 Ethernet Line Protection Comparison .......................................................................... 73

8.11 Asymmetrical Scripts .................................................................................................... 74

8.12 Synchronization Support .............................................................................................. 76 8.12.1 Wireless IP Synchronization Challenges ..................................................................... 76 8.12.2 Precision Timing-Protocol (PTP) .................................................................................. 77 8.12.3 Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE) .................................................................................... 77 8.12.4 IP-10E Synchronization Solution ................................................................................. 78 8.12.5 Synchronization Using Precision Timing Protocol (PTP) Optimized Transport ........... 79 8.12.6 Native Sync Distribution Mode ..................................................................................... 80

8.12.6.1 Native Sync Distribution Examples .............................................................. 81

8.12.7 SyncE “Regenerator” Mode ......................................................................................... 83

9. RFU Descriptions ........................................................................................... 84

9.1 RFU Selection Guide ................................................................................................... 85

9.2 RFU-C .......................................................................................................................... 86 9.2.1 Main Features of RFU-C .............................................................................................. 86 9.2.2 RFU-C Frequency Bands ............................................................................................. 87 9.2.3 RFU-C Mechanical, Electrical, and Environmental Specifications ............................... 98 9.2.4 Mediation Device Losses ............................................................................................. 99 9.2.5 RFU-C Antenna Connection ........................................................................................ 99 9.2.6 RFU-C Waveguide Flanges ....................................................................................... 100

9.3 1500HP/RFU-HP ........................................................................................................ 101 9.3.1 Main Features of 1500HP/RFU-HP ........................................................................... 101 9.3.2 1500HP/RFU-HP Frequency Bands .......................................................................... 102 9.3.3 1500HP/RFU-HP Mechanical, Electrical, and Environmental Specifications ............ 103 9.3.4 1500HP/RFU-HP Installation Types........................................................................... 104 9.3.5 1500HP/RFU-HP Supported Configurations .............................................................. 104 9.3.6 1500HP/RFU-HP All-Indoor Configurations ............................................................... 105 9.3.7 Branching Networks ................................................................................................... 105

9.3.7.1 Split Mount Branching Loss ....................................................................... 106

9.3.7.2 All-Indoor Branching Loss ......................................................................... 107

9.3.8 1500HP/RFU-HP Waveguide Flanges ....................................................................... 108

9.4 RFH-HS ...................................................................................................................... 109 9.4.1 Main Features of RFU-HS .......................................................................................... 109 9.4.2 RFU-HS Frequency Bands ........................................................................................ 110 9.4.3 RFU-HS Mechanical, Electrical, and Environmental Specifications .......................... 111 9.4.4 RFU-HS Antenna Types ............................................................................................ 112 9.4.5 RFU-HS Antenna Connection .................................................................................... 112 9.4.6 RFU-HS Mediation Device Losses............................................................................. 113



9.5 RFU-SP ...................................................................................................................... 114 9.5.1 Main Features of RFU-SP .......................................................................................... 114 9.5.2 RFU-SP Frequency Bands ......................................................................................... 114 9.5.3 RFU-SP Mechanical, Electrical, and Environmental Specifications .......................... 115 9.5.4 RFU-SP Direct Mount Installation .............................................................................. 116 9.5.5 RFU-SP Antenna Connection .................................................................................... 116 9.5.6 RFU-SP Mediation Device Losses ............................................................................. 117

9.6 RFU-P ........................................................................................................................ 118 9.6.1 RFU-P Mechanical, Electrical, and Environmental Specifications ............................. 118 9.6.2 RFU-P Mediation Device Losses ............................................................................... 118

10. Typical Configurations ................................................................................. 119

10.1 Point to point configurations ....................................................................................... 119 10.1.1 1+0 119 10.1.2 1+1 HSB120 10.1.3 2+0/XPIC Link, “no Multi-Radio” Mode ...................................................................... 120 10.1.4 2+0/XPIC Link, “Multi-Radio” Mode ........................................................................... 121 10.1.5 2+2/XPIC/Multi-Radio MW Link ................................................................................. 121

10.2 Nodal Configurations .................................................................................................. 122 10.2.1 Chain with 1+0 Downlink and 1+1 HSB Uplink .......................................................... 122 10.2.2 Node with 2 x 1+0 Downlinks and 1 x 1+1 HSB Uplink ............................................. 123 10.2.3 Chain with 1+1 Downlink and 1+1 HSB Uplink .......................................................... 123 10.2.4 Ring with 3 x 1+0 Links at Main Site .......................................................................... 124 10.2.5 Ring with 3 x 1+1 HSB Links at Main Site.................................................................. 124 10.2.6 Node with 1 x 1+1 HSB Downlink and 1 x 1+1 HSB Uplink ....................................... 125 10.2.7 Ring with 4 x 1+0 Links .............................................................................................. 125 10.2.8 Ring with 3 x 1+0 Links + Spur Link 1+0.................................................................... 126 10.2.9 Ring with 4 x 1+0 MW Links and 1 x Fiber Link (5 hops total) ................................... 126 10.2.10Ring with 2 x 2+0/XPIC MW Links and 1 x Fiber Link (3 hops total) ....................... 127

11. Management and System Security .............................................................. 128

11.1 PolyView End-To-End Network Management System .............................................. 130 11.1.1 PolyView Main Features ............................................................................................ 130 11.1.2 PolyView User Interface ............................................................................................. 131 11.1.3 PolyView Security Features ....................................................................................... 131 11.1.4 PolyView Advantages ................................................................................................ 132 11.1.5 PolyView Server Components ................................................................................... 134

11.1.5.1 MySQL Database ...................................................................................... 134

11.1.5.2 FTP/ SFTP Server ..................................................................................... 134

11.1.5.3 XML & HTTP Proxy ................................................................................... 134

11.1.5.4 Server Redundancy ................................................................................... 134

11.2 Web-Based Element Management System (Web EMS) ........................................... 135

11.3 CeraBuild ................................................................................................................... 136

11.4 System Security Features .......................................................................................... 137 11.4.1 Ceragon’s Layered Security Concept ........................................................................ 137 11.4.2 Defenses in management communication channels ................................................. 138 11.4.3 Defenses in user and system authentication procedures .......................................... 139 11.4.4 Monitoring tools .......................................................................................................... 139



11.4.5 Secure communication channels ............................................................................... 140 11.4.5.1 HTTPS ....................................................................................................... 140

11.4.5.2 SNMP ........................................................................................................ 140

11.4.5.3 Server authentication (SSL / SLLv3) ......................................................... 140

11.4.5.4 Encryption .................................................................................................. 141

11.4.5.5 SSH............................................................................................................ 141

11.4.5.6 SFTP .......................................................................................................... 141

11.4.6 Security log ................................................................................................................. 141

11.5 End to End Multi-Layer OAM ..................................................................................... 143 11.5.1 Configurable RSL Threshold Alarms and Traps ........................................................ 143 11.5.2 Connectivity Fault Management (CFM) ..................................................................... 143 11.5.3 Ethernet Statistics (RMON) ........................................................................................ 144

11.5.3.1 Ingress Line Receive Statistics .................................................................. 144

11.5.3.2 Ingress Radio Transmit Statistics .............................................................. 145

11.5.3.3 Egress Radio Receive Statistics ................................................................ 145

11.5.3.4 Egress Line Transmit Statistics ................................................................. 145

12. Specifications ............................................................................................... 146

12.1 General Specifications ............................................................................................... 146 12.1.1 6-18 GHz146 12.1.2 23-38 GHz .................................................................................................................. 147

12.2 RFU Support .............................................................................................................. 148

12.3 Radio Capacity ........................................................................................................... 149 12.3.1 3.5 MHz .................................................................................................................... 149 12.3.2 7 MHz .................................................................................................................... 149 12.3.3 14 MHz .................................................................................................................... 150 12.3.4 28 MHz .................................................................................................................... 150 12.3.5 40 MHz .................................................................................................................... 151 12.3.6 56 MHz .................................................................................................................... 151 12.3.7 Transmit Power with RFU-C(dBm)............................................................................. 152 12.3.8 Transmit Power with RFU-SP/HS/HP

(dBm) .............................................................. 152

12.3.9 Transmit Power with RFU-P (dBm) ............................................................................ 153 12.3.10Receiver Threshold (RSL) with RFU-C (dBm @ BER = 10-6) ................................. 154 12.3.11Receiver Threshold (RSL) with RFU-SP/HS/HP/1500HP

(dBm @ BER = 10-6) .... 156

12.3.12Receiver Threshold (RSL) with RFU-P (dBm @ BER = 10-6) ................................. 158

12.4 Ethernet Latency Specifications ................................................................................. 160 12.4.1 Latency – 3.5MHz Channel Bandwidth ...................................................................... 160 12.4.2 Latency – 7MHz Channel Bandwidth ......................................................................... 160 12.4.3 Latency – 14MHz Channel Bandwidth ....................................................................... 161 12.4.4 Latency – 28MHz Channel Bandwidth ....................................................................... 161 12.4.5 Latency – 40MHz Channel Bandwidth ....................................................................... 162 12.4.6 Latency – 56MHz Channel Bandwidth ....................................................................... 162

12.5 Interface Specifications .............................................................................................. 163 12.5.1 Ethernet Interface Specifications ............................................................................... 163 12.5.2 Carrier Ethernet Functionality .................................................................................... 163

12.6 Network Management, Diagnostics, Status, and Alarms ........................................... 165



12.7 Mechanical Specifications .......................................................................................... 165

12.8 Standard compliance ................................................................................................. 166

12.9 Environmental ............................................................................................................ 166

12.10 Power Input Specifications ......................................................................................... 166

12.11 Power Consumption Specifications ........................................................................... 167

12.12 Power Consumption with RFU-HP in Power Saving Mode ....................................... 167



List of Figures

IP-10E Front Panel and Interfaces ...................................................................... 21

IP-10E Front Panel with Dual Feed Power .......................................................... 21

Functional Block Diagram ................................................................................... 31

FibeAir IP-10E Block Diagram ............................................................................. 32

Main Nodal Enclosure .......................................................................................... 36

Extension Nodal Enclosure ................................................................................. 36

Scalable Nodal Enclosure ................................................................................... 37

1+1 HSB Protection – Connecting the IDUs ....................................................... 40

1+1 HSB Node with BBS Space Diversity ........................................................... 40

3 x 1+1 Aggregation Site ..................................................................................... 41

2+2 with XPIC and Multi-Radio ............................................................................ 42

Adaptive Coding and Modulation with Eight Working Points ........................... 44

Adaptive Coding and Modulation ....................................................................... 45

IP-10E ACM with Adaptive Power Contrasted to Other ACM Implementations 47

Typical 2+0 Multi-Radio Link Configuration ....................................................... 48

Typical 2+2 Multi-Radio Terminal Configuration with HSB Protection............. 48

Dual Polarization .................................................................................................. 50

XPIC - Orthogonal Polarizations ......................................................................... 51

XPIC – Impact of Misalignments and Channel Degradation ............................. 51

XPIC – Impact of Misalignments and Channel Degradation ............................. 52

Direct and Reflected Signals ............................................................................... 53

Diversity Signal Flow ........................................................................................... 54

Carrier Grade Ethernet Feature Summary .......................................................... 57

Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10E ....................................................... 58

Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10E - Node Failure ............................... 59

Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10E - Node Failure (continued) ........... 59

Ethernet Switching............................................................................................... 60

Smart Pipe Mode QoS Traffic Flow ..................................................................... 63

Managed Switch and Metro Switch QoS Traffic Flow ........................................ 64



IP-10E Enhanced QoS .......................................................................................... 65

Synchronized Packet Loss .................................................................................. 66

Random Packet Loss with Increased Capacity Utilization Using WRED ......... 66

Ring-Optimized RSTP Solution ........................................................................... 69

Basic IP-10E Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring ..................................................... 70

IP-10E Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring with Dual-Homing ................................. 70

IP-10E Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring - 1+0 ...................................................... 71

IP-10E Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring - Aggregation Site ................................ 71

Hardware Protection with Single Interface Using Optical Splitter .................... 72

Full protection with Dual Interface Using Optical Splitters and LAG ............... 72

Full Protection Using Multi-Unit LAG ................................................................. 72

Symmetrical Chain Example ............................................................................... 74

Asymmetrical Chain Example ............................................................................. 74

Symmetrical Aggregation Site Example ............................................................. 75

Asymmetrical Aggregation Site Example ........................................................... 75

Precision Timing Protocol (PTP) Synchronization ............................................ 77

Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE)........................................................................... 78

PTP Optimized Transport .................................................................................... 79

Native Sync Distribution Mode ........................................................................... 80

Native Sync Distribution Mode Usage Example ................................................ 81

Native Sync Distribution Mode – Tree Scenario ................................................ 82

Native Sync Distribution Mode – Ring Scenario (Normal Operation) ............... 82

Native Sync Distribution Mode – Ring Scenario (Link Failure) ......................... 83

RFU-C – Waveguide Flanges ............................................................................. 100

All-Indoor Vertical Branching ............................................................................ 106

Split Mount Branching and All-Indoor Compact .............................................. 106

FibeAir IP-10E Typical Configurations – 1+0 ................................................... 119

FibeAir IP-10E Typical Configurations 1+1 HSB .............................................. 120

2+0/XPIC Link, “no Multi-Radio” Mode ............................................................. 120

2+0/XPIC Link, “Multi-Radio” Mode .................................................................. 121



2+2/XPIC/Multi-Radio MW Link .......................................................................... 121

Chain with 1+0 Downlink and 1+1 HSB Uplink ................................................. 122

Node with 2 x 1+0 Downlinks and 1 x 1+1 HSB Uplink .................................... 123

Chain with 1+1 Downlink and 1+1 HSB Uplink ................................................. 123

Ring with 3 x 1+0 Links at Main Site ................................................................. 124

Ring with 3 x 1+1 HSB Links at Main Site ......................................................... 124

Node with 1 x 1+1 HSB Downlink and 1 x 1+1 HSB Uplink ............................. 125

Ring with 4 x 1+0 Links ...................................................................................... 125

Ring with 3 x 1+0 Links + Spur Link 1+0 .......................................................... 126

Ring with 4 x 1+0 MW Links and 1 x Fiber Link (5 hops total) ........................ 126

Ring with 2 x 2+0/XPIC MW Links and 1 x Fiber Link (3 hops total) ............... 127

Integrated IP-10E Management Tools ............................................................... 129

Security Solution Architecture Concept ........................................................... 137

OAM Functionality ............................................................................................. 143



List of Tables

Section Summary ................................................................................................. 15

Intelligent Ethernet Header Compression .......................................................... 27

Ethernet Interface Functionality .......................................................................... 33

Comparison of IP-10E Protection Options ......................................................... 39

ACM Working Points (Profiles) ........................................................................... 44

BBS and IFC Comparison .................................................................................... 55

Managed Switch Mode ......................................................................................... 61

Metro Switch Mode .............................................................................................. 61

IP-10E Standard and Enhanced QoS Features .................................................. 67

Ethernet Line Protection Comparison ................................................................ 73

RFU Selection Guide ............................................................................................ 85

RFU-C Mechanical, Electrical, and Environmental Specifications ................... 98

RFU-C Mediation Device Losses ......................................................................... 99

1500HP/RFU-HP Mechanical, Electrical, and Environmental Specifications . 103

1500HP/RFU-HP – Waveguide Flanges ............................................................. 108

RFU-HS Mechanical, Electrical, and Environmental Specifications ............... 111

RFU-SP Frequency Bands ................................................................................. 114

RFU-SP Mechanical, Electrical, and Environmental Specifications ............... 115

RFU-HS-SP Antennas ........................................................................................ 116

RFU-P Mechanical, Electrical, and Environmental Specifications ................. 118

RFU-P Mediation Device Losses ....................................................................... 118



1. About This Guide

This document describes the main features, components, and specifications of the FibeAir IP-10 E-Series high capacity IP network solution. This document also describes a number of typical FibeAir IP-10E configuration options. This document applies to hardware version R3 and software version I6.8.

2. What You Should Know

This document describes applicable ETSI standards and specifications. A North America version of this document (ANSI, FCC) is also available.

3. Target Audience

This manual is intended for use by Ceragon customers, potential customers, and business partners. The purpose of this manual is to provide basic information about the FibeAir IP-10E for use in system planning, and determining which FibeAir IP-10E configuration is best suited for a specific network.

4. Related Documents FibeAir IP-10 System Installation Guide - DOC-00023199

FibeAir IP-10 License Management System - DOC-00019183

FibeAir IP-10 Web Based Management User Guide, DOC-00018688

PolyView User Guide – DOC-00008492

FibeAir CeraBuild Commission Reports Guide, DOC-00028133

FibeAir RFU-HP Product Description

FibeAir RFU-HP Installation Guide - DOC-00015514

FibeAir RFU-C Product Description

FibeAir RFU-C Installation Guide - DOC-00017708

FibeAir RFU-HS Product Description

FibeAir RFU-HS Installation Guide - DOC-00022617

FibeAir RFU-SP Product Description

FibeAir RFU-SP Installation Guide - DOC-00015515

RFU-P Installation Guide - DOC-00015520



5. Section Summary

This Product Description includes the following sections:

Section Summary

Section Summary of Contents

Product Overview Provides an overview of the FibeAir IP-10E, including basic information about IP-10E

and its features, a description of some common applications in which IP-10E is used, a

description of IP-10E’s hardware and interfaces, and an explanation of the licensing

process for certain IP-10E features.

Functional Description Includes a functional block diagram of IP-10E, and describes IP-10E’s main

components and interfaces, including detailed descriptions of IP-10E’s nodal

configuration option, and protected configuration options.

Main Features Provides detailed descriptions of IP-10E’s main features.

RFU Descriptions Describes the Radio Frequency Units (RFU) that can be used in an IP-10E system,

including basic specifications and an RFU comparison chart.

Typical Configurations Provides diagrams of several typical IP-10E configurations.

Management and

System Security

Provides an overview of the Ceragon applications used to manage an IP-10E system,

including the PolyView™ Network Management System (NMS), the Web-Based

Element Management System (Web EMS), and the CeraBuild™ maintenance and

provisioning application, and describes IP-10E’s system security features and end to

end multi-layer OAM functionality.

Specifications Lists the IP-10E specifications, including general specifications, radio capacity,

interface, power, mechanical, and other specifications.



6. Product Overview

FibeAir IP-10E is a high capacity carrier-grade wireless Ethernet backhaul product. FibeAir IP-10E features a powerful, integrated Ethernet switch for advanced networking functionality. With advanced service management and Operation Administration & Maintenance (OA&M) tools, the IP-10E solution simplifies network design, reduces CAPEX and OPEX, and improves overall network availability and reliability to support services with stringent SLA.

FibeAir IP-10E covers the entire licensed frequency spectrum and offers a wide capacity range, from 10 Mbps to 1 Gbps over a single radio carrier, using a single Radio Frequency Unit (RFU), depending on traffic scenario based on payload and header compression. Additional functionality and capacity are enabled via license keys while using the same hardware.

By enabling more capacity, at lower latencies to any location, with proper traffic management mechanisms and an optional downstream boost, FibeAir IP-10E is built to enhance end user Quality of Experience.

Highlights of FibeAir IP-10E include:

Best utilization of spectrum assets

Reduced number of network elements

Improved network uptime

Future proof

Risk-free solution



6.1 IP-10E Highlights

The following are just some of the highlights of IP-10E.

6.1.1 Best Utilization of Spectrum Assets

IP-10E provides efficiencies at three levels -- spectral efficiency, radio link, and wireless network. By combining superior radio performance, advanced compression, and an end-to-end holistic approach for capacity, operators can effectively provides up to five times more traffic to their users. In other words, IP-10E enables more revenue generating subscribers in a given RAN.

6.1.2 Spectral Efficiency

IP-10E provides unrivaled spectral efficiency in a given spectrum channel by optimizing capacity of a link using adaptive coding and modulation techniques. In addition, IP-10E’s intelligent Ethernet and payload compression mechanisms improves effective Ethernet throughput by up to 5 fold without affecting user traffic.

6.1.3 Radio Link

Latency – IP-10E boasts ultra-low latency features that are essential for 3G and LTE deployments. With low latency, IP-10E enables links to cascade further away from the fiber PoP, allowing wider coverage in a given network cluster. Ultra-low latency also translates into longer radio chains, broader radio rings, and shorter recovery times. Moreover, maintaining low packet delay variation ensures proper synchronization propagation across the network.

Spectural Efficiency

•Modulation

•Header Compression

Radio Link

•Latency

•System Gain

•Power Adaptive ACM

Wireless Network

•QoS Mechanism

•Resiliency (ABR, etc.)

•OA&M Tools



System Gain – IP-10E’s unrivalled system gain provides higher link availability, smaller antennas, and longer link spans. IP-10E provides higher overall capacity while maintaining critical and real-time traffic saving both on operational and capital expenditures by using smaller antennas for given link budget.

Power Adaptive ACM – IP-10E sets the industry standard for Advanced Adaptive Code and Modulation (ACM), increasing network capacity over an existing infrastructure while reducing sensitivity to environmental interferences. In addition, IP-10E provides a unique technological combination of ACM with Adaptive Power to ensure high availability and unmatched link utilization. IP-10E’s ACM implementation includes an option to set a minimum modulation profile below which the system may not step down.

6.1.4 Wireless Network

Enhanced QoS – IP-10E enables operators to deploy differentiated services with stringent service level agreements while maximizing the utilization of network resources. IP-10E enables granular CoS classification and traffic management, network utilization monitoring, and support of EIR traffic without affecting CIR traffic. Enhanced QoS enables traffic shaping per queue and port in order to limit and control packet bursts, and improves the utilization of TCP flows using WRED protocols.

OA&M – With advanced service management and Operation Administration & Maintenance (OA&M) tools, IP-10E simplifies network design, reduces operational and capital expenditures, and improves overall network availability and reliability to support services with stringent SLA.

6.1.5 Scalability

FibeAir IP-10E is a scalable solution that is based on a common hardware that supports any channel size, modulation scheme, capacity, network topology, and configuration. Scalability and hardware efficiency simplify logistics and allow for commonality of spare parts. A common hardware platform enables customers to upgrade the feature set as the need arises - Pay As You Grow - without requiring hardware replacement.



6.1.6 Availability

MTBF.– FibeAir IP-10E provides an unrivaled reliability benchmark, with radio MTBF exceeding 112 years, and average annual return rate around 1%. Ceragon radios are designed in-house and employ cutting-edge technology with unmatched production yield, and a mature installed-base exceeding 100,000 radios. In addition, advanced radio features such as multi-radio and cross polarization achieves 100% utilization of radio resources by load balancing based on instantaneous capacity per carrier. Important resulting advantages are reduction in capital expenditures due to less spare parts required for roll-out, and reduction in operating expenditures, as maintenance and troubleshooting occurrence is infrequent.

ACM – Adaptive Modulation has a remarkable synergy with FibeAir IP-10E’s built-in Layer 2 Quality of Service mechanism. Since QoS provides priority support for different classes of service, according to a wide range of criteria, it is possible to configure the system to discard only low priority packets as conditions deteriorate. Adaptive Power and Adaptive Coding & Modulation provides maximum availability and spectral efficiency in any deployment scenario.

6.1.7 Network Level Optimization

FibeAir IP-10E optimizes overall network performance, scalability, resilience, and survivability by using hot-standby (HSB) configuration with no single point of failure. In addition, ring and mesh deployments increase resiliency with standard xSTP as well as with a proprietary enhancement to the industry standard RSTP, resulting in faster recovery time. FibeAir IP-10E helps create a more robust network, with minimum downtime and maximum service grade, ensuring better user experience, better immunity to failures, lower churn, and reduced expenditures.

6.1.8 Network Management

Each IP-10 Network Element includes an HTTP web-based element manager (CeraWeb) that enables the operator to perform element configuration, RF, Ethernet, and PDH performance monitoring, remote diagnostics, alarm reports, and more.

In addition, FibeAir IP-10E provides an SNMP-based northbound interface.

Ceragon’s network management system, PolyView, offers best-in-class end-to-end Ethernet service management, network monitoring, and NMS survivability by using advanced OAM. PolyView, Ceragon’s network management solution, provides simplified network provisioning, configuration error prevention, monitoring, and troubleshooting tools that ensure better user experience, minimal network downtime and reduced expenditures on network level maintenance.



6.1.9 Power Saving Mode High Power Radio

FibeAir IP-10E offers an optional ultra-high power radio solution that transmits the highest power in the industry, while employing an innovative Power Saving Mode that saves up to 30% power consumption. Power Saving Mode enables the deployment of smaller antennas, and reduces the need for repeater stations. Moreover, installation labor cost and electricity consumption are reduced, achieving an overall diminished carbon footprint.



6.2 Hardware Description

FibeAir IP-10E features split-mount architecture consisting of an indoor unit (IDU) and a Radio Frequency Unit (RFU). For more information on RFU options, refer to RFU Descriptions on page 84.

6.2.1 Dimensions and Voltage Rating

This section sets forth basic system specifications. For a more extensive description of IP-10E’s specifications, refer to Mechanical Specifications on page 165and Power Input Specifications on page 166.

Dimensions

Height: 42.6 mm (1RU)

Width: 439 mm

Depth: 188 mm (fits in ETSI rack)

DC input voltage nominal rating: -48V

6.2.2 Front Panel Interfaces

This section describes the IP-10E’s main interfaces. For a fuller description of the IP-10E’s interfaces, refer to IDU Interfaces on page 33.

IP-10E Front Panel and Interfaces

IP-10E Front Panel with Dual Feed Power



Main Interfaces:

5 x 10/100Base-T

2 x GbE combo ports: 10/100/1000Base-T or SFP 1000Base-X

RFU interface: N-type connector

Additional Interfaces:

Terminal console

External alarms (4 inputs & 1 output)

PROT: Ethernet protection control interface (for 1+1 HSB mode support)

In addition, each of the FE interfaces can be configured to support an alternate mode of operation:

MGT: Ethernet out-of-band management (up to 3 interfaces)

WS: Ethernet wayside

6.2.3 Available Assembly Options *

With or without XPIC support

With or without dual-feed power option

6.2.4 RFU Options

FibeAir IP-10E is based on the latest Ceragon technology, and can be installed together with any FibeAir RFU, including:

FibeAir 1500HP (FibeAir RFU-HP-1rx or FibeAir RFU-HP-2rx)

FibeAir 1500HS (FibeAir RFU-HS)

FibeAir 1500SP (FibeAir RFU-SP)

FibeAir 1500P (FibeAir RFU-P)

FibeAir RFU-C

FibeAir RFUs support multiple capacities, frequencies, modulation schemes, and configurations for various network requirements. The RFUs operate in the frequency range of 6-42 GHz, and support capacities of from 10 Mbps to 500 Mbps.

For more detailed information on the RFU options for your IP-10E system, refer to RFU Descriptions on page 84.



6.3 Licensing

This section describes FibeAir IP-10E’s licensing structure. FibeAir IP-10E offers a pay-as-you-grow concept to reduce network costs. Future capacity growth and additional functionality is enabled with license keys and an innovative stackable nodal solution using the same hardware. Licenses are divided into two categories:

Per Radio – Each IDU (both sides of the link) require a license.

Per Configuration – Only one license is required for the system.

A 1+1 configuration requires the same set of licenses for both the active and the protected IDU.

In nodal configuration for licenses that are not per radio, licenses should be assigned to the main (bottom) IDU in the enclosure.

6.3.1 Working with License Keys

Ceragon provides a web-based License Management System (LMS). The LMS enables authorized users to generate license keys, which are generated per IDU serial number. In order to upgrade a license, the license-key must be entered into the IP-10E, followed by a cold reset. When the system returns online following the reset, its license key is checked, enabling access to new capacities and/or features. For more detailed information, refer to FibeAir IP-10 License Management System, DOC-00019183.

6.3.2 Licensed Features

As your network expands and additional functionality is desired, license keys can be purchased for the following features:

Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM)

Enables the Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) feature. An ACM license is required per radio. If additional IDUs are required for non-radio functionality, no license is required for these units. Refer to Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) on page 44.

L2 Switch

Enables Managed Switch and Metro Switch. A license is required for any IDU that requires the use of two or more Ethernet ports. Refer to Ethernet Switching on page 60.

Capacity Upgrade

Enables you to increase your system’s radio capacity in gradual steps by upgrading your capacity license.



Network Resiliency

Enables Ring RSTP for improving network resiliency. Only one Network Resiliency license is required for an east-west configuration. An L2 Switch license must also be purchased to enable this feature. Refer to Carrier Ethernet Wireless Ring-Optimized RSTP on page 68.

Ethernet Synchronization

Enables configuration of an external source as a clock source for synchronous Ethernet output. Without this license, only a local (internal) clock can be used for Ethernet synchronization. Every node that is part of the sync path requires one license for 1+0 configurations or two licenses for 1+1 configurations. Refer to Synchronization Support on page 76.

Enhanced QoS

Enables the Enhanced QoS feature, including:

WRED

Eight queues

Shaping per queue

A license is required per radio. Refer to Enhanced QoS on page 64.

Asymmetrical Scripts

Enables the use of asymmetrical scripts. Refer to Asymmetrical Scripts on page 74.



6.4 Radio Configuration Options

The following are some of the typical configurations supported by the FibeAir IP-10E.

1+0

1+1 HSB

1+1 Space Diversity (BBS)

1+1 Frequency Diversity (BBS)

2+0/4+0

XPIC – optional

Multi-Radio - optional

Line/IDU/switch protection - optional

2+2/4+4 HSB

XPIC – optional

Multi-Radio - optional

For more details about these configuration options, refer to Typical Configurations on page 119.



6.5 Feature Overview

This section provides an overview of FibeAir IP-10E’s features. The main features are described in more detail in Main Features on page 43.

6.5.1 General Features

Nodal Configuration – In addition to the standard standalone configuration, FibeAir IP-10E can be set up in a nodal configuration in which several IP-10E IDUs are stacked in a dedicated modular shelf and act as a single network element with multiple radio links. For more information, refer to Nodal Configuration on page 35.

Protection – FibeAir IP-10E offers a number of protection options in both nodal and standalone configurations. For more information, refer to Protection Options on page 39.

Latency – FibeAir IP-10E provides best-in-class latency for all channels. For more information, refer to LTE-Ready Latency on page 56.

Dual-Feed Power Connection – Assembly options include dual-feed power for increased protection against outages. For more information, refer to Power Options on page 34.

6.5.2 Capacity-Related Features

High Spectral Efficiency:

Modulations – QPSK to 256 QAM

Radio capacity (ETSI) – Up to 20/50/100/220/280/500 Mbps over 3.5/7/14/28/40/56 MHz channels

All licensed bands – L6, U6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 18, 23, 26, 28, 32, 38, 42 GHz

Highest scalability – From 10 Mbps to 500 Mbps, using the same hardware, including the same RFU.

Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) – FibeAir IP-10E employs the most advanced ACM technique for maximization of spectrum utilization and capacity over any given bandwidth and changing environmental conditions. For more information, refer to Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) on page 44.

Note: ACM cannot be used together with BBS Frequency and Space Diversity.

Cross Polarization Interference Canceller (XPIC) – FibeAir IP-10E’s implementation of XPIC enables two radio carriers to use the same frequency with a polarity separation between them by adaptively subtracting from each carrier the interfering cross carrier at the proper phase and level, with the ability to detect both streams even under the worst levels of cross polar discrimination interference such as 10 dB. For more information, refer to XPIC Support on page 50.



Multi-Radio – IP-10E offers Multi-Radio in 2+0 configurations, with an option for IDU and line protection to ensure continued service with graceful degradation in the event of IDU failure. Multi-Radio can also be used in a fully protected 2+2 configuration. Multi-Radio enables two separate radio links to be shared by a single Ethernet port. This provides an Ethernet link over the radio with double capacity, while still behaving as a single Ethernet interface. For more information, refer to Multi-Radio on page 48.

Diversity –FibeAir IP-10E supports Frequency Diversity through Baseband Switching (BBS). IP-10E also supports Space Diversity through Baseband Switching (BBS) and IF combining (IFC). Diversity provides an added level of protection to negate the effects of multipath phenomenon by providing for signal diversity such that if one signal is impaired, the other signal can replace or compensate for the impaired signal. For more information, refer to Space and Frequency Diversity on page 53.

Note: BBS Frequency and Space Diversity cannot be used together with ACM.

Intelligent Ethernet Header Compression (patent-pending) – Improves effective throughput by up to 45% without affecting user traffic.

Intelligent Ethernet Header Compression

Ethernet Packet Size (Bytes) Capacity Increase by Compression

64 45%

96 29%

128 22%

256 11%

512 5%

6.5.3 Ethernet Features

MEF-Certified Carry Grade Ethernet – FibeAir IP-10E is fully MEF-9 and MEF-14 certified for all Carrier Ethernet services (E-Line and E-LAN). For more information, refer to Carrier Grade Ethernet on page 57.

Enhanced Ethernet Switching – FibeAir IP-10E supports three modes for Ethernet switching:

Smart Pipe – Ethernet switching functionality is disabled and only a single Ethernet interface is enabled for user traffic. The unit effectively operates as a point-to-point Ethernet microwave radio.

Managed Switch – Ethernet switching functionality is enabled based on VLANs.

Metro Switch – Ethernet switching functionality is enabled based on an S-VLAN-aware bridge.

For more information about Ethernet switching in FibeAir IP-10E, refer to Ethernet

Switching on page 60.



Integrated QoS Support – FibeAir IP-10E offers integrated QoS functionality in all switching modes. In addition to its standard QoS functionality, IP-10E offers an enhanced QoS feature that includes eight queues instead of four, enhanced classification criteria, and WRED for congestion management. For more information, refer to Integrated QoS Support on page 62.

Spanning Tree Protocol – FibeAir IP-10E supports Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) to ensure a loop-free topology for any bridged LAN. IP-10E also includes a proprietary implementation of RSTP that is optimized for ring topologies. For more information, refer to Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) Support on page 68.

Ethernet Line Protection – Multi-Unit LAG provides line protection for both the optical and electrical GbE interfaces in Smart Pipe mode. Multi-Unit LAG can be used in all of IP-10E’s HSB protection and diversity configurations. In Managed Switch and Metro Switch modes, GbE line protection can be provided for Fast Ethernet and optical GbE ports by using optical splitters. For more information, refer to Ethernet Line Protection on page 72.

6.5.4 Synchronization Features

Combinations of the following techniques can be used:

PTP optimized transport

Native sync distribution for nodal configurations, with SSM message support for path protection in ring topologies

“SyncE regenerator" mode for pipe configurations

For more information about IP-10E synchronization, refer to Synchronization Support on page 76.

6.5.5 Security Features

Timeout – FibeAir IP-10E includes a configurable inactivity time-out for closing management channels.

Password Security – FibeAir IP-10E enforces password strength and aging rules.

User Suspension and Expiration – Users can be suspended after a configurable number of unsuccessful login attempts and to expire at a certain, configurable date.

SSH Support – FibeAir IP-10E supports SHHv1 and SSHv2.

HTTPS Support – FibeAir IP-10E can be managed using HTTPS protocol.

Secure FTP (SFTP) – FibeAir IP-10E supports SFTP for certain management operations, such as uploading and downloading configuration files and downloading software updates.

For more information about IP-10E security features, refer to System Security Features on page 137.



6.5.6 Management Features

Network Management System (NMS) – PolyView provides management functions for FibeAir IP-10E at the network level, as well as at the individual network element level. Using PolyView, you can perform the following for Ceragon elements in the network:

Performance Reporting

Inventory Reporting

Software Download

Configuration Management

Trail Management

View Current Alarms (with alarm synchronization)

View an Alarm Log

Create Alarm Triggers

For more information about PolyView, refer to PolyView End-To-End Network

Management System on page 130.

Web-Based Element Management –FibeAir IP-10 web-based element management is used to perform configuration operations and obtain statistical and performance information related to the system. For more information, refer to Web-Based Element Management System (Web EMS) on page 130.

Extensive Radio Capacity/Utilization Statistics:

Statistics are collected at 15-minute and 24-hour intervals.

Historical statistics are stored and made available when needed.

Capacity/ACM statistics include:

Maximum modulation in interval

Minimum modulation in interval

Number of seconds in an interval, during which active modulation was below the user-configured threshold

Utilization statistics include:

Maximal radio link utilization in an interval

Average radio link utilization in an interval

Number of seconds in an interval, during which radio link utilization was above the user-configured threshold

SNMP Support – FibeAir IP-10E supports SNMPv1, SNMPV2c, and SNMPv3.

RMON Support for Ethernet Statistics – FibeAir IP-10E supports RMON Ethernet statistic counters. For more information, refer to Ethernet Statistics (RMON) on page 144.



LLDP Support – FibeAir IP-10E supports the Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP), a vendor-neutral layer 2 protocol that can be used by a station attached to a specific LAN segment to advertise its identity and capabilities and to receive identity and capacity information from physically adjacent layer 2 peers. LLDP significantly enhances PolyView’s auto-discovery capabilities. For more information, refer to PolyView Main Features on page 130.

In-Band Management – FibeAir IP-10E can optionally be managed in-band, via its radio and Ethernet interfaces. This method of management eliminates the need for a dedicated interface and network. In-band management uses a dedicated management VLAN, which is user-configurable.

Operations Administration and Maintenance (OAM) – FibeAir IP-10E supports complete OAM functionality at multiple layers, including:

Alarms and events

Maintenance signaling, including LOS and AIS

Performance monitoring

Maintenance commands, such as Loopbacks and APS commands

For more information about OAM in IP-10E, refer to End to End Multi-Layer

OAM on page 143.

Configurable RSL Alarms and Traps – Software Release i6.8 introduces a user-configurable RSL threshold. If the RSL falls beneath this threshold for at least five seconds, the system generates an alarm and trap. For more information, refer to Configurable RSL Threshold Alarms and Traps on page 143.

Ethernet Connectivity Fault Management (CFM) – FibeAir IP-10E utilizes IEEE 802.1ag CFM protocols to maintain smooth system operation and non-stop data flow. For more information, refer to Connectivity Fault Management (CFM) on page 143.



7. Functional Description

Featuring an advanced architecture, FibeAir IP-10E uniquely integrates the latest radio technology with Ethernet networking. The FibeAir IP-10E radio core engine is designed to support native Ethernet over the air interface enhanced with Adaptive Power and Adaptive Coding & Modulation (ACM) for maximum spectral efficiency in any deployment scenario. The modular design is easily scalable with the addition of units or license keys.

IP-10E supports the following modes for Ethernet switching:

Smart Pipe – Ethernet interface is enabled for user traffic. The unit effectively operates as a point-to-point Ethernet microwave radio.



For more information on IP-10E’s switching options, refer to Ethernet Switching on page 60.

Functional Block Diagram



7.1 Functional Overview

IP-10E can be installed in a standalone or a nodal configuration. The nodal configuration adds a backplane, which is required for certain functionality such as the XPIC, and which enables unified management of the system as a single network element with multiple radio links. For more information on the nodal configuration option and its benefits, refer to Nodal Configuration on page 35.

FibeAir IP-10E Block Diagram

The CPU acts as the IDU’s central controller, and all management frames received from or sent to external management applications must pass through the CPU. In a nodal configuration, the main unit’s CPU serves as the central controller for the entire node.

The Mux assembles the radio frames, and holds the logic for protection, as well as Frequency and Space Diversity.

The modem represents the physical layer, modulating, transmitting, and receiving the data stream.



7.2 IDU Interfaces

This section describes in detail the IP-10E’s interfaces, including optional interface options.

7.2.1 Ethernet Interfaces

FibeAir IP-10E contains two GbE Ethernet interfaces and six FE interfaces on the front panel. For the GbE interfaces, you can choose between two optical and two electrical physical interfaces. Both pairs of GbE interfaces are labeled Eth1 and Eth2. The optical interfaces are located to the left of the electrical interfaces.

The remaining Ethernet interfaces (Eth3 through Eth7) are FE ports. All except Eth3 are dual function interfaces. They can be configured as traffic ports or functional ports for wayside or management, as shown in the following table.

Eth8 is the radio interface.

Ethernet Interface Functionality

Interface Name Interface Rate Functionality

Smart Pipe Carrier Ethernet Switching

Protection FE 10/100 External protection/disabled External protection/disabled

Eth1 Electrical GbE 10/100/1000

OR Optical GbE – 1000

Disabled/Traffic Disabled/Traffic

Eth2 Electrical GbE 10/100/1000

OR Optical GbE – 1000

Disabled Disabled/Traffic

Eth3 FE 10/100 Disabled/Traffic Disabled/Traffic

Eth4 FE 10/100 Disabled/Wayside Disabled/Traffic/Wayside

Eth5 FE 10/100 Disabled/Management Disabled/Traffic/Management



Eth8 (Radio –N-type) According to Radio script Disabled/Traffic Disabled/Traffic

IP-10E also includes an FE protection interface (RJ-45) for external protection. The protection interface is located towards the left side of the front panel, and is for use in standalone configurations.

In Smart Pipe mode, only a single Ethernet interface can be used. Options are:

Eth1: Electrical GbE or Optical GbE

Eth 3: Electrical FE



7.2.2 Additional Interfaces

Terminal Console – A local craft terminal can be connected to the terminal console for local CLI management of the individual IDU. If the IDU is the main unit, access to other units in the configuration is also available through the Terminal Console.

External Alarms – IP-10E supports five external alarms, located towards the left of the front panel. There are five inputs, with configurable triggers, alarm texts, and alarm severity, and one output.

Backplane Connector – IP-10E has an extra connector on the back panel for connection to the backplane used in nodal configurations. Refer to Nodal Configuration on page 35.

7.2.3 Power Options

IP-10E has a DC input voltage nominal rating of -48V.

Some hardware versions include a dual-feed power connection for increased protection. In dual power units, the system will indicate whether received voltage in each connection is above or below the threshold power of approximately 40.5V, as follows:

The LED (and its WEB representation) will only be on if the voltage is above the threshold.

An alarm is raised if voltage is below the threshold.



7.3 Nodal Configuration

IP-10E can be used in two distinct modes of operation:

Standalone configuration – Each IP-10E IDU is managed individually.

Nodal configuration – Up to six IP-10E IDUs are stacked in a dedicated modular shelf, and act as a single network element with multiple radio links.

The following features are centralized in a nodal configuration:

Management

Ethernet Switching

A nodal setup supports any combination of 1+0, 1+1, and 2+0/XPIC configurations.

7.3.1 Nodal Configuration Benefits

The stackable nodal configuration offers many advantages. For new systems, the nodal configuration offers:

Low initial investment without compromising future growth potential

Risk-free deployment in light of unknown future growth patterns:

Additional capacity

Additional sites

Additional redundancy

For migration and replacement scenarios, the nodal configuration offers:

Optimized tail-site solution

Low initial footprint that can be increased gradually as legacy equipment is swapped

7.3.2 IP-10E Nodal Design

Each IP-10E IDU in a nodal configuration operates as either the main unit or an extension unit. The IDU’s role is determined by its position in the nodal enclosure, with the lowest unit in the enclosure (Unit Number 1) always serving as the main unit.

The main unit performs the following functions:

Provides a central controller for management

Provides radio and line interfaces

Extension units provide radio and line interfaces, and are accessed through the main unit.



7.3.3 Nodal Enclosure Design

Two types of shelves are available for a nodal configuration:

Main Nodal Enclosure – Each node must have a main nodal enclosure, which can hold two IP-10E IDUs.

Extension Nodal Enclosure –Up to two extension nodal enclosures can be stacked on top of the main nodal enclosure. Each extension nodal enclosure can contain two IP-10E IDUs.

Main Nodal Enclosure

Extension Nodal Enclosure

Each nodal enclosure includes a backplane. The rear panel of an IP-10E IDU includes an extra connector for connection to the backplane. The following interfaces are implemented through the backplane:

Multi-Radio

Protection

XPIC

IP-10E IDUs are hot-swappable, and additional extension nodal enclosures and IDUs can be added in the field as required, without affecting traffic.



Scalable Nodal Enclosure

Using the stacking method, units in the bottom nodal enclosure act as main units, whereby a mandatory active main unit can be located in either of the two slots, and an optional standby main unit can be installed in the other slot. The switchover time is <50 msecs for all traffic-affecting functions. Units located in nodal enclosures other than the one on the bottom act as expansion units.

Radios in each pair of units can be configured as either dual independent 1+0 links, or single fully-redundant 1+1 HSB links.

7.3.4 Nodal Management

In a nodal configuration, all management is performed through the main unit. The main unit communicates with the extension units through the nodal backplane.

The main unit’s CPU operates as the node’s central controller, and all management frames received from or sent to external management applications must pass through the CPU.

A nodal configuration has a single IP management address, which is the address of the main unit. In a protected 1+1 configuration, the node has two IP addresses, those of each of the main units. The IP address of the active main unit is used to manage the node.

Several methods can be used for IP-10E node management:

Local terminal CLI

CLI via telnet

Web-based management

SNMP



The PolyView NMS represents the node as a single unit.

The Web-Based EMS enables access to all IDUs in the node from its main window.

In addition, the management system provides access to other network equipment through in-band or out-of-band network management.

To ease the reading and analysis of several IDU alarms and logs, the system time should be synchronized to the main unit’s time.

7.3.5 Centralized System Features

The following IP-10E functions are configured centrally through the main unit in a nodal configuration:

IP Communications – All communication channels are opened through the main unit’s IP address.

User Management – Login, adding users, and deleting users are performed centrally.

Nodal Time Synchronization – System time is automatically synchronized for all IDUs in the node.

Nodal Software Version Management – Software can be upgraded or downgraded in all IDUs in the node from the main unit.

Nodal Configuration Backup – Configuration files can be created, downloaded, and uploaded from the main unit.

Nodal Reset – Extension units can be reset individually or collectively both from the main unit and locally.

All other functions are performed for each IDU individually.

7.3.6 Ethernet Connectivity in Nodal Configurations

Ethernet traffic in a nodal configuration is supported by interconnecting IDU switches with external cables. Traffic flow (dropping to local ports, sending to radio) is performed by the switches, in accordance with learning tables.

Each IDU in the stack can be configured individually for Smart Pipe or Carrier Ethernet Switching modes. For more information about Ethernet switching, refer to Ethernet Switching on page 60.



7.4 Protection Options

Equipment protection is possible in both standalone and nodal configurations. The following protected configurations are available:

1+1 HSB (with optional SD/FD using BBS)

2+0 Multi-Radio

2+0 Multi-Radio with IDU and Line Protection

2+2 HSB and Multi-Radio

The following table summarizes the degree of protection provided by the various IP-10E configuration options:

Comparison of IP-10E Protection Options

Configuration # of IDUs per Terminal

# of RFUs per Terminal

Radio Capacity – Normal

Radio Capacity – Unit Failure

XPIC Support

ACM Support

BBS (SD/FD) Support

1+0 1 1 1 0 No Optional No

1+1 HSB 2 2 1 1 No Optional1 Optional

2+0 Multi-Radio 2 2 2 RFU Failure – 12

IDU (Slave) Failure – 13

IDU (Master) Failure - 0

Optional Optional No

2+0 Multi-Radio with

IDU and Line Protection

2 2 2 RFU Failure – 14

IDU (Slave or Master) Failure - 15

Optional Optional6 No

2+2 HSB with Multi-

Radio

4 4 2 2 Optional Optional No

7.4.1 1+1 HSB Protection

A 1+1 configuration scheme can be used to provide full protection in the event of IDU or RFU failure. The two IDUs operate in active and standby mode. If there is a failure in the active IDU or RFU, the standby IDU and RFU pair switches to active mode.

In a 1+1 configuration, the protection options are as follows:

Standalone – The IDUs must be connected by a dedicated Ethernet protection cable. Each IDU has a unique IP address.

Nodal – The IDUs are connected by the backplane of the nodal enclosure. There is one IP address for each of the main units.

1 ACM is not supported when BBS (SD/FD) is used.

2 With graceful degradation.




6 ACM support is only provided for Ethernet traffic, not for TDM trails.



1+1 HSB can be used with BBS Space or Frequency Diversity.

The following figure illustrates a 1+1 HSB configuration in a standalone setup, with an Ethernet protection cable connecting the two IDUs via their Protection ports.

1+1 HSB Protection – Connecting the IDUs

The following figure illustrates a 1+1 HSB Space Diversity configuration in a standalone setup, with an Ethernet protection cable connecting the two IDUs via their Protection ports.

1+1 HSB Node with BBS Space Diversity

The following figure shows an example of a 1+1 HSB nodal configuration used in an IP-10E 3 x 1+1 aggregation site. In this example, the node includes the following components:

One main nodal enclosure with two IDUs

One configured as Main

The other configured as Protected

One extension nodal enclosure with two IDUs configured as Extension

One extension nodal enclosure with one IDU configured as Extension



3 x 1+1 Aggregation Site

7.4.2 2+0 Multi-Radio and 2+0 Multi-Radio with IDU and Line Protection

2+0 Multi-Radio provides a significant degree of protection, in addition to doubling capacity by enabling two separate radio carriers to be shared by a single Ethernet port. In the event of RFU failure, or failure of the slave IDU, one RFU and IDU remain in operation, with graceful degradation of service to ensure that not all data is lost, but rather, a reduction of bandwidth occurs. However, if there is a failure of the master IDU, traffic and management access is lost.

The IDU and line protection option eliminates this potential point of failure by providing for the standby IDU to assume the role of master IDU in the event of failure in the master IDU. Thus, Ethernet traffic is maintained with reduced bandwidth in the event of any single unit failure. Graceful degradation is provided with the help of IP-10E’s integrated QoS mechanism, which ensures that high-priority traffic is maintained in the event of reduced bandwidth. For further details about Multi-Radio, refer Multi-Radio on page 48.

Note: A nodal enclosure is required for 2+0 Multi-Radio, both with and without IDU and line protection.

7.4.3 2+2 HSB Protection

2+2 HSB protection provides full redundancy between two pairs of IDUs. Each pair is a 2+0 link, which can be configured for XPIC or in different frequencies. If there is a failure in one of these pairs, the other pair takes over.

A 2+2 protection scheme must be implemented by means of a nodal configuration. A 2+2 configuration consists of two pairs of IP-10E IDUs, each inserted in its own main nodal enclosure, with a protection cable to connect the main IDUs in each node. Protection is performed between the pairs. At any given time, one pair is active and the other is standby.



A 2+2 scheme is only possible between units in the main nodal enclosure. Extension nodal enclosures cannot be used in a 2+2 configuration.

2+2 protection can be used together with XPIC and/or Multi-Radio. The following figure illustrates a 2+2 configuration with both XPIC and Multi-Radio. The RFUs marked V are set to vertical polarization, while the RFUs marked H are set to horizontal polarization.

2+2 with XPIC and Multi-Radio



8. Main Features

This section describes some of the most important IP-10E features, including:

Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM)

Multi-Radio

XPIC Support

Space and Frequency Diversity

LTE-Ready Latency

Carrier Grade Ethernet

Ethernet Switching

Integrated QoS Support

Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) Support

Ethernet Line Protection

Asymmetrical Scripts

Synchronization Support



8.1 Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM)

FibeAir IP-10E employs full-range dynamic ACM. IP-10E’s ACM mechanism copes with 90 dB per second fading in order to ensure high transmission quality. IP-10E’s ACM mechanism is designed to work with IP-10E’s QoS mechanism to ensure that high priority voice and data packets are never dropped, thus maintaining even the most stringent service level agreements (SLAs).

The hitless and errorless functionality of IP-10E’s ACM has another major advantage in that it ensures that TCP/IP sessions do not time-out. Without ACM, even interruptions as short as 50 milliseconds can lead to timeout of TCP/IP sessions, which are followed by a drastic throughout decrease while these sessions recover.

Note: ACM cannot be used together with BBS Frequency and Space Diversity. It can be and often is used with Multi-Radio, but cannot be used with 2+0 Multi-Radio with IDU and line protection.

8.1.1 Eight Working Points

IP-10E implements ACM with eight available working points, as follows:

ACM Working Points (Profiles)

Working Point (Profile) Modulation

Profile 0 QPSK

Profile 1 8 PSK

Profile 2 16 QAM

Profile 3 32 QAM

Profile 4 64 QAM

Profile 5 128 QAM

Profile 6 256 QAM – Strong FEC

Profile 7 256 QAM – Light FEC

Adaptive Coding and Modulation with Eight Working Points



8.1.2 Hitless and Errorless Step-by-Step Adjustments

ACM works as follows. Assuming a system configured for 128 QAM with ~170 Mbps capacity over a 28 MHz channel, when the receive signal Bit Error Ratio (BER) level reaches a predetermined threshold, the system preemptively switches to 64 QAM and the throughput is stepped down to ~140 Mbps. This is an errorless, virtually instantaneous switch. The system continues to operate at 64 QAM until the fading condition either intensifies or disappears. If the fade intensifies, another switch takes the system down to 32 QAM. If, on the other hand, the weather condition improves, the modulation is switched back to the next higher step (e.g., 128 QAM) and so on, step by step .The switching continues automatically and as quickly as needed, and can reach all the way down to QPSK during extreme conditions.

Adaptive Coding and Modulation

8.1.3 Configurable Minimum ACM Profile

When using ACM, the user can configure a minimum ACM profile. When a minimum ACM profile is configured, the system will not step down to any modulation below the minimum. For example, if the configured minimum ACM profile is 3 (32 QAM), stepping down below 32 QAM is not allowed. If the channel’s SNR degrades below the 32 QAM threshold, the radio will lose carrier synchronization, and will report loss of frame.

8.1.4 ACM Benefits

The advantages of IP-10E’s dynamic ACM include:

Maximized spectrum usage

Increased capacity over a given bandwidth

Eight modulation/coding work points (~3 db system gain for each point change)

Hitless and errorless modulation/coding changes, based on signal quality

16 QAM

QPSK

99.995 %

200

Unavailability

Rx

level

Capacity

(@ 28 MHz channel)

32 QAM

64 QAM

128 QAM

256 QAM

99.999 %

99.99 %

99.95 %

99.9 %

Mbps170 200 140 100 200 120 200



Adaptive Radio Tx Power per modulation for maximal system gain per working point

An integrated QoS mechanism enables intelligent congestion management to ensure that high priority traffic is not affected during link fading

8.1.5 ACM and Built-In Quality of Service

IP-10E’s ACM mechanism is designed to work with IP-10E’s QoS mechanism to ensure that high priority voice and data packets are never dropped, thus maintaining even the most stringent SLAs. Since QoS provides priority support for different classes of service, according to a wide range of criteria, you can configure IP-10E to discard only low priority packets as conditions deteriorate. For more information on IP-10E’s QoS and Enhanced QoS functionality, refer to Integrated QoS Support on page 61.

If you want to rely on an external switch’s QoS, ACM can work with them via the flow control mechanism supported in the radio.

8.1.6 ACM with Adaptive Transmit Power

When planning ACM-based radio links, the radio planner attempts to apply the lowest transmit power that will perform satisfactorily at the highest level of modulation. During fade conditions requiring a modulation drop, most radio systems cannot increase transmit power to compensate for the signal degradation, resulting in a deeper reduction in capacity. IP-10E is capable of adjusting power on the fly, and optimizing the available capacity at every modulation point, as illustrated in the figure below. This figure shows how operators that want to use ACM to benefit from high levels of modulation (e.g., 256 QAM) must settle for low system gain, in this case, 18 dB, for all the other modulations as well. With FibeAir IP-10E, operators can automatically adjust power levels, achieving the extra 4 dB system gain that is required to maintain optimal throughput levels under all conditions.



IP-10E ACM with Adaptive Power Contrasted to Other ACM Implementations



8.2 Multi-Radio

Multi-Radio enables two separate radio carriers to be shared by a single Ethernet port. This provides an Ethernet link over the radio with double capacity, while still behaving as a single Ethernet interface. The IDUs in a Multi-Radio setup operate in master and slave mode.

In Multi-Radio mode, traffic is divided among the two carriers optimally at the radio frame level without requiring Ethernet Link Aggregation, and is not dependent on the number of MAC addresses, the number of traffic flows, or momentary traffic capacity. During fading events which cause ACM modulation changes, each carrier fluctuates independently with hitless switchovers between modulations, increasing capacity over a given bandwidth and maximizing spectrum utilization.

The result is 100% utilization of radio resources in which traffic load is balanced based on instantaneous radio capacity per carrier and is independent of data/application characteristics, such as the number of flows or capacity per flow.

Typical 2+0 Multi-Radio Link Configuration

Typical 2+2 Multi-Radio Terminal Configuration with HSB Protection

Note: 2+0 Multi-Radio requires a nodal configuration.



8.2.1 IDU and Line Protection in Multi-Radio

Basic 2+0 Multi-Radio provides for protection and graceful degradation of service in the event of failure of an RFU or the slave IDU. This ensures that if one link is lost, not all data is lost. Instead, bandwidth is simply reduced until the link returns to service.

There is also an option for additional IDU and line protection with 2+0 Multi Radio. With the IDU and line protection option, the master IDU is also protected in the event of failure. If there is a failure in the master IDU, the slave IDU becomes the master, and continues to provide service. Thus, a 2+0 Multi-Radio configuration with IDU and line protection provides protection for the failure of any IDU or RFU in the node. Graceful degradation is provided with the help of IP-10E’s integrated QoS mechanism, which ensures that high-priority traffic is maintained in the event of reduced bandwidth.

The IDU and line protection feature protects Ethernet traffic. It also protects management of the node, since node management is handled by the master IDU.

Note: 2+0 Multi-Radio, both with and without IDU and line protection, requires a nodal configuration.

Multi-Radio can also be used in a 2+2 configuration. As in any 2+2 configuration, this provides full protection.



8.3 XPIC Support

Cross Polarization Interference Canceller (XPIC) is one of the best ways to break the barriers of spectral efficiency. Using dual-polarization radio over a single-frequency channel, a dual polarization radio transmits two separate carrier waves over the same frequency, but using alternating polarities. Despite the obvious advantages of dual-polarization, one must also keep in mind that typical antennas cannot completely isolate the two polarizations. In addition, propagation effects such as rain can cause polarization rotation, making cross-polarization interference unavoidable.

Dual Polarization

The relative level of interference is referred to as cross-polarization discrimination (XPD). While lower spectral efficiency systems (with low SNR requirements such as QPSK) can easily tolerate such interference, higher modulation schemes cannot and require XPIC. IP-10E’s XPIC algorithm enables detection of both streams even under the worst levels of XPD such as 10 dB. IP-10E accomplishes this by adaptively subtracting from each carrier the interfering cross carrier, at the right phase and level. For high-modulation schemes such as 256 QAM, an improvement factor of more than 20 dB is required so that cross-interference does not adversely affect performance.

8.3.1 XPIC Benefits

The advantages of FibeAir IP-10E’s XPIC option include:

BER of 10e-6 at a co-channel sensitivity of 5 dB

Multi-Radio Support



8.3.2 XPIC Implementation

In a single channel application, when an interfering channel is transmitted on the same bandwidth as the desired channel, the interference that results may lead to BER in the desired channel.

IP-10E supports a co-channel sensitivity of 33 dB at a BER of 10e-6. When applying XPIC, IP-10E transmits data using two polarizations: horizontal and vertical. These polarizations, in theory, are orthogonal to each other, as shown in the figure below

XPIC - Orthogonal Polarizations

In a link installation, there is a separation of 30 dB of the antenna between the polarizations, and due to misalignments and/or channel degradation, the polarizations are no longer orthogonal. This is shown in the figure below.

XPIC – Impact of Misalignments and Channel Degradation

Note that on the right side of the figure you can see that CarrierR receives the H+v signal, which is the combination of the desired signal H (horizontal) and the interfering signal V (in lower case, to denote that it is the interfering signal). The same happens in CarrierL = “V+h. The XPIC mechanism takes the data from CarrierR and CarrierL and, using a cost function, produces the desired data.



XPIC – Impact of Misalignments and Channel Degradation

IP-10E’s XPIC reaches a BER of 10e-6 at a co-channel sensitivity of 5 dB! The improvement factor in an XPIC system is defined as the SNR@threshold of 10e-6, with or without the XPIC mechanism.

8.3.3 XPIC and Multi-Radio

XPIC radio may be used to deliver two separate data streams, such as 2xSTM1 or 2xFE. But it can also deliver a single stream of information such as Gigabit Ethernet, or STM-4. The latter requires a de-multiplexer to split the stream into two transmitters, as well as a multiplexer to join it again in the right timing because the different channels may experience a different delay. This feature is called Multi-Radio.



8.4 Space and Frequency Diversity

In long distance wireless links, multipath phenomena are common. Both direct and reflected signals are received, which can cause distortion of the signal resulting in signal fade. The impact of this distortion can vary over time, space, and frequency. This fading phenomenon depends mainly on the link geometry and is more severe at long distance links and over flat surfaces or water. It is also affected by air turbulence and water vapor, and can vary quickly during temperature changes due to rapid changes in the reflections phase.

Fading can be flat or dispersive. In flat fading, all frequency components of the signal experience the same magnitude of fading. In dispersive, or frequency-selective fading, different frequency components of the signal experience decorrelated fading.

Direct and Reflected Signals

Space Diversity and Frequency Diversity are common ways to negate the effects of fading caused by multipath phenomena.

Space Diversity is implemented by placing two separate antennas at a distance from one another that makes it statistically likely that if one antenna suffers from fading caused by signal reflection, the other antenna will continue to receive a viable signal.

Frequency Diversity is implemented by configuring two RFUs to separate frequencies. The IDU selects and transmits the better signal.

IP-10E offers Frequency Diversity and two methods of Space Diversity:

Baseband Switching (BBS) Frequency and Space Diversity – Each IDU receives a separate signal from a separate antenna. Each IDU compares each of the received signals, and enables the bitstream coming from the receiver with the best signal. Switchover is errorless (“hitless switching”).

IF Combining (IFC) Space Diversity – Signals from two separate antennas are combined in phase with each other to maximize the signal to noise ratio. IF Combining is performed in the RFU.

Note: BBS Frequency and Space Diversity cannot be used together with ACM.



Diversity Signal Flow

Note: Frequency and space diversity configurations offer the option of Ethernet line protection using Multi-Unit LAG. For more information, refer to Ethernet Line Protection on page 72.

8.4.1 Baseband Switching (BBS) Frequency Diversity

BBS frequency diversity requires two antennas and RFUs. Each RFU in a frequency diversity node is configured to a different frequency. Any RFU type supported by IP-10E can be used in a BBS Frequency Diversity configuration.

Both the active and the standby RFUs transmit simultaneously. One RFU sends its signal to the active IDU, while the other RFU sends its signal to the standby IDU. The IDUs share these signals through the nodal backplane, such that each IDU receives data from both RFUs. The diversity mechanism, which is located within the IDU Mux, is active in both IDUs, and selects the better signal based on:

Faulty signal indication – An indication from the Modem to the Mux, signaling that there are more errors in the traffic stream than it can correct. The purpose of this indication is to alert the Mux to the fact that those errors are on their way, requiring a hitless switchover in order to prevent them from entering the data stream from the Mux onward.

OOF (Out-of-Frame) – When the Mux identifies an OOF event, it will initiate a switchover.

BBS Frequency Diversity requires a 1+1 configuration in which there are two IDUs and two RFUs protecting each other at both ends of the link. In the event of IDU failure, Frequency Diversity is lost until recovery, but the system remains protected through the ordinary switchover mechanism.

8.4.2 Baseband Switching (BBS) Space Diversity

BBS Space Diversity requires two antennas and RFUs. The antennas must be separated by approximately 15 to 20 meters. Any RFU type supported by IP-10E can be used in a BBS Space Diversity configuration.

One RFU sends its signal to the active IDU, while the other RFU sends its signal to the standby IDU. The IDUs share these signals through the nodal backplane,



such that each IDU receives data from both RFUs. The diversity mechanism, which is located within the IDU Mux, is active in both IDUs, and selects the better signal based on:

Faulty signal indication – An indication from the Modem to the Mux, signaling that there are more errors in the traffic stream than it can correct. The purpose of this indication is to alert the Mux to the fact that those errors are on their way, requiring a hitless switchover in order to prevent them from entering the data stream from the Mux onward.

OOF (Out-of-Frame) – When the Mux identifies an OOF event, it will initiate a switchover.

BBS Space Diversity requires a 1+1 configuration in which there are two IDUs and two RFUs protecting each other at both ends of the link. In the event of IDU failure, Space Diversity is lost until recovery, but the system remains protected through the ordinary switchover mechanism.

8.4.3 IF Combining (IFC)

IFC requires a dual-receiver RFU such as the FibeAir 1500HP. The RFU receives and processes both signals, and combines them into a single, optimized signal. The IFC mechanism gains up to 2.5 dB in system gain.

8.4.4 Diversity Type Comparison

The following table shows the relative benefits and limitations of IFC Space Diversity, BBS Space Diversity, and BBS Frequency Diversity.

BBS and IFC Comparison

IFC BBS Space Diversity BBS Frequency Diversity

RFU Support 1500HP (split mount or all indoor) All Ceragon RFUs All Ceragon RFUs

Gain Hitless and Errorless – Gaining up to

2.5 dB in system gain.

Hitless and Errorless –

Does not add to system

gain, but is more reliable

with sporadic errors.

Hitless and Errorless – Does

not add to system gain, but is

more reliable with sporadic

errors.

Limitations Symbol rate-dependant. Cannot be used with ACM. Cannot be used with ACM.

Configurations 1+0

1+1

2+2

N+0

N+1

1+1 1+1



8.5 LTE-Ready Latency

IP-10E provides best-in-class latency (RFC-2544) for all channels, making it LTE (Long-Term Evolution) ready:

<0.21msec for 28/56MHz channels (1518 byte frames)

<0.4 msec for 14MHz channels (1518 byte frames)

<0.9 msec for 7MHz channels (1518 byte frames)

For detailed latency specifications, refer to Ethernet Latency Specifications on page 160.

8.5.1 Benefits of IP-10E’s Top-of-the-Line Low Latency

IP-10E’s ability to meet the stringent latency requirements for LTE systems provides the key to expanded broadband wireless services:

Longer radio chains

Larger radio rings

Shorter recovery times

More capacity

Easing of Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) limitations



8.6 Carrier Grade Ethernet

FibeAir IP-10E is fully MEF-9 and MEF-14 certified for all Carrier Ethernet services (E-Line and E-LAN).

Carrier Grade Ethernet Feature Summary

Standardized Services Scalability Quality of Service Reliability Service Management

MEF-9 and MEF-14

certified for all service

types (EPL, EVPL,

and E-LAN)

Up to 500Mbps per

radio carrier

Up to 1Gbps per

channel (with XPIC)

Multi-Radio

Integrated non-

blocking switch with

4K VLANs

802.1ad provider

bridges (QinQ)

Scalable nodal

solution

Scalable networks

(1000’s of NEs)

Advanced CoS

classification

Advanced traffic

policing/rate-

limiting

CoS-based packet

queuing/buffering

with 8 queues

support

Hierarchical

scheduling

schemes

Traffic shaping

Tail-drop or WRED

Color-awareness

(CIR/EIR support)

Highly reliable and

integrated design

Fully redundant

1+1/2+2 HSB and

nodal configurations

Hitless ACM (QPSK –

256QAM) for

enhanced radio link

availability

RSTP

Wireless Ethernet

Ring/Mesh support

802.3ad link

aggregation

Fast link state

propagation

<50msec restoration

time (typical)

Extensive multi-layer

management

capabilities

Ethernet service

OA&M – 802.1ag

Advanced Ethernet

statistics

Note: IP-10E’s support for advanced Ethernet statistics reporting is described in Ethernet Statistics (RMON) on page 144.



8.6.1 Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10E

In the following figure, end-to-end connectivity per service is verified using periodic 802.1ag CCm messages between service end points.

Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10E



8.6.2 Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10E - Node Failure

Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10E - Node Failure

Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10E - Node Failure (continued)



8.7 Ethernet Switching

IP-10E supports three modes for Ethernet switching:

Smart Pipe – Ethernet switching functionality is disabled and only a single Ethernet interface is enabled for user traffic. The unit effectively operates as a point-to-point Ethernet microwave radio.



Ethernet Switching

Each switching mode supports QoS. For more information, refer to Integrated QoS Support on page 61.

Smart Pipe is the default mode. Managed Switch and Metro Switch require a license. For more information, refer to Licensing on page 23.

8.7.1 Smart Pipe Mode

Using Smart Pipe mode, only a single Ethernet interface is enabled for user traffic and IP-10E acts as a point-to-point Ethernet microwave radio. In Smart Pipe mode, any of the following ports can be used for Ethernet traffic:

Eth1: GbE interface (Optical GbE-SFP or Electrical GbE – 10/100/1000)

Eth3: Fast Ethernet interface

All traffic entering the IDU is sent directly to the radio, and all traffic from the radio is sent directly to the Ethernet interface.

In Smart Pipe mode, the other Fast Ethernet interfaces can either be configured as management interfaces or they are shut down. In protection mode, only the Optical GbE-SFP port acts as a trigger for switchover.



8.7.2 Managed Switch Mode

Managed Switch mode is an 802.1Q VLAN-aware bridge that enables Layer 2 switching based on VLANs. Each Ethernet port can be configured as an Access port or a Trunk port.

Managed Switch Mode

Type VLANs Allowed Ingress Frames Allowed Egress Frames

Access Specific VLAN should be attached

to an Access port.

Untagged frames only (or

frames tagged with VID=0 –

“Priority Tagged”)

Untagged frames.

Trunk A range of VLANs, or all VLANs

should be attached to a Trunk port.

Only tagged frames. Tagged frames.

All Ethernet ports are enabled for traffic in Managed Switch mode.

8.7.3 Metro Switch Mode

Metro Switch mode is an 802.1AD S-VLAN-aware bridge that enables Layer 2 switching based on S-VLANs. Each Ethernet port can be configured to be a Customer Network port or a Provider network port.

Metro Switch Mode

Type VLANs Allowed Ingress Frames Allowed Egress Frames

Customer

Network

Specific S-VLAN should be

attached to a Customer Network

port.

Untagged frames (or frames

tagged with VID=0 – “Priority

Tagged”) or C-VLAN-tagged

frames.

Untagged frames (or

frames tagged with

VID=0 – “Priority

Tagged”) or C-VLAN-

tagged frames.

Provider

Network

A range of S-VLANs, or all S-

VLANs should be attached to a

Provider Network port.

S-VLAN- tagged frames. S-VLAN-tagged

frames.



8.8 Integrated QoS Support

IP-10E offers integrated QoS functionality in all switching modes. In addition to its standard QoS functionality, IP-10E offers an enhanced QoS feature. Enhanced QoS is license-activated.

IP-10E’s standard QoS provides for four queues and six classification criteria. Ingress traffic is limited per port, Class of Service (CoS), and traffic type. Scheduling is performed according to either Strict Priority (SP), Weighted Round Robin (WRR), or Hybrid WRR/SP scheduling.

IP-10E’s enhanced QoS adds four additional queues for a total of eight. Enhanced QoS also adds an additional two classification criteria. Enhanced QoS provides hierarchical scheduling, with four scheduling priorities and Weighted Fair Queuing (WFK) between queues in the same priority. Enhanced QoS also offers Weighted Random Early Discard (WRED) for congestion management, in addition to tail-drop, as provided by standard QoS.

For a full comparison between IP-10E’s standard and enhanced QoS features, refer to Standard and Enhanced QoS Comparison on page 67.

8.8.1 QoS Overview

QoS is a method of classification and scheduling employed to ensure that Ethernet packets are forwarded and discarded according to their priority. QoS works by slowing unimportant packets down, or, in cases of extreme network traffic, discarding them entirely. This enables more important packets to reach their destination as quickly as possible. Once the router knows how much data it can queue on the modem at any given time, it can shape traffic by delaying unimportant packets and filling the pipe with important packets first, then using any leftover space to fill the pipe in descending order of importance.

Since QoS cannot speed up packets, it takes the total available upstream bandwidth, calculates the amount of high priority data, places the high priority data in the buffer, and repeats the process with each lower priority class in turn until the buffer is full or there is no further data. Any excess data is held back or "re-queued" at the front of the line, where it will be evaluated in the next pass.

Priority is determined by packet. The number of levels depends on the router. As the names imply, Low/Bulk priority packets are given the lowest priority, while High/Premium packets are given the highest priority.

QoS packets may be prioritized by a number of criteria, including criteria generated by applications themselves. The most common QoS classification techniques are MAC Address, Ethernet Port, and TCP/IP Port.



8.8.2 IP-10E Standard QoS

Using IP-10E’s standard QoS functionality, the system examines the incoming traffic and assigns the desired priority according to the marking of the packets (based on the user port/L2/L3 marking in the packet). In case of congestion in the ingress port, low priority packets are discarded first.

The user has the following classification options:

Source Port

VLAN 802.1p

VLAN ID

MAC SA/DA

IPv4 TOS/DSCP

IPv6 Traffic Class

After classification, traffic policing/rate-limiting can optionally be applied per port/CoS.

IP-10E system has four priority queues that are served according to three types of scheduling, as follows:

Strict Priority – All top priority frames egress towards the radio until the top priority queue is empty. Then, the next lowest priority queue’s frames egress, and so on. This approach ensures that high priority frames are always transmitted as soon as possible.

Weighted Round Robin (WRR) – Each queue can be assigned a user-configurable weight from 1 to 32.

Hybrid – One or two highest priority queues use Strict Priority and the others use WRR.

Shaping is supported per interface on egress.

8.8.3 QoS Traffic Flow in Smart Pipe Mode

The figure below shows the QoS flow of traffic with IP-10E operating in Smart Pipe mode.

Smart Pipe Mode QoS Traffic Flow



8.8.4 QoS Traffic Flow in Managed Switch and Metro Switch Mode

The figure below shows the QoS flow of traffic with IP-10E operating in Managed Switch or Metro Switch mode.

Managed Switch and Metro Switch QoS Traffic Flow

8.8.5 Enhanced QoS

Enhanced QoS provides additional QoS functionality on the egress path towards the radio interface. Enhanced QoS requires an upgrade license. Refer to Licensing on page 23.

The following are the main features of enhanced QoS:

Eight queues instead of four

Enhanced classification:

Classifier assigns each frame a queue and a CIR/EIR designation

Criteria – Same as standard QoS with addition of:

- MPLS EXP bits

- UDP port

Re-marking of 802.1p bit in the frame VLAN header (optional)

Configurable frame buffer size per queue

Congestion management

Tail-drop or WRED

Color awareness (EIR/CIR support)

Transmitted and dropped traffic counters per queue



Hierarchical scheduling scheme

4 scheduling priorities (each queue can be independently configured to any of the 4 priorities)

WFQ between queues in same priority with configurable weights

Shaping per port and per queue

Enhanced QoS enables differentiated services with strict SLA while maximizing network resource utilization.

IP-10E Enhanced QoS

8.8.6 Weighted Random Early Detection

One of the key features of IP-10E’s enhanced QoS is the use of Weighted Random Early Detection (WRED) to manage congestion scenarios. WRED provides several advantages over the standard tail-drop congestion management method.

WRED enables differentiation between higher and lower priority traffic based on CoS.

Moreover, WRED can increase capacity utilization by eliminating the phenomenon of global synchronization, which can occur when TCP flows sharing bottleneck conditions receive loss indications at around the same time. This can result in periods during which link bandwidth utilization can drop to as low as 75%.



Synchronized Packet Loss

In contrast, WRED begins dropping packets randomly when the queue begins to fill up, with increased probability. This increases capacity utilization to almost 100%.

Random Packet Loss with Increased Capacity Utilization Using WRED



8.8.7 Standard and Enhanced QoS Comparison

The following table summarizes the basic features of IP-10E’s standard and enhanced QoS functionality.

IP-10E Standard and Enhanced QoS Features

Feature Standard QoS Enhanced QoS

Number of CoS Queues

Per Port

4 8

CoS Classification Criteria Source Port

VLAN 802.1p VLAN ID

MAC SA/DA

IPv4 DSCP/TOS

IPv6 TC

Source Port

VLAN 802.1p VLAN ID

MAC SA/DA

IPv4 DSCP/TOS

IPv6 TC

UDP Port

MPLS EXP bits

Scheduling Method SP, WRR, or Hybrid Hierarchical Scheduling: Four scheduling

priorities with WFQ between queues in the

same priority

Ethernet Statistics RMON RMON, with statistics per CoS queue

Shaping Per port Per port and per queue

Congestion Management Tail-drop Tail-drop, and Weighted Random Early

Discard (WRED)

CIR/EIR Support (Color-

Awareness)

CIR only Cir and EIR

8.8.8 Enhanced QoS Benefits

The main benefits of enhanced QoS are:

The addition of UDP ports and MPLS EXP bits as classification criteria provides for more granular CoS classification (i.e., for 1588v2 control frames and MPLS PWE3 services).

The use of eight CoS queues with enhanced scheduling schemes support enables highly granular traffic management for differentiated services.

Statistics per CoS queue, including transmitted and dropped frames, enables monitoring network utilization and the detection of “pinch points.”

Shaping per queue as well as per port limits and controls packet bursts, resulting in improved utilization and end-to-end latency.

Weighted Random Early Discard (WRED) improves utilization and behavior of TCP flows.

CIR/EIR-based congestion management support (color-awareness) enables support of EIR traffic without affecting CIR traffic.



8.9 Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) Support

IP-10E supports the following spanning tree Ethernet resiliency protocols:

Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) (802.1w)

Carrier Ethernet Wireless Ring-optimized RSTP

8.9.1 RSTP

RSTP ensures a loop-free topology for any bridged LAN. Spanning tree enables a network design to include spare (redundant) links for automatic backup paths, with no danger of bridge loops, and without the need for manual enabling and disabling of the backup links. Bridge loops must be avoided since they result in network flooding.

In a general topology, there can be more than one loop, and therefore more than one bridge with ports in a blocking state. For this reason, RSTP defines a negotiation protocol between each two bridges, and processing of the BPDU (Bridge Protocol Data Units), before each bridge propagates the information. This serial processing increases the convergence time.

8.9.2 Carrier Ethernet Wireless Ring-Optimized RSTP

IP-10E’s proprietary RSTP implementation is optimized for Carrier Ethernet wireless rings. Ring-optimized RSTP enhances the RSTP algorithm for ring topologies, accelerating the failure propagation relative to ordinary RSTP.

In a ring topology, after the convergence of RSTP, only one port is in a blocking state. RSTP is enhanced for ring topologies by broadcasting the BPDU in order to transmit the notification of the failure to all bridges in the ring.

With IP-10E’s ring-optimized RSTP, failure propagation is much faster than with regular RSTP. Instead of link-by-link serial propagation, the failure is propagated in parallel to all bridges. In this way, the bridges that have ports in alternate states immediately place them in the forwarding state.

The figure below shows an example of a ring topology using ring-optimized RSTP. In this figure, Switch A is the Root bridge. After the protocol converges, a port in Switch C becomes the Alternate Port, and blocks all transmitted and received traffic.



Ring-Optimized RSTP Solution

8.9.3 Ring-Optimized RSTP Limitations

IP-10E’s proprietary ring-optimized RSTP is not interoperable with other ring RSTP implementations from third-party vendors.

Ring RSTP is designed to provide improved performance in ring topologies. For other topologies, the RSTP algorithm will converge but performance may take several seconds. For this reason, there should be only two edge ports in every node, and only one loop.

Ring RSTP can be used in Managed Switch and Metro Switch applications, but not in Smart Pipe applications.

Ring RSTP can be used in a 1+1 protection configuration, but in some cases, the convergence time may be above one second.



8.9.4 Basic IP-10E Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring Topology Examples

The following figure provides a basic example of an IP-10E wireless Carrier Ethernet ring.

Basic IP-10E Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring

8.9.4.1 IP-10E Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring with Dual-Homing

The following figure shows a redundant site connected to a fiber aggregation network.

IP-10E Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring with Dual-Homing



8.9.4.2 IP-10E Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring - 1+0

IP-10E Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring - 1+0

8.9.4.3 IP-10E Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring - Aggregation Site

IP-10E Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring - Aggregation Site



8.10 Ethernet Line Protection

IP-10E offers a number of Ethernet line protection options for various multi-unit configuration scenarios in which two IP-10E IDUs are connected to an external switch or router. These are:

Single Interface with Splitter – A single interface in the external switch or router is connected to each of the two IDUs using a splitter. A splitter can be used with Fast Ethernet ports and optical GbE ports.

Dual Interface with Optical Splitter – Two interfaces in the external switch or router are configured as a static LAG, and each interface is connected to each IDU using a splitter. Splitters can be used with Fast Ethernet ports and optical GbE ports.

Dual Interface with Multi-Unit LAG – Two interfaces in the external switch or router are configured as a static LAG, and each interface is connected to one IDU. Full protection of each interface is provided by a LAG that includes interfaces in both IDUs. Multi-Unit LAG can be used with both optical and electrical GbE ports.

Hardware Protection with Single Interface Using Optical

Splitter

Full protection with Dual Interface Using Optical Splitters and LAG

Full Protection Using Multi-Unit LAG

All of these line protection methods are available for any of the following configurations:

1+1 HSB

2+0 Multi Radio with IDU and Line Protection

2+2 Multi-Radio

All BBS diversity configurations



8.10.1 Multi-Unit LAG

With Multi-Unit LAG, the switch or router relates to the IDUs as a single device. There is no need for splitters, and Multi-Unit LAG can be used to protect either the electrical GbE ports or the optical GbE ports. In contrast, splitters can only be used to protect optical GbE ports or Fast Ethernet ports. Multi-Unit LAG can only be used in Smart Pipe mode. The service disruption time in case of failure in one of the LAG physical ports is less than 50ms in most cases using Multi-Unit LAG.

An IP-10E system using Multi-Unit LAG has dual (redundant) GbE interfaces. Each of these interfaces is connected to a separate interface on an external switch or router. The IP-10E interfaces are active and enabled on both the active or master unit and the standby or slave unit. On the external unit, a static LAG must be configured on the interfaces that are connected to the IDUs.

If the IP-10E IDUs are in Multi-Radio mode with IDU and line protection, any link failure triggers graceful degradation and is transparent to the external unit. If an IDU itself experiences unit failure, the interface to which it is connected on the external unit is disabled. If the disabled IDU is the standby unit, or if it is the active unit and Multi-Radio with IDU and line protection is enabled, the functioning IDU maintains connectivity with the external unit via the interface to which the functioning IDU is connected.

8.10.2 Ethernet Line Protection Comparison

The following table compares the advantages and limitations of the Ethernet line protection schemes described in this section.

Ethernet Line Protection Comparison

Protection Scheme Extent of Protection Interfaces Switching Mode Splitters Required

Single Interface with

Optical Splitter

Protection for failure of

IDU interface, but not for

failure of external

switch/router interface.

Optical GbE

Fast Ethernet

Smart Pipe

Managed Switch

Metro Switch

1

Dual Interface with

Optical Splitters

Full Ethernet line

protection IDU and

switch/router interfaces.

Optical GbE

Fast Ethernet

Managed Switch

Metro Switch

2

Dual interface with Multi-

Unit LAG

Full Ethernet line

protection for IDU and

switch/router interfaces.

Optical GbE

Electrical GbE

Smart Pipe 0



8.11 Asymmetrical Scripts

IP-10E provides several asymmetrical radio script options that enable users to optimize spectrum use by increasing downlink capacity and decreasing uplink capacity by at least 50%.

Traditionally, microwave point-to-point links are symmetrical, providing equal amounts of bandwidth for TX and RX traffic flows. However, in many cellular applications, the demand for bandwidth is asymmetrical, with a much greater demand for downlink than for uplink bandwidth.

For the purpose of illustration, assume a chain that consists of two 14 MHz, for a total of 28 MHz. The following figure depicts a symmetrical configuration that uses two adjacent spectrum segments of 7 MHz each. Each signal in the link consumes two segments of 7 MHz each, for a total of 14 MHz on the uplinks and 14 MHz on the downlinks.

Symmetrical Chain Example

The following is an example of an asymmetrical chain using the same 14MHz channels in slices of 7 MHz. The entire 28 MHz uplink and downlink spectrum is divided into eight segments of 7 MHz each, but one segment is moved from the right uplink to the left downlink, increasing its capacity by 50%, from 14 MHz to 21 MHz. Similarly, one segment is moved from the left uplink to the right downlink, expanding the capacity of the right downlink by 50% (from 14 MHz to 21 MHz.

Note: This example shows just one of several ways in which capacity can be reallocated in an asymmetrical configuration.

Asymmetrical Chain Example



The following illustration provides an example of a symmetrical aggregation site in which the right link aggregates traffic from two downlinks. In this example, all the links are symmetrical, while the aggregation link has double the capacity of each of the downlinks. For purposes of this example, the downlinks each have a capacity of 14 MHz, consisting of two 7 MHz segments. The aggregation link has a capacity of 28 MHz, consisting of four 7 MHz segments.

Symmetrical Aggregation Site Example

The aggregation site shown in this example can be rearranged asymmetrically to provide 42 MHz to the aggregation downlink by combining six segments with 7 MHz in each segment. The capacity of the other downlinks can be increased to 21 MHz by combining three segments with 7 MHz in each segment for each downlink.

Note: This example shows just one of several ways in which capacity can be reallocated in an asymmetrical configuration.

Asymmetrical Aggregation Site Example

Notes: There are asymmetrical scripts with and without ACM and with and without XPIC.

A license is required in order to use asymmetrical scripts. Refer to Licensing on page 23.



8.12 Synchronization Support

Synchronization is an essential part of any mobile backhaul solution and is sometimes required by other applications as well.

Two unique synchronization issues must be addressed for mobile networks:

Frequency Lock: Applicable to GSM and UMTS-FDD networks.

Limits channel interference between carrier frequency bands.

Typical performance target: frequency accuracy of < 50 ppb.

Sync is the traditional technique used, with traceability to a PRS master clock carried over PDH/SDH networks, or using GPS.

Phase Lock with Latency Correction: Applicable to CDMA, CDMA-2000, UMTS-TDD, and WiMAX networks.

Limits coding time division overlap.

Typical performance target: frequency accuracy of < 20 - 50 ppb, phase difference of < 1-3 msecs.

GPS is the traditional technique used.

8.12.1 Wireless IP Synchronization Challenges

Wireless networks set to deploy over IP networks require a solution for carrying high precision timing to base stations. Two new approaches are being developed in an effort to meet this challenge:

Various Precision Timing Protocol (PTP) techniques

Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE)



8.12.2 Precision Timing-Protocol (PTP)

PTP synchronization refers to the distribution of frequency, phase, and absolute time information across an asynchronous packet switched network. PTP can use a variety of protocols to achieve timing distribution, including:

IEEE-1588

NTP

RTP

Precision Timing Protocol (PTP) Synchronization

8.12.3 Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE)

SyncE is standardized in ITU-T G.8261 and refers to a method whereby the clock is delivered on the physical layer.

The method is based on SDH/TDM timing, with similar performance, and does not change the basic Ethernet standards.

The SyncE technique supports synchronized Ethernet outputs as the timing source to an all-IP BTS/NodeB. This method offers the same synchronization quality provided over E1 interfaces to legacy BTS/NodeB.



Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE)

8.12.4 IP-10E Synchronization Solution

Ceragon's synchronization solution ensures maximum flexibility by enabling the operator to select any combination of techniques suitable for the operator’s network and migration strategy.

PTP optimized transport:

Supports a variety of protocols, such as IEEE-1588 and NTP

Guaranteed ultra-low PDV (<0.035 msec per hop)

Unique support for ACM and narrow channels

Native Sync Distribution

End-to-End Native Synchronization distribution for nodal configurations

GE input

GE/FE output

Supports any radio link configuration and network topology

Synchronization Status Messages (SSM) to prevent loops and enable use of most reliable clock source

User-defined clock source priority level

Automated determination of relative clock source quality levels

SyncE “Regenerator” mode

PRC grade (G.811) performance for pipe (“regenerator”) applications



8.12.5 Synchronization Using Precision Timing Protocol (PTP) Optimized Transport

IP-10E supports the PTP synchronization protocol (IEEE-1588). IP-10E’s PTP Optimized Transport guarantees ultra-low PDV (<0.035 msec), and provides unique support for ACM and narrow channels.

Ceragon's unique PTP Optimized Transport mechanism ensures that PTP control frames (IEEE-1588, NTP, etc.) are transported with maximum reliability and minimum delay variation, to provide the best possible timing accuracy (frequency and phase) meeting the stringent requirement of emerging 4G technologies.

PTP control frames are identified using the advanced integrated QoS classifier.

Frame delay variation of <0.035 msec per hop for PTP control frames is supported, even when ACM is enabled, and even when operating with narrow radio channels.

PTP Optimized Transport



8.12.6 Native Sync Distribution Mode

In this mode, targeting nodal configurations, synchronization is distributed natively end-to-end over the radio links in the network.

No TDM trails or E1 interfaces at the tail sites are required!

Synchronization is typically provided by one or more clock sources (SSU/GPS) at fiber hub sites.

Native Sync Distribution Mode

In native Sync Distribution mode, the following interfaces can be used as the sync references:

GE (SyncE)

Additionally, the following interfaces can be used for sync output:

GE/FE (SyncE)

Native Sync Distribution mode can be used in any link configuration and any network topology.

Ring topologies present special challenges for network synchronization. Any system that contains more than one clock source for synchronization, or in which topology loops may exist, requires an active mechanism to ensure that:

A single source is be used as the clock source throughout the network, preferably the source with the highest accuracy.

There are no reference loops. In other words, no element in the network will use an input frequency from an interface that ultimately derived that frequency from one of the outputs of that network element.

IP-10E’s Native Sync Distribution mechanism enables users to define a priority level for each possible clock source. Synchronization Status Messages (SSM) are sent regularly through each interface involved in frequency distribution, enabling the network to gather and maintain a synchronization status for each interface according to the system’s best knowledge about the frequency quality that can be conveyed by that interface.

Based on these parameters, the network assigns each interface a quality level and determines which interface to use as the current clock source. The



network does this by evaluating the clock quality of the available source interfaces and selecting, from those interfaces with the highest quality, the interface with the highest user-defined priority.

The synchronization is re-evaluated whenever one of the following occurs:

Any synchronization source is added, edited, or deleted by a user.

The clock quality status changes for any source interface.

The synchronization mode is changed for the node.

8.12.6.1 Native Sync Distribution Examples

The figure below provides a Native Sync Distribution mode usage example in which synchronization is provided to all-packet Node-Bs using SyncE.

Native Sync Distribution Mode Usage Example



The following figure illustrates Native Sync Distribution in a tree scenario.

Native Sync Distribution Mode – Tree Scenario

The following figure illustrates Native Sync Distribution in a ring scenario, during normal operation.

Native Sync Distribution Mode – Ring Scenario (Normal Operation)

The following figure illustrates Native Sync Distribution in a ring scenario, where a link has failed and the Native Sync timing distribution has been restored over an alternate path by using SSM messages.



Native Sync Distribution Mode – Ring Scenario (Link Failure)

8.12.7 SyncE “Regenerator” Mode

When working in “smart pipe” mode it is required to have SyncE pass bi-directionally across the radio link with minimal performance degradation (as close as possible to the performance of a fiber link).

For this application IP-10E has a dedicated mechanism which provides PRC grade (G.811) performance.



9. RFU Descriptions

Ceragon's Radio Frequency Units (RFUs) were designed with sturdiness, power, simplicity, and compatibility in mind. These advanced systems provide high-power transmission for short and long distances and can be assembled and installed quickly and easily. Any of the RFUs described in this chapter can be used in an IP-10E system.

FibeAir RFUs deliver the maximum capacity over 3.5-56 MHz channels with configurable modulation schemes from QPSK to 256QAM. The RFU supports low to high capacities for traditional voice, mission critical and for emerging Ethernet services, with any mix of interfaces, pure Ethernet, pure TDM or hybrid Ethernet and TDM interfaces (Native2).

High spectral efficiency is ensured using the same bandwidth for double the capacity, via a single carrier, with vertical and horizontal polarizations. This feature is implemented by a built-in Cross Polarization Interference Canceller (XPIC) mechanism.

IP-10E works with the following RFUs:

Standard Power

FibeAir RFU-C

FibeAir RFU-SP

FibeAir RFU-P

High Power

FibeAir 1500HP

FibeAir RFU-HP

FibeAir RFU-HS



9.1 RFU Selection Guide

The following table can be used to help you select the RFU that is appropriate to your location.

For the 13-427 GHz frequency range, use FibeAir RFU-C

For the low frequencies please refer to the options below:

RFU Selection Guide

Character RFU-C (6 – 42GHz)

1500HP (6 – 11GHz)

RFU-HP (6 – 8GHz)

RFU-HS (6 – 8GHz)

RFU-SP (6 – 8GHz)

RFU-P

(11 – 38GHz)

Installation Type

Split Mount √ √ √ √ √ √

All-Indoor -- √ √ -- √ √

Space Diversity

Method SD (BBS/IFC) BBS BBS + IFC8 BBS BBS BBS BBS

Frequency

Diversity FD (BBS) √ √ √ √ √ √

Configuration

1+0/2+0/1+1/2+2 √ √ √ √ √ √

N+1 -- √ √ -- -- --

N+0 ( N>2) -- √ √ -- -- --

Tx Power (dBm)

High Power

(up to 29 dBm) -- √ √ √ -- --

Ultra High Power

(up to 32 dBm) -- √ √ -- -- --

RFU Mounting Direct Mount

Antenna √ -- -- √ √

√

Bandwidth

(BW)

3.5MHz – 56 MHz √ -- √ -- -- --

10 MHz – 30 MHz √ √ √ √ √ √

56 MHz √ -- √ √ √ √

Power Saving

Mode

Adjustable Power

Consumption -- -- √ -- -- --

7 42GHz RFU-C is a roadmap item, parameters and availability are subject to change.

8 1500 HP (11 GHz) 40 MHz bandwidth does not support IF Combining. For this frequency,

space diversity is only available via BBS.



9.2 RFU-C

RFU-C is a fully software configurable, state-of-the-art RFU that supports a broad range of interfaces and capacities from 10 Mbps up to 500 Mbps. This innovative and compact unit uses an “on-the-fly” upgrade method, whereby network operators only buy capacity as needed, savings on initial investments and ongoing OPEX. RFU-C operates in the frequency range of 6-42 GHz.

The RFU supports low to high capacities for traditional voice and Ethernet services, as well as PDH/SDH/SONET or hybrid Ethernet and TDM interfaces. Traffic capacity throughput and spectral efficiency are optimized with the desired channel bandwidth. For maximum user choice flexibility, channel bandwidths can be selected together with a range of modulations of from QPSK to 256 QAM. High spectral efficiency is ensured using the same bandwidth for double the capacity, via two carriers, with vertical and horizontal polarizations. This feature is implemented by a built-in XPIC mechanism.

With RFU-C, traffic capacity throughput and spectral efficiency are optimized with the desired channel bandwidth. For maximum user choice flexibility, channel bandwidths can be selected together with a range of modulations from QPSK to 256 QAM over 3.5-56 MHz channel bandwidth.

When RFU-C operates in co-channel dual polarization (CCDP) mode, using the cross polarization interference canceller (XPIC) algorithm, two carrier signals can be transmitted over a single channel, using vertical and horizontal polarization. This enables double capacity in the same spectrum bandwidth.

9.2.1 Main Features of RFU-C

Frequency range – Operates in the frequency range 6 – 42 GHz

Frequency accuracy – ±4 ppm9

More power in a smaller package - Up to 24 dBm for extended distance, enhanced availability, use of smaller antennas

Broad capacity range – from low to high - Delivers 10 Mbps up to 500 Mbps over a single carrier

Compact, lightweight form factor - Reduces installation and warehousing costs

Supported configurations10:

1+0 – direct and remote mount



2+2 – remote mount

4+0 – remote mount

Efficient and easy installation - Direct mount installation with different antenna types

9 Over temperature.

10 Remote mount configuration is not supported for 42 GHz.



9.2.2 RFU-C Frequency Bands

Frequency Band TX Range RX Range Tx/Rx Spacing

6L GHz

6332.5-6393 5972-6093 300A

5972-6093 6332.5-6393

6191.5-6306.5 5925.5-6040.5

266A 5925.5-6040.5 6191.5-6306.5

6303.5-6418.5 6037.5-6152.5

6037.5-6152.5 6303.5-6418.5

6245-6290.5 5939.5-6030.5

260A 5939.5-6030.5 6245-6290.5

6365-6410.5 6059.5-6150.5

6059.5-6150.5 6365-6410.5

6226.89-6286.865 5914.875-6034.825

252B 5914.875-6034.825 6226.89-6286.865

6345.49-6405.465 6033.475-6153.425

6033.475-6153.425 6345.49-6405.465

6181.74-6301.69 5929.7-6049.65

252A

5929.7-6049.65 6181.74-6301.69

6241.04-6360.99 5989-6108.95

5989-6108.95 6241.04-6360.99

6300.34-6420.29 6048.3-6168.25

6048.3-6168.25 6300.34-6420.29

6235-6290.5 5939.5-6050.5

240A 5939.5-6050.5 6235-6290.5

6355-6410.5 6059.5-6170.5

6059.5-6170.5 6355-6410.5

6H GHz

6924.5-7075.5 6424.5-6575.5 500

6424.5-6575.5 6924.5-7075.5

7032.5-7091.5 6692.5-6751.5 340C

6692.5-6751.5 7032.5-7091.5

6764.5-6915.5 6424.5-6575.5

340B 6424.5-6575.5 6764.5-6915.5

6924.5-7075.5 6584.5-6735.5




6584.5-6735.5 6924.5-7075.5

6781-6939 6441-6599

340A 6441-6599 6781-6939

6941-7099 6601-6759

6601-6759 6941-7099

6707.5-6772.5 6537.5-6612.5

160A

6537.5-6612.5 6707.5-6772.5

6767.5-6832.5 6607.5-6672.5

6607.5-6672.5 6767.5-6832.5

6827.5-6872.5 6667.5-6712.5

6667.5-6712.5 6827.5-6872.5

7 GHz

7783.5-7898.5 7538.5-7653.5

7538.5-7653.5 7783.5-7898.5

7301.5-7388.5 7105.5-7192.5

196A 7105.5-7192.5 7301.5-7388.5

7357.5-7444.5 7161.5-7248.5

7161.5-7248.5 7357.5-7444.5

7440.5-7499.5 7622.5-7681.5

7678.5-7737.5 7496.5-7555.5

7496.5-7555.5 7678.5-7737.5

7580.5-7639.5 7412.5-7471.5

168C

7412.5-7471.5 7580.5-7639.5

7608.5-7667.5 7440.5-7499.5

7440.5-7499.5 7608.5-7667.5

7664.5-7723.5 7496.5-7555.5

7496.5-7555.5 7664.5-7723.5

7609.5-7668.5 7441.5-7500.5

168B

7441.5-7500.5 7609.5-7668.5

7637.5-7696.5 7469.5-7528.5

7469.5-7528.5 7637.5-7696.5

7693.5-7752.5 7525.5-7584.5

7525.5-7584.5 7693.5-7752.5




7273.5-7332.5 7105.5-7164.5

168A

7105.5-7164.5 7273.5-7332.5

7301.5-7360.5 7133.5-7192.5

7133.5-7192.5 7301.5-7360.5

7357.5-7416.5 7189.5-7248.5

7189.5-7248.5 7357.5-7416.5

7280.5-7339.5 7119.5-7178.5

161P

7119.5-7178.5 7280.5-7339.5

7308.5-7367.5 7147.5-7206.5

7147.5-7206.5 7308.5-7367.5

7336.5-7395.5 7175.5-7234.5

7175.5-7234.5 7336.5-7395.5

7364.5-7423.5 7203.5-7262.5

7203.5-7262.5 7364.5-7423.5

7597.5-7622.5 7436.5-7461.5

161O 7436.5-7461.5 7597.5-7622.5

7681.5-7706.5 7520.5-7545.5

7520.5-7545.5 7681.5-7706.5

7587.5-7646.5 7426.5-7485.5

161M 7426.5-7485.5 7587.5-7646.5

7615.5-7674.5 7454.5-7513.5

7454.5-7513.5 7615.5-7674.5

7643.5-7702.5 7482.5-7541.5

161K 7482.5-7541.5 7643.5-7702.5

7671.5-7730.5 7510.5-7569.5

7510.5-7569.5 7671.5-7730.5

7580.5-7639.5 7419.5-7478.5

161J

7419.5-7478.5 7580.5-7639.5

7608.5-7667.5 7447.5-7506.5

7447.5-7506.5 7608.5-7667.5

7664.5-7723.5 7503.5-7562.5

7503.5-7562.5 7664.5-7723.5




7580.5-7639.5 7419.5-7478.5

161I

7419.5-7478.5 7580.5-7639.5

7608.5-7667.5 7447.5-7506.5

7447.5-7506.5 7608.5-7667.5

7664.5-7723.5 7503.5-7562.5

7503.5-7562.5 7664.5-7723.5

7273.5-7353.5 7112.5-7192.5

161F

7112.5-7192.5 7273.5-7353.5

7322.5-7402.5 7161.5-7241.5

7161.5-7241.5 7322.5-7402.5

7573.5-7653.5 7412.5-7492.5

7412.5-7492.5 7573.5-7653.5

7622.5-7702.5 7461.5-7541.5

7461.5-7541.5 7622.5-7702.5

7709-7768 7548-7607

161D

7548-7607 7709-7768

7737-7796 7576-7635

7576-7635 7737-7796

7765-7824 7604-7663

7604-7663 7765-7824

7793-7852 7632-7691

7632-7691 7793-7852

7584-7643 7423-7482

161C

7423-7482 7584-7643

7612-7671 7451-7510

7451-7510 7612-7671

7640-7699 7479-7538

7479-7538 7640-7699

7668-7727 7507-7566

7507-7566 7668-7727

7409-7468 7248-7307 161B

7248-7307 7409-7468




7437-7496 7276-7335

7276-7335 7437-7496

7465-7524 7304-7363

7304-7363 7465-7524

7493-7552 7332-7391

7332-7391 7493-7552

7284-7343 7123-7182

161A

7123-7182 7284-7343

7312-7371 7151-7210

7151-7210 7312-7371

7340-7399 7179-7238

7179-7238 7340-7399

7368-7427 7207-7266

7207-7266 7368-7427

7280.5-7339.5 7126.5-7185.5

154C

7126.5-7185.5 7280.5-7339.5

7308.5-7367.5 7154.5-7213.5

7154.5-7213.5 7308.5-7367.5

7336.5-7395.5 7182.5-7241.5

7182.5-7241.5 7336.5-7395.5

7364.5-7423.5 7210.5-7269.5

7210.5-7269.5 7364.5-7423.5

7594.5-7653.5 7440.5-7499.5

154B

7440.5-7499.5 7594.5-7653.5

7622.5-7681.5 7468.5-7527.5

7468.5-7527.5 7622.5-7681.5

7678.5-7737.5 7524.5-7583.5

7524.5-7583.5 7678.5-7737.5

7580.5-7639.5 7426.5-7485.5

154A 7426.5-7485.5 7580.5-7639.5

7608.5-7667.5 7454.5-7513.5

7454.5-7513.5 7608.5-7667.5




7636.5-7695.5 7482.5-7541.5

7482.5-7541.5 7636.5-7695.5

7664.5-7723.5 7510.5-7569.5

7510.5-7569.5 7664.5-7723.5

8 GHz

8396.5-8455.5 8277.5-8336.5

119A 8277.5-8336.5 8396.5-8455.5

8438.5 – 8497.5 8319.5 – 8378.5

8319.5 – 8378.5 8438.5 – 8497.5

8274.5-8305.5 7744.5-7775.5 530A

7744.5-7775.5 8274.5-8305.5

8304.5-8395.5 7804.5-7895.5 500A

7804.5-7895.5 8304.5-8395.5

8023-8186.32 7711.68-7875 311C-J

7711.68-7875 8023-8186.32

8028.695-8148.645 7717.375-7837.325

311B 7717.375-7837.325 8028.695-8148.645

8147.295-8267.245 7835.975-7955.925

7835.975-7955.925 8147.295-8267.245

8043.52-8163.47 7732.2-7852.15

311A 7732.2-7852.15 8043.52-8163.47

8162.12-8282.07 7850.8-7970.75

7850.8-7970.75 8162.12-8282.07

8212-8302 7902-7992

310D

7902-7992 8212-8302

8240-8330 7930-8020

7930-8020 8240-8330

8296-8386 7986-8076

7986-8076 8296-8386

8212-8302 7902-7992

310C 7902-7992 8212-8302

8240-8330 7930-8020

7930-8020 8240-8330




8296-8386 7986-8076

7986-8076 8296-8386

8380-8470 8070-8160

8070-8160 8380-8470

8408-8498 8098-8188

8098-8188 8408-8498

8039.5-8150.5 7729.5-7840.5

310A 7729.5-7840.5 8039.5-8150.5

8159.5-8270.5 7849.5-7960.5

7849.5-7960.5 8159.5-8270.5

8024.5-8145.5 7724.5-7845.5

300A 7724.5-7845.5 8024.5-8145.5

8144.5-8265.5 7844.5-7965.5

7844.5-7965.5 8144.5-8265.5

8302.5-8389.5 8036.5-8123.5 266C

8036.5-8123.5 8302.5-8389.5

8190.5-8277.5 7924.5-8011.5 266B

7924.5-8011.5 8190.5-8277.5

8176.5-8291.5 7910.5-8025.5

266A 7910.5-8025.5 8176.5-8291.5

8288.5-8403.5 8022.5-8137.5

8022.5-8137.5 8288.5-8403.5

8226.52-8287.52 7974.5-8035.5 252A

7974.5-8035.5 8226.52-8287.52

8270.5-8349.5 8020.5-8099.5 250A

10 GHz

10501-10563 10333-10395

168A

10333-10395 10501-10563

10529-10591 10361-10423

10361-10423 10529-10591

10585-10647 10417-10479

10417-10479 10585-10647




10501-10647 10151-10297 350A

10151-10297 10501-10647

10498-10652 10148-10302 350B

10148-10302 10498-10652

10561-10707 10011-10157

550A 10011-10157 10561-10707

10701-10847 10151-10297

10151-10297 10701-10847

10590-10622 10499-10531

91A

10499-10531 10590-10622

10618-10649 10527-10558

10527-10558 10618-10649

10646-10677 10555-10586

10555-10586 10646-10677

11 GHz

11425-11725 10915-11207

All 10915-11207 11425-11725

11185-11485 10700-10950

10695-10955 11185-11485

13 GHz

13002-13141 12747-12866

266 12747-12866 13002-13141

13127-13246 12858-12990

12858-12990 13127-13246

12807-12919 13073-13185 266A

13073-13185 12807-12919

12700-12775 12900-13000

200

12900-13000 12700-12775

12750-12825 12950-13050

12950-13050 12750-12825

12800-12870 13000-13100

13000-13100 12800-12870

12850-12925 13050-13150




13050-13150 12850-12925

15 GHz

15110-15348 14620-14858

490 14620-14858 15110-15348

14887-15117 14397-14627

14397-14627 14887-15117

15144-15341 14500-14697

644 14500-14697 15144-15341

14975-15135 14500-14660

475 14500-14660 14975-15135

15135-15295 14660-14820

14660-14820 15135-15295

14921-15145 14501-14725

420 14501-14725 14921-15145

15117-15341 14697-14921

14697-14921 15117-15341

14963-15075 14648-14760

315 14648-14760 14963-15075

15047-15159 14732-14844

14732-14844 15047-15159

15229-15375 14500-14647 728

14500-14647 15229-15375

18 GHz

19160-19700 18126-18690

1010 18126-18690 19160-19700

18710-19220 17700-18200

17700-18200 18710-19220

19260-19700 17700-18140 1560

17700-18140 19260-19700

23 GHz

23000-23600 22000-22600 1008

22000-22600 23000-23600

22400-23000 21200-21800 1232 /1200




21200-21800 22400-23000

23000-23600 21800-22400

21800-22400 23000-23600

24UL GHz

24000 - 24250 24000 - 24250 All

26 GHz

25530-26030 24520-25030

1008 24520-25030 25530-26030

25980-26480 24970-25480

24970-25480 25980-26480

25266-25350 24466-24550

800 24466-24550 25266-25350

25050-25250 24250-24450

24250-24450 25050-25250

28 GHz

28150-28350 27700-27900

450 27700-27900 28150-28350

27950-28150 27500-27700

27500-27700 27950-28150

28050-28200 27700-27850 350

27700-27850 28050-28200

27960-28110 27610-27760

27610-27760 27960-28110

28090-28315 27600-27825 490

27600-27825 28090-28315

29004-29453 27996-28445 1008

27996-28445 29004-29453

28556-29005 27548-27997

27548-27997 28556-29005

29100-29125 29225-29250 125

29225-29250 29100-29125

31 GHz 31000-31085 31215-31300 175

31215-31300 31000-31085




32 GHz

31815-32207 32627-33019 812

32627-33019 31815-32207

32179-32571 32991-33383

32991-33383 32179-32571

38 GHz

38820-39440 37560-38180 1260

37560-38180 38820-39440

38316-38936 37045-37676

37045-37676 38316-38936

39650-40000 38950-39300

700

38950-39300 39500-40000

39300-39650 38600-38950

38600-38950 39300-39650

37700-38050 37000-37350

37000-37350 37700-38050

38050-38400 37350-37700

37350-37700 38050-38400

42 GHz11

40550-41278 42050-42778

1500 42050-42778 40550-41278

41222-41950.5 42722-43450

42722-43450 41222-41950.5

11

42GHz RFU-C is a roadmap item, parameters and availability are subject to change.



9.2.3 RFU-C Mechanical, Electrical, and Environmental Specifications

RFU-C Mechanical, Electrical, and Environmental Specifications

RFU-C

Height: 200 mm

Width: 200 mm

Depth: 85 mm

Weight: 4kg/9 lbs

RFU-Antenna Connection Direct mount or remote using the same antenna type

Remote mount: Standard flexible waveguide (frequency dependent)

IDU-RFU Connection Coaxial cable RG-223 (100 m/300 ft), Belden 9914/RG-8 (300

m/1000 ft) or equivalent, N-type connectors (male)

Polarization Vertical or Horizontal

Standard Mounting OD

Pole 50 mm-120 mm/2”-4.5” (subject to vendor and antenna size)

Operating Range -40.5 to -72 VDC

Power Consumption RFU-

C 6-26 GHz

1+0: 22W

1+1: 39W

Power Consumption RFU-

C 28-42 GHz

1+0: 26W

1+1: 43W

Temperature Range -35 C to +55 C

Relative Humidity Up to 100% (all weather operation)



9.2.4 Mediation Device Losses

RFU-C Mediation Device Losses

9.2.5 RFU-C Antenna Connection

RFU-C uses Andrew, RFS, Xian Putian, Radio Wave, GD and Shenglu antennas.

RFU-C can be mounted directly for all frequencies (6-42 GHz) using the following antenna types (for integrated antennas, specific antennas PNs are required):

Andrew: VHLP series

GD

Radio Wave

Xian Putian: WTG series

Shenglu

For remote mount installations, the following flexible waveguide flanges should be used (millimetric). The same antenna type (integrated) as indicated above can be used (recommended).

Other antenna types using the flanges listed in the table below may be used.

12

42GHz RFU-C is a roadmap item; parameters and availability are subject to change.

Configuration Interfaces 6-8 GHz 11 GHz 13-15 GHz

18-26 GHz

28-4212 GHz

Flex WG Remote Mount

antenna Added on remote

mount configurations 0.5 0.5 1.2 1.5 1.5

1+0 DirectMount Integrated antenna 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5

1+1 HSB Direct Mount

Main TR 1.6 1.6 1.8 2 2

with asymmetrical coupler Secondary TR 6 6 6 6 6

1+1 HSB Remote Mount

Main TR 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.8

with asymmetrical coupler Secondary TR 6 6 6 6 6

2+0 DP (OMT) Direct Mount Integrated antenna 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

2+2 HSB (OMT) Remote Mount

Main TR 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.3

with asymmetrical coupler Secondary TR 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5

2+0/1+1 FD SP Integrated antenna 3.8 3.8 3.9 4 4

4+0 DP (OMT) Remote Mount 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.4



9.2.6 RFU-C Waveguide Flanges

RFU-C – Waveguide Flanges

Frequency (GHz) Waveguide Standard Waveguide Flange Antenna Flange

6 WR137 PDR70 UDR70

7/8 WR112 PBR84 UBR84

10/11 WR90 PBR100 UBR100

13 WR75 PBR120 UBR120

15 WR62 PBR140 UBR140

18-26 WR42 PBR220 UBR220

28-38 WR28 PBR320 UBR320

4213 WR22 UG383/U UG383/U

If a different antenna type (CPR flange) is used, a flange adaptor is required. Please contact your Ceragon representative for details.

13




9.3 1500HP/RFU-HP

The FibeAir 1500HP/RFU-HP is a high transmit power RFU designed for long haul applications with multiple carrier traffic. Together with its unique branching design, 1500HP/RFU-HP can chain up to five carriers per single antenna port and 10 carriers for dual port, making it ideal for Trunk or Multi Carrier applications. The 1500HP/RFU-HP can be installed in either indoor or outdoor configurations.

The field proven FibeAir 1500HP/RFU-HP was designed to enable high quality wireless communication in the most cost-effective manner. With tens of thousands of units deployed worldwide, the FibeAir 1500HP/RFU-HP serves mobile operators enabling them to reach over longer distances while enabling the use of smaller antennas.

1500HP supports two types of Space Diversity optimizations, which are ideal solutions for the multipath phenomenon:

IF Combining

BBS (Base Band Switching)

1500HP/RFU-HP supports Space Diversity BBS (Base Band Switching). For details on IP-10E Space Diversity support, refer to Space and Frequency Diversity on page 53.

9.3.1 Main Features of 1500HP/RFU-HP14

Frequency range – 6-11 GHz

Frequency accuracy – ±4 ppm15

Installation type – Split Mount or All-Indoor

Diversity – Optional innovative IF Combining Space Diversity for improved system gain (for 1500HP)

High transmit power – Up to 33dBm in all indoor and split mount installations

Configurable Ethernet Capacity – 10 – 500Mbps per carrier

Configurable Modulation – QPSK – 256 QAM

Configurable Channel Bandwidth – 3.5 MHz – 56MHz (for RFU HP)

Variety of interfaces for TDM and IP

XPIC and CCDP – Built-in XPIC (Cross Polarization Interference Canceller) and Co-Channel Dual Polarized (CCDP) feature for double transmission capacity, and more bandwidth efficiency

Power Saving Mode option - Enables the microwave system to automatically detect when link conditions allow it to use less power (for RFU-HP)

14

For guidance on the differences between 1500HP and RFU-HP, refer to RFU Selection Guide on page 73.

15 Over temperature.



ATPC (Automatic Tx Power Control)

NEBS – Level 3 NEBS compliance

9.3.2 1500HP/RFU-HP Frequency Bands

The frequency band of each radio is listed in the following table.

Frequency Band Frequency Range (GHz)

Channel Bandwidth

L6 GHz 5.925 to 6.425 29.65/56MHz

U6 GHz 6.425 to 7.100 20 MHz to

40/56 /60 MHz

7 GHz

7.425 to 7.900 14 MHz to 28/56 MHz

7.425 to 7.725 28/56 MHz

7.110 to 7.750 28/56 MHz

8 GHz

7.725 to 8.275 29.65 MHz

8.275 to 8.500 14 MHz to 28/56 MHz

7.900 to 8.400 14 MHz to 28/56 MHz

11 GHz 10.700 to 11.700 10 MHz to 40/56



9.3.3 1500HP/RFU-HP Mechanical, Electrical, and Environmental Specifications

1500HP/RFU-HP Mechanical, Electrical, and Environmental Specifications

Transceiver (RFU)

Dimensions

Height: 490 mm (19”)

Width: 144 mm (6”)

Depth: 280 mm (11”)

Weight: 7 kg (15 lbs) (excluding Branching)

OCB Branching

(Split Mount and

Compact All-Indoor )

Height: 420 mm (19”)

Width: 110 mm (6”)

Depth: 380 mm (11”)

Weight: 7 kg (15 lbs) (excluding Branching)

Recommended torque for RFU-OCB connection: 17 Nm

IDU-RFU Connection Coaxial cable RG-223 (100 m/300 ft), Belden 9914/RG-8 (300 m/1000 ft)

or equivalent, N-type connectors (male)

RFU Power

Consumption

Split Mount (29dBm): 80W

All indoor (32dBm) : 100W

Indoor Temperature

Range -5°C to +45°C

Outdoor Temperature


Power Supply -40.5 to -72 VDC



9.3.4 1500HP/RFU-HP Installation Types

FibeAir RFU-HP can be installed in a Split Mount configuration or in several All-Indoor options.

9.3.5 1500HP/RFU-HP Supported Configurations

These configurations are applicable for split mount or all indoor installation type:

Unprotected N+0 - 1+0 to 10+0 – Data is transmitted through N channels, without redundancy (protection)

Hot Standby - 1+1 HSB, 2+2 HSB – Two RFUs use the same RF channel connected via a coupler, whereby one channel transmits and the other acts as a backup (Standby). The 2+2 HSB configurations uses two RFUs which are chained using two frequencies and connected via a coupler to the other pair of RFUs.

N+1 Frequency Diversity - N+1 (1+1 to 9+1) – Data is transmitted through N channels and an additional (+1) frequency channel, which protects the N channels. If failure or signal degradation occurs in one of the N channels, the +1 channel carries the data of the affected N carrier. Additional configurations can be achieved using two racks, such as 14+2.

Note: Space Diversity can be used in each of the configurations.

When the 1500HP/RFU-HP is mounted in a Split Mount configuration, up to five RFUs can be chained on one pole mount (the total is ten RFUs for a dual pole antenna).



9.3.6 1500HP/RFU-HP All-Indoor Configurations

When the 1500HP/RFU-HP is installed in an All Indoor configuration, there are several installation options:

In ETSI rack – up to ten radio carriers per rack

In 19” open rack – up to five radio carriers per subrack

Compact assembly – up to two radio carriers in horizontal placement (without a subrack)

When using All-Indoor configurations, there are two types of branching implementations:

Using ICBs

Vertical assembly, up to 10 carriers per rack (five carriers per subrack)

Using OCBs

Compact horizontal assembly, up to 2 carriers per subrack

9.3.7 Branching Networks

For multiple carriers, up to five carriers can be cascaded and circulated together to the antenna port.

Branching networks are the units which perform this function and route the signals from the RFUs to the antenna. The branching network can contain multiple OCBs or ICBs. When using Split Mount or All-Indoor compact (horizontal) configuration, the OCB branching network can be used. When using an All-Indoor configuration (vertical), the ICB branching network is used.

The main differences in branching concept between the OCB and the ICB is the how the signals are circulated.

OCB – the Tx and the Rx path circulate together to the main OCB port. When chaining multiple OCBs, each Tx signal is chained to the OCB Rx signal and so on (uses S-bend section).

ICB – all the Tx signals are chained together to one Tx port ( at the ICC ) and all the Rx signals are chained together to one Rx port (at the ICC). The ICC circulates all the Tx and the Rx signals to one antenna port (see the components description below).



All-Indoor Vertical Branching Split Mount Branching and All-Indoor Compact

9.3.7.1 Split Mount Branching Loss

When designing a link budget calculation, the branching loss (dB) should be considered as per specific configuration. This section contains tables that list the branching loss for the following Split Mount configurations.

Interfaces 1+0 1+1 FD 2+0 2+1 3+0

3+1 4+0

4+1 5+0

5+1 6+0

6+1 7+0

7+1 8+0

8+1 9+0

9+1 10+0

CCDP with DP

Antenna 0 (1c) 0 (1c) 0.5 (2c) 0.5 (2c) 1.0 (3c) 1.0 (3c) 1.5 (4c) 1.5 (4c) 2 (5c) 2 (6c)

SP Non-adjacent

Channels 0 (1c) 0.5 (2c) 1.0 (3c) 1.5 (4c) 2.0 (5c) NA NA NA NA NA

Notes:

(c) – Radio Carrier

CCDP – Co-channel dual polarization

SP – Single pole antenna

DP – Dual pole antenna



In addition the following losses will be added when using these items:

Item Where to Use Loss (dB)

Flex WG All configurations 0.5

15m Coax cable Diversity path 6-8/11 GHz 5/6.5

Symmetrical Coupler Adjacent channel configuration. 3.5

Asymmetrical coupler 1+1 HSB configurations Main: 1.6

Coupled: 6.5

9.3.7.2 All-Indoor Branching Loss

ICC has a 0 dB loss, since the RFU is calibrated to Pmax, together with the filter and 1+0 branching loss. The following table presents the branching loss per configuration and the Elliptical wave guide (WG) losses per meter which will be add for each installation (dependant on the WG length).

Configuration Interfaces 1+0 1+1 FD 2+0

2+1 3+0

3+1 4+0

4+1 5+0

All-Indoor

WG losses per 100m

6L 4

6H 4.5

7/8GHz 6

11GHz 10

Symmetrical Coupler Added to adjacent

channel configuration 3

CCDP with DP antenna Tx and Rx 0.3 (1c) 0.3 (1c) 0.7 (2c) 0.7 (2c) 1.1 (3c)

Diversity RX 0.2 (1c) 0.2 (1c) 0.6 (2c) 0.6 (2c) 1.0 (3c)

SP Non adjacent channels Tx and Rx 0.3 (1c) 0.7 (2c) 1.1 (3c) 1.5 (4c) 1.9 (5c)


CCDP with DP antenna

Upgrade Ready

Tx and Rx 0.3 (1c) 0.7 (1c) 1.1 (2c) 1.1 (2c) 1.5 (3c)




Configuration Interfaces 5+1 6+0

6+1 7+0

7+1 8+0

8+1 9+0

9+1 10+0

All-Indoor

WG losses per 100m

6L 4

6H 4.5

7/8GHz 6

11GHz 10

Symmetrical Coupler Added to adjacent

channel configuration 3

CCDP with DP antenna Tx and Rx 1.5 (3c) 1.9 (4c) 1.9 (4c) 2.3 (5c) 2.3 (6c)


SP Non adjacent channels Tx and Rx

NA NA NA NA NA Diversity RX

CCDP with DP antenna

Upgrade Ready

Tx and Rx 1.5 (3c) 1.9 (4c) 1.9 (4c) 2.3 (5c) 2.3 (6c)


9.3.8 1500HP/RFU-HP Waveguide Flanges

The radio output port (C – Carrier) is frequency dependant, and is terminated with the following waveguide flanges:

1500HP/RFU-HP – Waveguide Flanges

Frequency Band (GHz) Waveguide Flanges

6L CPR137

6H CPR137

7 CPR112

8 CPR112

11 CPR90



9.4 RFH-HS

FibeAir RFU-HS is a high transmit power RFU for long-haul applications. Based on Ceragon’s field-proven 1500HP technology, RFU-HS supports capacities of up to 500 Mbps for TDM and IP interfaces.

With its high transmit power, FibeAir RFU-HS is designed to enable high quality wireless communication in the most cost-effective manner, reaching over longer distances while enabling the use of smaller antennas.

9.4.1 Main Features of RFU-HS

Frequency range – Operates in the frequency range of 6-8 GHz

Ultra high transmit power - Up to 30 dBm for longer distances, enhanced availability

High capacity - Up to 56 MHz Channels to deliver up to 500 Mbps on a single channel

Direct or remote mount - Flexible installation saves costs and reduces transmission loss

Supported configurations:

1+0 - direct and remote mount



2+2 - remote mount

XPIC and CCDP – Built-in XPIC (Cross Polarization Interference Canceller) and Co-Channel Dual Polarized (CCDP)


Simple and Easy Installation



9.4.2 RFU-HS Frequency Bands

Frequency Band Frequency Range (GHz)

Channel Bandwidth Standard

L6 GHz 5.925 to 6.425 29.65/56MHz ITU-R F.383

U6 GHz 6.425 to 7.100 20 MHz to

40/56 /60 MHz ITU-R F.384

7 GHz

7.425 to 7.900 14 MHz to 28/56 MHz ITU-R F.385 Annex 4

7.425 to 7.725 28/56 MHz ITU-R F.385 Annex 1

7.110 to 7.750 28/56 MHz ITU-R F.385 Annex 3

8 GHz

7.725 to 8.275 29.65 MHz ITU-R F.386 Annex 1





9.4.3 RFU-HS Mechanical, Electrical, and Environmental Specifications

RFU-HS Mechanical, Electrical, and Environmental Specifications

RFU Dimensions

Height: 409mm

Width: 286 mm

Depth: 86 mm

Weight: 8 kg

RFU Antenna

Connection Standard flexible waveguide (frequency dependent)



Maximum System

Power Consumption

(IDU and RFU)

1+0: 88W

1+1: 134W

Outdoor Temperature


Relative Humidity: Up to 100% (all weather operation)

Power Supply -40.5 to -72 VDC (up to -57 VDC for USA market)



9.4.4 RFU-HS Antenna Types

The following antennas support direct and remote mount installations for RFU-HS.

Vendor Frequency Band Diameter Manufacturer PN Marketing Model

Andrew 7/8 GHz 4ft VHLP4-7W-CR3 A-4-7_8-A


RFS 6L 4ft SU4-59CVA A-4-6L-R


RFS 6U 4ft SU4-65CVA A-4-6H-R


RFS 7/8 GHz 4ft SB4-W71CVA A-4-7_8-R

RFS 7/8 GHz 6ft SU6B-W71CVA A-6-7_8-R

Xian Putian 6L 4ft WTG12-58DAR A-4-6L-X


Xian Putian 6U 4ft WTG12-64DAR A-4-6H-X


Xian Putian 7/8 GHz 4ft WTG12-W71DAR A-4-7_8-X


9.4.5 RFU-HS Antenna Connection

The RFU is connected to the antenna via a flexible waveguide (which is frequency-dependent), in accordance with the following table. (The antenna type and the waveguide flanges are imperial.)

Frequency (GHz) Waveguide Standard Waveguide Flange

6L WR137 CPR137F

6H WR137 CPR137F

7 WR112 CPR112F

8 WR112 CPR112F



9.4.6 RFU-HS Mediation Device Losses

The following table lists branching losses for RFU-HS antennas.

Configuration Interfaces 6-8 GHz


antenna Added on remote mount

configurations 0.5

1+0 Integrated antenna Integrated antenna 0

1+1 HSB Integrated antenna

Main TR 1.6

with asymmetrical coupler Secondary TR 6.5

1+1/2+2 HSB Remote antenna

Main TR 1.6


2+0 SP (with CPLR) Integrated antenna 4

4+0 DP Remote mount antenna 4



9.5 RFU-SP

RFU-SP supports multiple capacities, frequencies, modulation schemes, and configurations for various network requirements. RFU-SP operates in the frequency range of 6-8 GHz, and supports capacities of 40 Mbps to 400 Mbps for TDM and IP interfaces. The capacity can easily be doubled using a Cross Polarization Interference Canceller (XPIC) algorithm.

Note: RFU-SP is generally not recommended for new installations. RFU-C will generally be a more appropriate standard-power option.

9.5.1 Main Features of RFU-SP

Frequency Range – Operates in the frequency range of 6-8 GHz.

Configurable Capacity – from 40 Mbps to 500 Mbps.

Configurable Modulation – QPSK – 256 QAM.

High capacity - Up to 56 MHz Channels to deliver up to 500 Mbps on a single channel

Antenna Mount – Direct or remote.

Main Configurations – 1+1, 1+0, 2+0

XPIC and CCDP – Built-in XPIC (Cross Polarization Interference Canceller) and Co-Channel Dual Polarized (CCDP).


Simple and Easy Installation

9.5.2 RFU-SP Frequency Bands

The frequency band of each radio is listed in the following table.

RFU-SP Frequency Bands

Frequency Band Frequency Range (GHz) Channel Bandwidth

L6 GHz 5.925 to 6.425 29.65/56MHz

U6 GHz 6.425 to 7.100 20 MHz to 40/56 /60 MHz

7 GHz

7.425 to 7.900 14 MHz to 28/56 MHz

7.425 to 7.725 28/56 MHz

7.110 to 7.750 28/56 MHz

8 GHz

7.725 to 8.275 29.65 MHz

8.275 to 8.500 14 MHz to 28/56 MHz

7.900 to 8.400 14 MHz to 28/56 MHz



9.5.3 RFU-SP Mechanical, Electrical, and Environmental Specifications

RFU-SP Mechanical, Electrical, and Environmental Specifications

RFU Dimensions

Height: 409mm

Width: 286 mm

Depth: 86 mm

Weight: 8 kg

RFU Antenna

Connection Standard flexible waveguide (frequency dependent)



Maximum System

Power Consumption

(IDU and RFU)

1+0: 88W

1+1: 130W

Outdoor Temperature






9.5.4 RFU-SP Direct Mount Installation

The following antennas support direct and remote mount installations:

RFU-HS-SP Antennas

Vendor Frequency Band

Diameter Manufacturer PN Marketing Model







RFS 7/8 GHz 4ft SB4-W71CVA A-4-7_8-R

RFS 7/8 GHz 6ft SU6B-W71CVA A-6-7_8-R







9.5.5 RFU-SP Antenna Connection

RFU-SP is connected to the antenna via a flexible waveguide, which is frequency-dependent, in accordance with the following table.

Frequency (GHz) Waveguide Standard Waveguide Flange

6L WR137 CPR137F

6H WR137 CPR137F

7 WR112 CPR112F

8 WR112 CPR112F



9.5.6 RFU-SP Mediation Device Losses

The following table lists branching losses for RFU-SP antennas.

Configuration Interfaces 6-8 GHz



mount configurations 0.5

1+0 Integrated antenna Integrated antenna 0


Main TR 1.6



Main TR 1.6


2+0 SP (with CPLR) Integrated antenna 4

4+0 DP Remote mount antenna 4



9.6 RFU-P

9.6.1 RFU-P Mechanical, Electrical, and Environmental Specifications

RFU-P Mechanical, Electrical, and Environmental Specifications

RFU Dimensions

Diameter: 270 mm (10.8”)

Depth: 140 mm (4.5”)

Weight: 8 kg (18 lbs)



Maximum System

Power Consumption

(IDU and RFU)

1+0: 65W

1+1: 105W

Outdoor Temperature




9.6.2 RFU-P Mediation Device Losses

The following table lists branching losses for RFU-P antennas.

RFU-P Mediation Device Losses

Configuration Interfaces 11 GHz

13-15 GHz

18-26 GHz

28-39 GHz



mount configurations 0.5 1.2 1.5 1.5

1+0 Integrated antenna Integrated antenna 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5


Main TR 1.8 1.8 1.8 2

with asymmetrical coupler Secondary TR 7.2 7.2 7.5 7.5


Main TR 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8

with asymmetrical coupler Secondary TR 7.1 7.1 7.5 7.5



10. Typical Configurations

This section illustrates a number of typical IP-10E configurations for point-to-point and nodal systems.

10.1 Point to point configurations

10.1.1 1+0

1 IP-10E, 1 RFU unit required

Integrated Ethernet switching can be enabled for multiple local Ethernet interfaces support

FibeAir IP-10E Typical Configurations – 1+0



10.1.2 1+1 HSB

2 IP-10E, 2 RFU units required

Integrated Ethernet switching can be enabled for multiple local Ethernet interfaces support

Redundancy covers failure of all control and data path components

Local Ethernet interfaces protection support via Y-cables or protection-panel

<50mSecs switch-over time

FibeAir IP-10E Typical Configurations 1+1 HSB

10.1.3 2+0/XPIC Link, “no Multi-Radio” Mode

Ethernet traffic - Each of the 2 units:

Feeding Ethernet traffic independently to its radio interface.

Can be configured independently for “switch” or “pipe” operation

No Ethernet traffic is shared internally between the 2 radio carriers

2+0/XPIC Link, “no Multi-Radio” Mode



10.1.4 2+0/XPIC Link, “Multi-Radio” Mode

Ethernet traffic

One of the units is acting as the "master" unit and is feeding Ethernet traffic to both radio carriers

Traffic is distributed between the 2 carries at the radio frame level

The "Master" IDU can be configured for switch or pipe operation.

The 2nd ("Slave") IDU has all its Ethernet interfaces and functionality effectively disabled.

2+0/XPIC Link, “Multi-Radio” Mode

10.1.5 2+2/XPIC/Multi-Radio MW Link

2+2/XPIC/Multi-Radio MW Link



10.2 Nodal Configurations

10.2.1 Chain with 1+0 Downlink and 1+1 HSB Uplink

Chain with 1+0 Downlink and 1+1 HSB Uplink



10.2.2 Node with 2 x 1+0 Downlinks and 1 x 1+1 HSB Uplink

Node with 2 x 1+0 Downlinks and 1 x 1+1 HSB Uplink

10.2.3 Chain with 1+1 Downlink and 1+1 HSB Uplink

Chain with 1+1 Downlink and 1+1 HSB Uplink



10.2.4 Ring with 3 x 1+0 Links at Main Site

Ring with 3 x 1+0 Links at Main Site

10.2.5 Ring with 3 x 1+1 HSB Links at Main Site

Ring with 3 x 1+1 HSB Links at Main Site



10.2.6 Node with 1 x 1+1 HSB Downlink and 1 x 1+1 HSB Uplink

Node with 1 x 1+1 HSB Downlink and 1 x 1+1 HSB Uplink

10.2.7 Ring with 4 x 1+0 Links

Ring with 4 x 1+0 Links



10.2.8 Ring with 3 x 1+0 Links + Spur Link 1+0

Ring with 3 x 1+0 Links + Spur Link 1+0

10.2.9 Ring with 4 x 1+0 MW Links and 1 x Fiber Link (5 hops total)

Ring with 4 x 1+0 MW Links and 1 x Fiber Link (5 hops total)



10.2.10 Ring with 2 x 2+0/XPIC MW Links and 1 x Fiber Link (3 hops total)

Ring with 2 x 2+0/XPIC MW Links and 1 x Fiber Link (3 hops total)



11. Management and System Security

The Ceragon management solution is built on several layers of management:

NEL – Network Element-level CLI

EMS – HTTP web-based EMS

NMS and SML – PolyView platform

Each IP-10 Network Element includes an HTTP web-based element manager (CeraWeb) that enables the operator to perform element configuration, RF, Ethernet, and PDH performance monitoring, remote diagnostics, alarm reports, and more.

In addition, Ceragon provides an SNMP V1/V2c/V3 north bound interface on the IP-10.

Ceragon’s management suite also includes a number of CeraBuild™ tools, which ease the operator’s task of installing, maintaining, and provisioning Ceragon equipment.

PolyView™ is Ceragon's Network Management System (NMS) that includes CeraMap™ , its friendly and powerful client graphical interface. PolyView can be used to update and monitor network topology status, provide statistical and inventory reports, define end-to-end Ethernet services, download software, and configure elements in the network. In addition, it can be integrated with Northbound NMS platforms, to provide enhanced network management. The application is written in Java code and enables management functions at both the element and network levels.



Ceragon’s management suite also includes a web-based element management system (Web EMS), for advanced element management, and CeraBuild™ for specialized maintenance and provisioning.

Ceragon also offers NetMaster, a comprehensive NMS that provides centralized operation and maintenance capability for the complete range of network elements in an IP-10E system. NetMaster is built using state-of-the-art technology as a scalable, cross-platform NMS that supports distributed network architecture.

In addition, management, configuration, and maintenance tasks can be performed directly via the IP-10E Command Line Interface (CLI). The CLI can be used to perform configuration operations for stand-alone IP-10E units or units connected in a stacked configuration, as well as to configure several IP-10E units in a single batch command. In a nodal configuration, all commands are available both in the main and extension units unless otherwise stated.

Integrated IP-10E Management Tools



11.1 PolyView End-To-End Network Management System

PolyView is a Network Management System (NMS) designed for managing large scale wireless backhaul networks.

Optimized for centralized operation and maintenance of a complete network, PolyView offers users a comprehensive set of management functions to simplify network management work.

PolyView’s client interface, CeraMap™, provides centralized, GUI based access to all network management functionality.

11.1.1 PolyView Main Features

The following are some of PolyView’s main features:

End-to-end traffic service management PolyView includes a service management GUI for provisioning, configuration, monitoring, and management of Ethernet services. Service view provides Wizard based provisioning, service topology maps, and GUI driven configuration of service paths and trails.

Fault management PolyView enables global management of network entity alarms with comprehensive alarm reporting. The alarms interface provides details of each alarm, including the alarm type and severity, raise and clear time, probable causes and corrective actions.

Additionally, all map entities, including network elements, links, trails, and services, are color coded, with the color indicating the status of the most current alarm.

Configuration management PolyView simplifies network elements configuration management, with centralized configuration file backup and rollback. PolyView’s broadcast configuration and software download utilities help the NMS user to manage groups of network elements.

Auto-discovery of network topology

PolyView’s auto-discovery feature enables it to accurately reflect the actual configuration of the network. This is particularly useful when installing PolyView, and in cases of network recovery.

IP-10E supports the Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP), a vendor-neutral layer 2 protocol that can be used by a station attached to a specific LAN segment to advertise its identity and capabilities and to receive identify and capability information from physically adjacent layer 2 peers.

LLDP enables PolyView to discover the entire Ethernet LAN topology, because the IP address of at least one network element will be known and all network elements exchange LLDP information.

PolyView also discovers the configuration of each node based on the node’s IP address, discovered through auto-discovery of the network topology.



Performance management Scheduled polling allows users to monitor network activity in real time and to keep historical performance monitoring information for future usage. For a more in-depth understanding of network performance, CeraWeb’s reporting interface is designed to help users identify activity patterns and anticipate problems before they occur.

Inventory and performance reports can be generated for the entire network, or for a selected subnet, group, trail, or service. Inventory reports provide information about Ceragon interfaces and links in the system. Performance reports provide information about radio, interface, and trail performance.

Network security PolyView is a secure system that enables administrators to control who uses the system, and which parts of the system can be accessed. Security is maintained by a combination of user access control features, audit logging, and secured interfaces.

Permissions are assigned to groups on a feature by feature basis. User access rights determine which parts of the network a user can view, and which operations users can perform for each subnet.

11.1.2 PolyView User Interface

PolyView’s network management GUI, CeraMap™, enables fast and easy design of multi-layered network element maps, and helps manage the network from the initial deployment stage through ongoing maintenance and configuration procedures.

With full support for today’s mixed network topologies, PolyView’s network management GUI enables maximum flexibility in network operation, planning and design.

11.1.3 PolyView Security Features

PolyView is a secure system that enables administrators to control who uses the system, and which parts of the system can be accessed. Security is maintained using a combination of user access control features, audit logging, and secured interfaces.

PolyView’s security configuration utility enables administrators to create customized views of the network for each user. User access rights determine which parts of the network a user can view, and which operations users can perform.

Permissions are defined for each group.

User access is defined by subnet for a specific group.

The following are user-configurable parameters that help the administrator define PolyView’s security setup:

Inactive client disconnect time – The number of minutes the server should wait before disconnecting an inactive client.



Allowed consecutive failed logins – The number of times a user can attempt to login. After the specified number of login attempts, a management trap is issued, and the user will not be able to log in again for an amount of time specified by the user.

Secured client connection– Enforces a secure connection between the client and server.

Enable external authentication – The user can enable or disable external authentication. When external authentication is enabled, if the RADIUS server is available, users will be authenticated by both the local and RADIUS servers. When external authentication is disabled, users will be granted only local access.

11.1.4 PolyView Advantages

Automatic discovery of network topology

Auto-discovery of network entities, including network elements, subnets, multi-line, multi radio, and protect links

Auto-discovery of Ethernet LAN topology.

Flexible discovery scope configuration options

Multi link map discovery and display

Global fault management

Comprehensive alarm interface, including dedicated management, trail, and service alarms.

Alarm details include probable causes and suggestions for corrective actions.

Graphic representation of alarm severity levels.

Alarm history and user action logs show performed on alarms.

Configurable alarm filtering.

Alarm synchronization toward southbound and northbound interfaces.

Alarm history including raise/clear time and actions performed on an alarm.

Network element configuration management

Global network element administration

Single sign-on with network element managers via CeraMap topology maps, service maps, reports, or alarms.

Network elements configuration file backup & rollback

Mass configuration broadcasts

Batch software downloads

Network performance management

Scheduled polling of discovered network elements, or groups of elements to retrieve real time performance and inventory status.

Generate reports performance and inventory reports for the entire network or selected groups, subnets or specific network elements.

Sophisticated report filtering for customized views of network status and performance data



Interface and radio performance monitoring and reporting

Scheduled report generation via PolyView’s command line report interface.

End-to-End Ethernet services management

GUI based Ethernet service management,

Automatic, wizard based provisioning of Ethernet services.

Ethernet service topology maps.

Automatic discovery of all Ethernet service paths.

Multiple property based views.

View current Ethernet service related alarms.

xSTP status map.

Network security management

Feature based permissions.

Subnet based access.

Password encryption and rules enforcing.

Passwords retry ceilings and timeout blocking.

Single sign on with network element managers.

Configure customizable network access.

External user authentication.

Secure authentication and security protocols for all management interfaces.

System administration

Comprehensive server configuration options.

GUI or command line scheduling of recurring tasks.

Database backup, repair, & restore.

Server redundancy and synchronization.

Server CPU & memory usage monitoring and alarming.



11.1.5 PolyView Server Components

11.1.5.1 MySQL Database

PolyView N6.7 works with embedded MySQL Enterprise Server 5.1. The database is provided as part of the basic PolyView installation. The MySQL license must be purchased as part of the purchase order of the PolyView system from Ceragon.

11.1.5.2 FTP/ SFTP Server

PolyView uses an external FTP server to backup network element configuration files and to manage software uploads and downloads. NMS users can use the FTP server to download configuration files from the network elements, or to upload software updates.

For Windows servers, PolyView expects to find the FileZilla FTP server installed in its default location (C:\ProgramFiles\FileZilla Server\)

For UNIX servers, PolyView uses the Solaris FTP server, and does not require FileZilla.

SFTP can be used for the following operations:

Configuration upload and download

Uploading unit information

Uploading a public key

Downloading certificate files

Downloading software

11.1.5.3 XML & HTTP Proxy

PolyView has an embedded XML & HTTP proxy that enables connection between network elements and the CeraMap client when direct connection between is unavailable.

11.1.5.4 Server Redundancy

PolyView has built-in support for redundancy configuration. With two PolyView servers, one is configured as the primary server, with the secondary server configured for standby mode.



11.2 Web-Based Element Management System (Web EMS)

The Web EMS is used to perform configuration operations and obtain statistical and performance information related to the system, including:

Configuration Management – Enables you to view and define configuration data for the IP-10E system.

Fault Monitoring – Enables you to view active alarms.

Performance Monitoring – Enables you to view and clear performance monitoring values and counters.

Maintenance Association Identifiers – Enables you to define Maintenance Association Identifiers (MAID) for CFR protection.

Diagnostics and Maintenance – Enables you to define and perform loopback tests, software updates, and IDU-RFU interface monitoring.

Security Configuration – Enables you to configure IP-10E security features.

User Management – Enables you to define users and user groups.

For additional information about the Web EMS, refer to FibeAir IP-10 Web Based Management User Guide, DOC-00018688 Rev. a.17.



11.3 CeraBuild

CeraBuild is an application that enables installation and maintenance personnel to initiate and produce commissioning reports to ensure that an IP-10 system was set up properly and that all components are in order for operation.

CeraBuild includes the following tools:

Site Commission Tool

Link Commission Tool

PM Commission Tool

Diagnostics Tool

For additional information about CeraBuild, refer to FibeAir CeraBuild Commission Reports Guide, DOC-00028133.



11.4 System Security Features

To guarantee proper performance and availability of a network as well as the data integrity of the traffic, it is imperative to protect it from all potential threats, both internal (misuse by operators and administrators) and external (attacks originating outside the network).

System security is based on making attacks difficult (in the sense that the effort required to carry them out is not worth the possible gain) by putting technical and operational barriers in every layer along the way, from the access outside the network, through the authentication process, up to every data link in the network.

11.4.1 Ceragon’s Layered Security Concept

Each layer protects against one or more threats. However, it is the combination of them that provides adequate protection to the network. In most cases, no single layer protection provides a complete solution to threats.

The layered security concept is presented in the Security Solution Architecture Concept diagram. Each layer presents the security features and the threats addressed by it. Unless stated otherwise, requirements refer to both network elements and the NMS.

Security Solution Architecture Concept

User traffic network

DMZ

Public networks

PC client

PC client

Ceraview Station

Ceraview StationPolyView Server

Radio aggregation network

Management channels and system authentication security Traffic encryption

Secure buffer zone

•User authentication

•Secure SW infrastructure

•Monitoring



11.4.2 Defenses in management communication channels

Since network equipment can be managed from any location, it is necessary to protect the communication channels’ contents end to end.

These defenses are based existing and proven cryptographic techniques and libraries, thus providing standard secure means to manage the network, with minimal impact on usability.

They provide defense at any point (including public networks and radio aggregation networks) of communications.

While these features are implemented in Ceragon equipment, it is the responsibility of the operator to have the proper capabilities in any external devices used to manage the network.

In addition, inside Ceragon networking equipment it is possible to control physical channels used for management. This can greatly help deal with all sorts of DoS attacks.

There is a possibility of using secure channels instead or in addition to the existing management channels:

SNMPv3 for all SNMP-based protocols for both NEs and NMS

HTTPS for access to the NE’s web server

SSH-2 for all CLI access SFTP for all software and configuration download between NMS and NEs

All protocols run with secure settings using strong encryption techniques. Unencrypted modes are not allowed, and algorithms used must meet modern and client standards.

Users are allowed to disable all insecure channels.

In the network elements, the bandwidth of physical channels transporting management communications is limited to the appropriate magnitude, in particular, channels carrying management frames to the CPU.

Attack types addressed

Tempering with management flows

Management traffic analysis

Unauthorized software installation

Attacks on protocols (by providing secrecy and integrity to messages)

Traffic interfaces eavesdropping (by making it harder to change configuration)

DoS through flooding



11.4.3 Defenses in user and system authentication procedures

User identification

User and password data kept with the use of strong encryption techniques. This data is saved as binary file with hashing. It is unreadable.

Strong rules for passwords, such as length, string composition, history, and aging period, are defined and optionally enforced for all passwords.

User and session validity rules (such as inactivity timeouts and a threshold for the number of unsuccessful login attempts) are defined and enforced. Upon violation, sessions and users are suspended.

Remote authentication

Certificate-based strong standard encryption techniques are used for remote authentication. Users may choose to use this feature or not for all secure communication channels.

Since different operators may have different certificate-based authentication policies (for example, issuing its own certificates vs. using an external CA or allowing the NMS system to be a CA), NEs and NMS software provide the tools required for operators to enforce their policy and create certificates according to their established processes.

Server authentication capabilities are provided.

Authorization

In NEs users classifiable to groups, each group having separate and well-defined authorization to access resources. All security features configuration open only to the highest-permissions group.

In the NMS, it is possible to define arbitrary definitions of new permissions groups.

Centralized management

RADIUS protocol is supported in the NMS (RADIUS client).

RADIUS server is the responsibility of the operator.

The use of RADIUS is optional.


Impersonation

Unauthorized software installation

Traffic interfaces eavesdropping

11.4.4 Monitoring tools

Security logs:

Logs are exportable for database parsing and querying

Recording:

User ID

Communication channel (WEB, terminal, telnet/SSH, SNMP, NMS, etc..)



Date and time of event/action

IP address, if applicable

Events recorded

Changes to security-related configuration

Successful and unsuccessful login attempts

End session

User account blocked

Updates/changes to user ID access rights


Misuse of authorization

11.4.5 Secure communication channels

Users can enable or disable security channels.

Security configuration changes by users of group “administrator” or above should be done only through the CLI interface.

Secure communication channels include:

SNMPv3 for all SNMP-based protocols for both NEs and NMS

HTTPS for access to the NE’s web server

SSH-2 for all CLI access

SFTP for all software and configuration download between NMS and NEs

Secured NMS client server connections

11.4.5.1 HTTPS

Secure access via HTTPS protocol

Users with type of “administrator” or above can specify the web protocol.

11.4.5.2 SNMP

The SNMP agent supports SNMP v1, V2c or v3.

The default community string in NMS and the SNMP agent in the embedded SW are disabled. Users are allowed to set community strings for access to IDUs.

SNMPv3 connections are authenticated with a single user ID and password. Admin users can configure this user ID and password.

11.4.5.3 Server authentication (SSL / SLLv3)

All protocols making use of SSL (such as HTTPS) use SLLv3 and support X.509 certificates-based server authentication.

Users with type of “administrator” or above can perform the following server (IDU) authentication operations for certificates handling:

Generate server key pairs (private + public)

Export public key (as a file to a user-specified address)



Install third-party certificates

The Admin user is responsible for obtaining a valid certificate.

Load a server RSA key pair that was generated externally for use by protocols making use of SSL.

Non-SSL protocols using asymmetric encryption, such as SSH and SFTP, can make use of public-key based authentication.

Users can load trusted public keys for this purpose.

11.4.5.4 Encryption

Encryption algorithms include:

Symmetric key algorithms: 128-bit AES

Asymmetric key algorithms: 1024-bit RSA

11.4.5.5 SSH

The CLI interface supports SSH-2

Users of type of “administrator” or above can enable or disable SSH.

11.4.5.6 SFTP

SFTP can be used instead of standard FTP.

Users with type of “administrator or above can enforce secure FTP by disabling standard FTP.

11.4.6 Security log

The security log is an internal system file which records all changes performed to any security feature, as well as all security-related events.

Note: The Security log can only be accessed via the CLI.

The security log file has the following attributes:

The file is of a “cyclic” nature (fixed size, newest events overwrite oldest).

Readable only by users with "admin" or above privilege.

The log can be viewed using the following command:

/management/mng-services/log-srv/security-log/view-security-log

The contents of the log file are cryptographically protected and digitally signed.

In the event of an attempt to modify the file, an alarm will be raised.

Users may not overwrite, delete, or modify the file.

The security log records:

Changes in security configuration

Carrying out “security configuration copy to mate”

Management channels time-out

Password aging time

Number of unsuccessful login attempts for user suspension



Warning banner change

Adding/deleting of users

Password changed

SNMP enable/disable

SNMP version used (v1/v3) change

SNMPv3 parameters change

Security mode

Authentication algorithm

User

Password

SNMPv1 parameters change

Read community

Write community

Trap community for any manager

HTTP/HTTPS change

FTP/SFTP change

Telnet and web interface enable/disable

FTP enable/disable

Loading certificates

Remote logging enable/disable (for security and configuration logs)

Syslog server address change (for security and configuration logs)

System clock change

NTP enable/disable

Security events

Successful and unsuccessful login attempts

N consecutive unsuccessful login attempts (blocking)

Configuration change failure due to insufficient permissions

SNMPv3/PV authentication failures

User logout

User account expired

For each recorded event the following information is available:

User ID

Communication channel (WEB, terminal, telnet/SSH, SNMP, NMS, etc.)

IP address, if applicable

Date and time



11.5 End to End Multi-Layer OAM

FibeAir IP-10E provides complete Operations Administration and Maintenance (OAM) functionality at multiple layers, including:

Alarms and events

Maintenance signals, such as LOS, AIS, and RDI.

Performance monitoring

Maintenance commands, such as loopbacks and APS commands.

OAM Functionality

11.5.1 Configurable RSL Threshold Alarms and Traps

Software Release i6.8 introduces the ability for users to configure alarm and trap generation in the event of RSL degradation beneath a user-defined threshold. An alarm and trap are generated if the RSL remains below the defined threshold for at least five seconds. The alarm is automatically cleared if the RSL subsequently remains above the threshold for at least five seconds.

The RSL threshold is based on the nominal RSL value minus the RSL degradation margin. The user defines both the nominal RSL value and the RSL degradation margin.

11.5.2 Connectivity Fault Management (CFM)

The IEEE 802.1ag standard defines Service Layer OAM (Connectivity Fault Management). The standard facilitates the discovery and verification of a path through 802.1 bridges and local area networks (LANs).

In addition, the standard:

Defines maintenance domains, their constituent maintenance points, and the managed objects required to create and administer them.

Defines the relationship between maintenance domains and the services offered by VLAN-aware bridges and provider bridges.

Describes the protocols and procedures used by maintenance points to maintain and diagnose connectivity faults within a maintenance domain.



Provides means for future expansion of the capabilities of maintenance points and their protocols.

IEEE 802.1ag Ethernet CFM (Connectivity Fault Management) protocols consist of three protocols that operate together to aid in debugging Ethernet networks: continuity check, link trace, and loopback.

FibeAir IP-10E utilizes these protocols to maintain smooth system operation and non-stop data flow.

11.5.3 Ethernet Statistics (RMON)

The FibeAir IP-10E platform stores and displays statistics in accordance with RMON and RMON2 standards.

The following groups of statistics can be displayed:

Ingress line receive statistics

Ingress radio transmit statistics

Egress radio receive statistics

Egress line transmit statistics

Notes:

Statistic parameters are polled each second, from system startup.

All counters can be cleared simultaneously.

The following statistics are displayed every 15 minutes (in the Radio performance monitoring window):

Utilization - four utilizations: ingress line receive, ingress radio transmit, egress radio receive, and egress line transmit

Packet error rate - ingress line receive, egress radio receive

Seconds with errors - ingress line receive

11.5.3.1 Ingress Line Receive Statistics

Sum of frames received without error

Sum of octets of all valid received frames

Number of frames received with a CRC error

Number of frames received with alignment errors

Number of valid received unicast frames

Number of valid received multicast frames

Number of valid received broadcast frames

Number of packets received with less than 64 octets

Number of packets received with more than 12000 octets (programmable)

Frames (good and bad) of 64 octets

Frames (good and bad) of 65 to 127 octets








11.5.3.2 Ingress Radio Transmit Statistics

Sum of frames transmitted to radio

Sum of octets transmitted to radio

Number of frames dropped

11.5.3.3 Egress Radio Receive Statistics

Sum of valid frames received by radio

Sum of octets of all valid received frames

Sum of all frames received with errors

11.5.3.4 Egress Line Transmit Statistics

Sum of valid frames transmitted to line

Sum of octets transmitted



12. Specifications

12.1 General Specifications

12.1.1 6-18 GHz

Specification 6L,6H GHz 7,8 GHz 10 GHz 11 GHz 13 GHz 15 GHz

Standards ETSI ETSI ETSI ETSI ETSI ETSI

Operating Frequency

Range (GHz)

5.85-6.45, 6.4-

7.1 7.1-7.9, 7.7-8.5 10.0-10.7 10.7-11.7 12.75-13.3 14.4-15.35

Tx/Rx Spacing (MHz)

252.04, 240,

266, 300, 340,

160, 170, 500

154, 119, 161,

168, 182, 196,

208, 245, 250,

266, 300,310,

311.32, 500, 530

91,

168,350,

550

490, 520, 530 266 315, 420, 475,

644, 490, 728

Frequency Stability +0.001%

Frequency Source Synthesizer

RF Channel

Selection Via EMS/NMS

System

Configurations Non-Protected (1+0), Protected (1+1), Frequency Diversity, Space Diversity 2+0/2+2 XPIC

Tx Range

(Manual/ATPC) Up to 20dB dynamic range



12.1.2 23-42 GHz

Specification 18 GHz 23 GHz 24UL GHz 26 GHz 28 GHz 32 GHz 36 GHz 38 GHz 4216 GHz

Standards ETSI ETSI ETSI ETSI ETSI ETSI ETSI ETSI ETSI

Operating Frequency

Range (GHz) 17.7-19.7 21.2-23.65 24.0-24.25 24.2-26.5 27.35-29.5 31.8-33.4 36.0-37.0 37-40

40.55-

43.45

Tx/Rx Spacing (MHz) 1010, 1120,

1008, 1560

1008,

1200,

1232

Customer-

defined 800, 1008

350, 450,

490, 1008 812 700

1000,

1260, 700 1500

Frequency Stability +0.001%

Frequency Source Synthesizer

RF Channel Selection Via EMS/NMS

System

Configurations

Non-Protected (1+0), Protected (1+1), Space Diversity, 2+0/2+2 XPIC

Tx Range

(Manual/ATPC)

Up to 20dB dynamic range

Note: All specifications are subject to change without prior notification.

16




12.2 RFU Support

Split-Mount installation

FibeAir RFU-C (6–42 GHz)17

FibeAir 1500HP/RFU-HP (6–11 GHz)

FibeAir RFU-HS (6–8 GHz)

FibeAir RFU-SP (6–8 GHz)

FibeAir RFU-P (11–38 GHz)

All-Indoor installation FibeAir 1500HP/RFU-HP (6–11 GHz)

IDU to RFU connection Coaxial cable RG-223 (100 m/300 ft), Belden 9914/RG-8 (300 m/1000 ft) or

equivalent, N-type connectors (male)

Antenna Connection18 Direct or remote mount using the same antenna type.

Remote mount: standard flexible waveguide (frequency dependent)

Note: For more details about the different RFUs refer to RFU Descriptions on page 84and to the documentation for individual RFU models.

17

Refer to RFU-C roll-out plan for availability of each frequency. 18

Remote mount configuration is not supported for 42 GHz.



12.3 Radio Capacity

12.3.1 3.5 MHz

Modulation Minimum Required Capacity License

Radio Throughput

(Mbps)

Ethernet Capacity

(Mbps)

Min Max

16 QAM 10 10.5 9.5 14

64 QAM 25 15 14 20

Note: Ethernet Capacity depends on average packet size.

12.3.2 7 MHz

Profile Modulation Minimum Required Capacity License

Radio Throughput

(Mbps)

Ethernet Capacity

(Mbps)

Min Max

0 QPSK 10 10 9.5 13.5

1 8 PSK 25 15 14 20

2 16 QAM 25 20 19 28

3 32 QAM 25 25 24 34

4 64 QAM 25 29 28 40

5 128 QAM 50 33 33 47

6 256 QAM (Strong FEC) 50 39 38 55

7 256 QAM (Light FEC) 50 41 40 57




12.3.3 14 MHz


Radio Throughput

(Mbps)

Ethernet Capacity

(Mbps)

Min Max

0 QPSK 25 21 20 29

1 8 PSK 25 29 29 41

2 16 QAM 50 43 42 60

3 32 QAM 50 50 49 70

4 64 QAM 50 57 57 82

5 128 QAM 100 69 69 98

6 256 QAM (Strong FEC) 100 80 81 115

7 256 QAM (Light FEC) 100 87 87 125


12.3.4 28 MHz


Radio Throughput

(Mbps)

Ethernet Capacity

(Mbps)

Min Max

0 QPSK 50 41 40 58

1 8 PSK 50 55 54 78

2 16 QAM 100 78 78 111

3 32 QAM 100 105 105 151

4 64 QAM 150 130 131 188

5 128 QAM 150 158 160 229

6 256 QAM (Strong FEC) 200 176 178 255

7 256 QAM (Light FEC) 200 186 188 268




12.3.5 40 MHz


Radio Throughput

(Mbps)

Ethernet Capacity

(Mbps)

Min Max

0 QPSK 50 56 56 80

1 8 PSK 100 83 83 119

2 16 QAM 100 121 122 174

3 32 QAM 150 151 153 218

4 64 QAM 150 189 191 274

5 128 QAM 200 211 214 305

6 256 QAM (Strong FEC) 200 240 243 347

7 256 QAM (Light FEC) 300 255 259 370


12.3.6 56 MHz


Radio Throughput

(Mbps)

Ethernet Capacity

(Mbps)

Min Max

0 QPSK 100 76 76 109

1 8 PSK 100 113 114 163

2 16 QAM 150 150 151 217

3 32 QAM 200 199 202 288

4 64 QAM 300 248 251 358

5 128 QAM 300 297 301 430

6 256 QAM (Strong FEC) 400 338 343 490

7 256 QAM (Light FEC) 400 367 372 532




12.3.7 Transmit Power with RFU-C19 (dBm)

Modulation 6-8 GHz 10-15 GHz 18-23 GHz 24GHz UL* 26 GHz 28 GHz 32-38 GHz 4220 GHz

QPSK 26 24 22 -17 21 14 18 16

8 PSK 26 24 22 -18 21 14 18 16

16 QAM 25 23 21 -19 20 14 17 15

32 QAM 24 22 20 --19 19 14 16 14

64 QAM 24 22 20 --19 19 14 16 14

128 QAM 24 22 20 -19 19 14 16 14

256 QAM 22 20 18 -21 17 12 14 12

*For 1ft ant or lower

12.3.8 Transmit Power with RFU-SP/HS/HP (dBm)

RFU-SP RFU-HS

1500HP 2R

All Indoor and Split-Mount

1500HP 1RX

All-Indoor

(-3dB for Split Mount)

RFU-HP 1RX

All Indoor and Split Mount

Modulation 6-8 GHz21 6-8 GHz 6-8 GHz 11 GHz 6-8 GHz 11 GHz 6-8 GHz

QPSK 24 30 33 27 33 30 33

8 PSK 24 30 33 27 33 30 33

16 QAM 24 30 33 27 33 30 33

32 QAM 24 30 33 26 33 29 33

64 QAM 24 29 32 26 32 29 32

128 QAM 24 29 31 26 32 29 31

256 QAM 22 27 30 24 30 27 30

19

Refer to RFU-C roll-out plan for availability of each frequency. 20 42GHz RFU-C is a roadmap item; parameters and availability are subject to change. 21

1dBm higher for 6L GHz.



12.3.9 Transmit Power with RFU-P (dBm)

Modulation 11-15 GHz 18 GHz 23-26 GHz 28-32 GHz 38 GHz

QPSK 23 23 22 21 20

8 PSK 23 23 22 21 20

16 QAM 23 21 20 20 19

32 QAM 23 21 20 20 19

64 QAM 22 20 20 19 18

128 QAM 22 20 20 19 18

256 QAM 2122 19 19 18 17

22

20dBm for 11GHz.



12.3.10 Receiver Threshold (RSL) with RFU-C23 (dBm @ BER = 10-6)

Note: RSL values are typical.

Profile Modulation Channel Spacing

Occupied Bandwidth 99%

Frequency (GHz)

6-10 11-15 18 23 24 26 28 32, 38 4224

- 16 QAM 3.5 MHz 3.24 MHz

-87.5 -88.0 -87.0 -86.5 N/A -85.5 -83.5 -84.5 -85.5

- 64 QAM -83.5 -84.0 -83.0 -82.5 N/A -81.5 -79.5 -80.5 -81.5

0 QPSK

7 MHz 7 MHz

-91.5 -92.0 -91.0 -90.5 -87.5 -89.5 -87.5 -88.5 -89.5

1 8 PSK -89.0 -89.5 -88.5 -88.0 -85.0 -87.0 -85.0 -86.0 -87.0

2 16 QAM -86.0 -86.5 -85.5 -85.0 -82.0 -84.0 -82.0 -83.0 -84.0

3 32 QAM -83.0 -83.5 -82.5 -82.0 -79.0 -81.0 -79.0 -80.0 -81.0

4 64 QAM -82.0 -82.5 -81.5 -81.0 -78.0 -80.0 -78.0 -79.0 -80.0

5 128 QAM -79.5 -80.0 -79.0 -78.5 -75.5 -77.5 -75.5 -76.5 -77.5

6 256 QAM (Strong FEC) -76.0 -76.5 -75.5 -75.0 -72.0 -74.0 -72.0 -73.0 -74.0

7 256 QAM (Light FEC) -75.0 -75.5 -74.5 -74.0 -71.0 -73.0 -71.0 -72.0 -73.0

0 QPSK

14 MHz 13 MHz

-90.5 -91.0 -90.0 -89.5 -86.5 -88.5 -86.5 -87.5 -88.5

1 8 PSK -87.5 -88.0 -87.0 -86.5 -83.5 -85.5 -83.5 -84.5 -85.5

2 16 QAM -83.0 -83.5 -82.5 -82.0 -79.0 -81.0 -79.0 -80.0 -81.0

3 32 QAM -81.0 -81.5 -80.5 -80.0 -77.0 -79.0 -77.0 -78.0 -79.0

4 64 QAM -80.0 -80.5 -79.5 -79.0 -76.0 -78.0 -76.0 -77.0 -78.0

5 128 QAM -77.0 -77.5 -76.5 -76.0 -73.0 -75.0 -73.0 -74.0 -75.0

6 256 QAM (Strong FEC) -74.0 -74.5 -73.5 -73.0 -70.0 -72.0 -70.0 -71.0 -72.0

7 256 QAM (Light FEC) -70.5 -71.0 -70.0 -69.5 -66.5 -68.5 -66.5 -67.5 -68.5

23

Refer to RFU-C roll-out plan for availability of each frequency. 24

42GHz RFU-C is a roadmap item, parameters and availability are subject to change.



Receiver Threshold (RSL) with RFU-C25 (dBm @ BER = 10-6) (Continued)



Frequency (GHz)

6-10 11-15 18 23 24 26 28 32, 38 42

0 QPSK

28 MHz 26 MHz

-89.5 -90.0 -89.0 -88.5 -85.5 -87.5 -85.5 -86.5 -87.5

1 8 PSK -85.5 -86.0 -85.0 -84.5 -81.5 -83.5 -81.5 -82.5 -83.5

2 16 QAM -83.0 -83.5 -82.5 -82.0 -79.0 -81.0 -79.0 -80.0 -81.0

3 32 QAM -78.5 -79.0 -78.0 -77.5 -74.5 -76.5 -74.5 -75.5 -76.5

4 64 QAM -76.5 -77.0 -76.0 -75.5 -72.5 -74.5 -72.5 -73.5 -74.5

5 128 QAM -72.0 -72.5 -71.5 -71.0 -68.0 -70.0 -68.0 -69.0 -70.0

6 256 QAM (Strong FEC) -71.5 -72.0 -71.0 -70.5 -67.5 -69.5 -67.5 -68.5 -69.5

7 256 QAM (Light FEC) -68.5 -69.0 -68.0 -67.5 -64.5 -66.5 -64.5 -65.5 -66.5

0 QPSK

40 MHz 36.5 MHz

-87.0 -87.5 -86.5 -86.0 -83.0 -85.0 -83.0 -84.0 -85.0

1 8 PSK -81.5 -82.0 -81.0 -80.5 -77.5 -79.5 -77.5 -78.5 -79.5

2 16 QAM -79.0 -79.5 -78.5 -78.0 -75.0 -77.0 -75.0 -76.0 -77.0

3 32 QAM -75.5 -76.0 -75.0 -74.5 -71.5 -73.5 -71.5 -72.5 -73.5

4 64 QAM -72.0 -72.5 -71.5 -71.0 -68.0 -70.0 -68.0 -69.0 -70.0

5 128 QAM -71.0 -71.5 -70.5 -70.0 -67.0 -69.0 -67.0 -68.0 -69.0

6 256 QAM (Strong FEC) -68.5 -69.0 -68.0 -67.5 -64.5 -66.5 -64.5 -65.5 -66.5

7 256 QAM (Light FEC) -66.0 -66.5 -65.5 -65.0 -62.0 -64.0 -62.0 -63.0 -64.0

0 QPSK

56 MHz 52 MHz

-86.5 -87.0 -86.0 -85.5 -82.5 -84.5 -82.5 -83.5 -84.5

1 8 PSK -81.5 -82.0 -81.0 -80.5 -77.5 -79.5 -77.5 -78.5 -79.5

2 16 QAM -80.5 -81.0 -80.0 -79.5 -76.5 -78.5 -76.5 -77.5 -78.5

3 32 QAM -76.0 -76.5 -75.5 -75.0 -72.0 -74.0 -72.0 -73.0 -74.0

4 64 QAM -74.0 -74.5 -73.5 -73.0 -70.0 -72.0 -70.0 -71.0 -72.0

5 128 QAM -71.0 -71.5 -70.5 -70.0 -67.0 -69.0 -67.0 -68.0 -69.0

6 256 QAM (Strong FEC) -68.5 -69.0 -68.0 -67.5 -64.5 -66.5 -64.5 -65.5 -66.5

7 256 QAM (Light FEC) -65.5 -66.0 -65.0 -64.5 -61.5 -63.5 -61.5 -62.5 -63.5

25

Refer to RFU-C roll-out plan for availability of each frequency.



12.3.11 Receiver Threshold (RSL) with RFU-SP/HS/HP/1500HP26

(dBm @ BER = 10-6)


RFU-SP/HS 1500HP27 RFU-HP



6-8 GHz 6-11 GHz 6 GHz 7-11 GHz

- 16 QAM 3.5 MHz 3.24 MHz

N/A N/A -88.5 -88.0

- 64 QAM N/A N/A -84.5 -84.0

0 QPSK

7 MHz 7 MHz

-91.5 -91.5 -92.5 -92.0

1 8 PSK -89.0 -89.0 -90.0 -89.5

2 16 QAM -86.0 -86.0 -87.0 -86.5

3 32 QAM -83.0 -83.0 -84.0 -83.5

4 64 QAM -82.0 -82.0 -83.0 -82.5

5 128 QAM -79.5 -79.5 -80.5 -80.0

6 256 QAM (Strong FEC) -76.0 -76.0 -77.0 -76.5

7 256 QAM (Light FEC) -75.0 -75.0 -76.0 -75.5

0 QPSK

14 MHz 13 MHz

-90.5 -90.5 -91.5 -91.0

1 8 PSK -87.5 -87.5 -88.5 -88.0

2 16 QAM -83.0 -83.0 -84.0 -83.5

3 32 QAM -81.0 -81.0 -82.0 -81.5

4 64 QAM -80.0 -80.0 -81.0 -80.5

5 128 QAM -77.0 -77.0 -78.0 -77.5

6 256 QAM (Strong FEC) -74.0 -74.0 -75.0 -74.5

7 256 QAM (Light FEC) -70.5 -70.5 -71.5 -71.0

26

1500HP supports channels with up to 30MHz occupied bandwidth. 27

For all in-door installations RSL is 1dB better.



Receiver Threshold (RSL) with RFU-SP/HS/HP/1500HP

(dBm @ BER = 10-6) (Continued)

RFU-SP/HS 1500HP RFU-HP



6-8 GHz 6-11 GHz 6 GHz 7-11 GHz

0 QPSK

28 MHz 26 MHz

-89.5 -89.5 -90.5 -90.0

1 8 PSK -85.5 -85.5 -86.5 -86.0

2 16 QAM -83.0 -83.0 -84.0 -83.5

3 32 QAM -78.5 -78.5 -79.5 -79.0

4 64 QAM -76.5 -76.5 -77.5 -77.0

5 128 QAM -72.0 -72.0 -73.0 -72.5

6 256 QAM (Strong FEC) -71.5 -71.5 -72.5 -72.0

7 256 QAM (Light FEC) -68.5 -68.0 -69.5 -69.0

0 QPSK

40 MHz 36.5 MHz

-87.0 N/A -88.0 -87.5

1 8 PSK -81.5 N/A -82.5 -82.0

2 16 QAM -79.0 N/A -80.0 -79.5

3 32 QAM -75.5 N/A -76.5 -76.0

4 64 QAM -72.0 N/A -73.0 -72.5

5 128 QAM -71.0 N/A -72.0 -71.5

6 256 QAM (Strong FEC) -68.5 N/A -69.5 -69.0

7 256 QAM (Light FEC) -66.0 N/A -67.0 -66.5

0 QPSK

56 MHz 52 MHz

-86.5 N/A -87.5 -87.0

1 8 PSK -81.5 N/A -82.5 -82.0

2 16 QAM -80.5 N/A -81.5 -81.0

3 32 QAM -76.0 N/A -77.0 -76.5

4 64 QAM -74.0 N/A -75.0 -74.5

5 128 QAM -71.0 N/A -72.0 -71.5

6 256 QAM (Strong FEC) -68.5 N/A -69.5 -69.0

7 256 QAM (Light FEC) -67.0 N/A -66.5 -66.0



12.3.12 Receiver Threshold (RSL) with RFU-P (dBm @ BER = 10-6)




Frequency (GHz)

11-18 23-28 31 32-38

- 16 QAM 3.5 MHz 3.24 MHz

N/A N/A N/A N/A

- 64 QAM N/A N/A N/A N/A

0 QPSK

7 MHz 7 MHz

-91.0 -90.5 -90.5 -89.5

1 8 PSK -88.5 -88.0 -88.0 -87.0

2 16 QAM -85.5 -85.0 -85.0 -84.0

3 32 QAM -82.5 -82.0 -82.0 -81.0

4 64 QAM -81.5 -81.0 -81.0 -80.0

5 128 QAM -79.0 -78.5 -78.5 -77.5

6 256 QAM (Strong FEC) -75.5 -75.0 -75.0 -74.0

7 256 QAM (Light FEC) -74.5 -74.0 -74.0 -73.0

0 QPSK

14 MHz 13 MHz

-90.0 -89.5 -89.5 -88.5

1 8 PSK -87.0 -86.5 -86.5 -85.5

2 16 QAM -82.5 -82.0 -82.0 -81.0

3 32 QAM -80.5 -80.0 -80.0 -79.0

4 64 QAM -79.5 -79.0 -79.0 -78.0

5 128 QAM -76.5 -76.0 -76.0 -75.0

6 256 QAM (Strong FEC) -73.5 -73.0 -73.0 -72.0

7 256 QAM (Light FEC) -70.0 -69.5 -69.5 -68.5

0 QPSK

28 MHz 26 MHz

-89.0 -88.5 -88.5 -87.5

1 8 PSK -85.0 -84.5 -84.5 -83.5

2 16 QAM -82.5 -82.0 -82.0 -81.0

3 32 QAM -78.0 -77.5 -77.5 -76.5

4 64 QAM -76.0 -75.5 -75.5 -74.5

5 128 QAM -71.5 -71.0 -71.0 -70.0

6 256 QAM (Strong FEC) -71.0 -70.5 -70.5 -69.5

7 256 QAM (Light FEC) -68.0 -67.5 -67.5 -66.5



Receiver Threshold (RSL) with RFU-P (dBm @ BER = 10-6) (Continued)



Frequency (GHz)

11-18 23-28 31 32-38

0 QPSK

40 MHz 36.5 MHz

-86.5 -86.0 -86.0 -85.0

1 8 PSK -81.0 -80.5 -80.5 -79.5

2 16 QAM -78.5 -78.0 -78.0 -77.0

3 32 QAM -75.0 -74.5 -74.5 -73.5

4 64 QAM -71.5 -71.0 -71.0 -70.0

5 128 QAM -70.5 -70.0 -70.0 -69.0

6 256 QAM (Strong FEC) -68.0 -67.5 -67.5 -66.5

7 256 QAM (Light FEC) -65.5 -65.0 -65.0 -64.0

0 QPSK

56 MHz 52 MHz

-86.0 -85.5 -85.5 -84.5

1 8 PSK -81.0 -80.5 -80.5 -79.5

2 16 QAM -80.0 -79.5 -79.5 -78.5

3 32 QAM -75.5 -75.0 -75.0 -74.0

4 64 QAM -73.5 -73.0 -73.0 -72.0

5 128 QAM -70.5 -70.0 -70.0 -69.0

6 256 QAM (Strong FEC) -68.0 -67.5 -67.5 -66.5

7 256 QAM (Light FEC) -66.5 -66.0 -66.0 -63.5



12.4 Ethernet Latency Specifications

12.4.1 Latency – 3.5MHz Channel Bandwidth

ACM Working Point

Modulation Latency (usec) with GE Interface Latency (usec) with FE Interface

Frame Size

64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518 64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518

16 QAM 1375 1429 1542 1769 2223 2449 2660 1380 1438 1560 1806 2297 2541 2769

64 QAM 1263 1299 1379 1530 1836 1990 2133 1268 1308 1397 1567 1910 2082 2242

12.4.2 Latency – 7MHz Channel Bandwidth

ACM Working Point


Frame Size

64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518 64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518

1 QPSK 918 972 1085 1312 1766 1992 2203 923 981 1103 1349 1840 2084 2312

2 8 PSK 700 736 817 968 1273 1427 1570 705 745 835 1005 1347 1519 1679

3 16 QAM 573 601 656 769 994 1107 1212 578 610 674 806 1068 1199 1321

4 32 QAM 507 530 576 668 852 945 1031 512 539 594 705 926 1037 1140

5 64 QAM 591 611 651 730 889 969 1043 596 620 669 767 963 1061 1152

6 128 QAM 613 630 665 735 875 945 1010 618 639 683 772 949 1037 1119

7

256 QAM

(Strong FEC)

610 625 655 715 836 897 954 615 634 673 752 910 989 1063

8

256 QAM

(Light FEC)

574 588 617 674 790 848 902 579 597 635 711 864 940 1011




ACM Working Point


Frame Size

64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518 64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518

1 QPSK 458 488 547 667 907 1027 1138 463 497 565 704 981 1119 1247

2 8 PSK 337 358 397 476 635 714 788 342 367 415 513 709 806 897

3 16 QAM 243 257 286 343 458 515 568 248 266 304 380 532 607 677

4 32 QAM 214 225 249 297 393 441 486 219 234 267 334 467 533 595

5 64 QAM 276 286 307 349 435 477 517 281 295 325 386 509 569 626

6 128 QAM 270 279 297 333 406 442 476 275 288 315 370 480 534 585

7

256 QAM

(Strong FEC)

261 269 285 317 380 412 441 266 278 303 354 454 504 550

8

256 QAM

(Light FEC)

225 233 248 278 338 368 396 230 242 266 315 412 460 505


ACM Working Point


Frame Size

64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518 64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518

1 QPSK 233 247 276 333 448 505 559 238 256 294 370 522 597 668

2 8 PSK 185 196 218 262 351 395 436 190 205 236 299 425 487 545

3 16 QAM 136 144 160 193 259 292 322 141 153 178 230 333 384 431

4 32 QAM 106 112 125 151 202 228 252 111 121 143 188 276 320 361

5 64 QAM 120 125 136 158 202 224 245 125 134 154 195 276 316 354

6 128 QAM 113 118 128 147 185 204 222 118 127 146 184 259 296 331

7

256 QAM

(Strong FEC)

120 124 133 151 186 204 221 125 133 151 188 260 296 330

8

256 QAM

(Light FEC)

110 115 123 140 175 192 208 115 124 141 177 249 284 317




ACM Working Point


Frame Size

64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518 64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518

1 QPSK 176 187 208 251 338 382 422 181 196 226 288 412 474 531

2 8 PSK 125 133 148 180 242 273 302 130 142 166 217 316 365 411

3 16 QAM 92 98 110 133 179 202 224 97 107 128 170 253 294 333

4 32 QAM 78 83 93 113 152 172 190 83 92 111 150 226 264 299

5 64 QAM 88 92 100 117 151 168 184 93 101 118 154 225 260 293

6 128 QAM 93 97 105 120 152 168 183 98 106 123 157 226 260 292

7

256 QAM

(Strong FEC)

96 99 107 121 151 165 179 101 108 125 158 225 257 288

8

256 QAM

(Light FEC)

87 90 97 111 140 154 167 92 99 115 148 214 246 276


ACM Working Point


Frame Size

64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518 64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518

1 QPSK 220 229 245 279 345 379 410 225 238 263 316 419 471 519

2 8 PSK 164 170 182 206 255 279 302 169 179 200 243 329 371 411

3 16 QAM 139 144 154 173 213 233 251 144 153 172 210 287 325 360

4 32 QAM 119 123 131 148 181 197 212 124 132 149 185 255 289 321

5 64 QAM 139 142 150 164 193 207 221 144 151 168 201 267 299 330

6 128 QAM 138 142 148 161 187 200 212 143 151 166 198 261 292 321

7

256 QAM

(Strong FEC)

143 146 152 164 188 200 212 148 155 170 201 262 292 321

8

256 QAM

(Light FEC)

136 139 145 157 180 192 203 141 148 163 194 254 284 312



12.5 Interface Specifications

12.5.1 Ethernet Interface Specifications

Supported Ethernet Interfaces 5 x 10/100base-T (RJ-45)

2 x 10/100/1000Base-T (RJ-45) or 1000base-X (SFP)

Supported SFP Types Optical 1000Base-LX (1310 nm) or SX (850 nm)

12.5.2 Carrier Ethernet Functionality

Latency over the radio link < 0.15 mSeconds @ 400 Mbps

"Baby jumbo" Frame Support Up to 1632Bytes

General Enhanced link state propagation

Enhanced MAC header compression

Integrated Carrier Ethernet Switch

Integrated non-blocking switch with 4K active VLANs

MAC address learning with 8K MAC addresses

802.1ad provider bridges (QinQ)

802.3ad link aggregation

Enhanced link state propagation

Enhanced MAC header compression

Full switch redundancy (hot stand-by)

QoS

Advanced CoS classification and remarking

Advanced traffic policing/rate-limiting

Per interface CoS based packet queuing/buffering (8

queues)

Per queue statistics

Tail-drop and WRED with CIR/EIR support

Flexible scheduling schemes (SP/WFQ/Hierarchical)

Per interface and per queue traffic shaping

Ethernet Service OA&M

802.1ag CFM

Automatic "Link trace" processing for storing of last known

working path

Performance Monitoring

Per port Ethernet counters (RMON/RMON2)

Radio ACM statistics

Enhanced radio Ethernet statistics (Frame Error Rate,

Throughput, Capacity, Utilization)



Carrier Ethernet Functionality (Continued)

Supported Ethernet/IP Standards

802.3 – 10base-T

802.3u – 100base-T

802.3ab – 1000base-T

802.3z – 1000base-X

802.3ac – Ethernet VLANs

802.1Q – Virtual LAN (VLAN)

802.1p – Class of service

802.1ad – Provider bridges (QinQ)

802.3x – Flow control

802.3ad – Link aggregation

802.1ag – Ethernet service OA&M (CFM)

802.1w – RSTP

802.1AB – Link Layer Discovery protocol (LLDP)

Auto MDI/MDIX for 1000baseT

RFC 1349 – IPv4 TOS

RFC 2474 – IPv4 DSCP

RFC 2460 – IPv6 Traffic Classes

MEF Certification

MEF-9 & MEF-14 certified for all service types (EPL, EVPL &

E-LAN)



12.6 Network Management, Diagnostics, Status, and Alarms

Network Management System Ceragon PolyView NMS

NMS Interface protocol SNMPv1/v2c/v3

XML over HTTP/HTTPS toward PolyView

Element Management Web based EMS, CLI

Management Channels &

Protocols

HTTP/HTTPS

Telnet/SSH-2

FTP/SFTP

Authentication, Authorization &

Accounting

User access control

X-509 Certificate

Management Interface Dedicated Ethernet interfaces (up to 3) or in-band

Local Configuration and

Monitoring Standard ASCII terminal, serial RS-232

In-Band Management Support dedicated VLAN for management (in "smart pipe" and switch

modes)

TMN Ceragon NMS functions are in accordance with ITU-T

recommendations for TMN

External Alarms 5 Inputs: TTL-level or contact closure to ground.

1 output: Form C contact, software configurable.

RSL Indication Accurate power reading (dBm) available at IDU, RFU28, and NMS

Performance Monitoring Integral with onboard memory per ITU-T G.826/G.828

12.7 Mechanical Specifications

IDU Dimensions

Height: 1RU

Width: 482.6 mm

Depth: 188 mm

I+ Nodal Enclosure

Dimensions

Height: 2RU

Width: 482.6 mm

Depth: 210 mm

IDU Weight 2.8 kg

I+ Nodal Enclosure Weight 1.5 kg

28

Note that the voltage at the BNC port on the RFUs is not accurate and should be used only as an aid



12.8 Standard compliance

Specification IDU RFU

EMC EN 301 489-4 EN 301 489-4

Safety IEC 60950 IEC 60950

Ingress Protection IEC 60529 IP20 IEC 60529 IP56

Operation ETSI 300 019-1-3 ETSI 300 019-1-4

Storage ETSI 300 019-1-1

Transportation ETSI 300 019-1-2

12.9 Environmental

Specification IDU RFU

Operating

Temperature

-5°C to +55°C

(23°F to 131°F)

-45°C to +55°C

(-49°F to 131°F)

Relative Humidity 0 to 95%,

Non-condensing 0 to 100%

Altitude 3,000m (10,000ft)

12.10 Power Input Specifications

Standard Input -48 VDC

DC Input range -40.5 to -57.5 VDC

Optional Inputs 110-220 VAC

24 VDC



12.11 Power Consumption Specifications

Max power consumption

IP-10E IDU (basic configuration) 25W

Max system power consumption RFU-C +

IP-10E IDU

1+0 with RFU-C 6-26 GHz: 47W




Max system power consumption RFU-P +

IP-10E IDU

1+0: 65W

1+1: 105W

Max system power consumption RFU-SP

+ IP-10E IDU

1+0: 80W

1+1: 130W

Max system power consumption RFU-HS

+ IP-10E IDU

1+0: 88W

1+1: 134W

Max system power consumption RFU-HP

+ IP-10 IDU

1+0: 105W

1+1: 150W

Max system power consumption 1500HP

2RX + IP-10 IDU

1+0: 125W

1+1: 180W

12.12 Power Consumption with RFU-HP in Power Saving Mode

Note: These values reflect power consumption for the RFU only, and do not include IDU power consumption.

Bias TX Power Range [dBm] 6L&H [Watt] 7 and 8 [Watt]

High 33-26 77 77

Medium 25-20 48 53

Low 19-11 34 34

Mute NA 20 20

2.fibe air ip 10e etsi product description for i6.8(revfa)

Technology

trademarks of ceragon

baruch gitlin revised

respective license

os software

gpl alike license gpl

hprfu hp specifications

r3 software release

open source software