2d land seismic data processing training course · · 2016-08-17course i n p a r t n e r s h i p...

2 D L A N D S E I S M I C DATA

P R O C E S S I N G T R A I N I N G

C O U R S E

I n p a r t n e r s h i p w i t h

Course Overview

The 5 day combined Land and Marine and Transition Zone technical course

is as its name suggest, a fairly heavy technical course. It goes into the

theory of seismic acquisition as it is applied in the cases of Land, Marine

and Transition Zone activities. It is designed for geophysicists or engineers

with some high school grade maths skills, however this is not obligatory as

it makes full use of imagery to explain points. . All the maths is supplied on

a CD ROM in Microsoft Excel format for those who would wish to look

further at these areas.

Who Should Attend

IDEAS CREATE DRILLING SOLUTIONS

visit us at www.wellideas.com

COMBINED LAND AND

MARINE SEISMIC TECHNICAL COURSE

The 5 Day technical course is an intermediate level course and really

needs a graduate level delegate, probably but not necessarily fairly

junior. The delegates should ideally have a geophysics, maths or

electrical engineering degree. If they are geologists they may struggle

with the technical content.

COMBINED LAND AND MARINE SEISMIC TECHNICAL COURSE

THE FUNDAMENTALS

At this stage we are going to look mainly at

P a es P wave simple mathematics

The No e clatu e of seis ic a es

DESCRIPTION OF P AND S WAVES

How these propagate, relative velocities

THE SEISMIC REFLECTION COEFFICIENT

The usual definition through velocity and

density

HUYGENS PRINCIPLE

The Wave front, applies in seismic just like it

does in optics

“NELL “ LAW A“ IT APPLIE“ TO P AND “ WAVES

Show how S waves obey it too.

SEISMIC SIGNAL GENERATION ON LAND –DRILLED SEISMIC SHOT

A rather good example of an explosive source

shot is shown with reference to the main

signal appearance and basic attributes.

THE DRILLED SEISMIC SHOT

Its signal / noise attributes



DAY ONE

SEISMIC SURVEY IN WATER

GENERATING THE SIGNAL WITH

AIRGUNS.

THE AIRGUN ARRAY

Starts with a description of basic underwater

sound factors such as the Rayleigh Willis

equation and its effect on the bubble pulse,

airgun array formation and summation,

clustered airguns, gun timing and control

techniques.

AIRGUN ARRAY FAR FIELD SIGNATURE

MEASUREMENT

This section deals with the measurement of

the far field signature of an airgun array and

how it is described.

The use of the Microsoft Excel Analysis

package to carry out a discrete Fourier

transform and plot the logarithmic pressure

output vs frequency of a far-field signature

with an example given to the students to

compute as homework.


THE GEOPHONE - HOW IT WORKS

A diagram showing the construction of the

geophone. Natural resonant frequency.

Damping. Their effect on output.

THE HYDROPHONE - HOW IT WORKS

The Acceleration-Cancelling type.

The Deep Water cylindrical type.

MOVEOUT VELOCITY AND THE GROUP

INTERVAL

A big module with an example of how the

calculation is derived and how to make us of

it.

HORIZONTAL WAVELENGTH AND

WAVENUMBER

Description of the phenomenon of horizontal

wavelength and wave number. Examples of

the transformation between spatial and K

wavenumber space. This is a vitally important

topic and plenty of time will be devoted to it.

There will be a presentation on the

mathematics of the relevant computations

from which the displays are derived.

THE GEOPHONE ARRAY PRACTICAL

ARRANGEMENTS

How the result of the array length calculation

will affect survey geometry and the practical

side of the geophone arrays.



DAY TWO

NYQUISTS THEOREM

Ho Ny uist s theo e applies to seis ic signals both in the time and spatial domains.

Go back to example of a shot record and talk

about how incorrect (too long) array design

can lead to both 'aliased signal' and noise.

LAND & MARINE SURVEYS AND THE CMP

METHOD

Description of how common midpoint,

common offset, common shot and common

receiver gathers are produced in land and

towed marine surveys.

COMMON REFLECTION POINT AND AN

EXAMPLE OF A STUDY

The use of common reflection point studies

if a complex sub-surface exists. The possible

absence of sub-surface illumination in these

areas.

HOMEWORK for evening – DRAW THE

MARINE CMP DIAGRAM FOR THE CASE

WHERE SHOTPOINT INTERVAL = TWICE

STREAMER GROUP LENGTH.


SHORT REFRESH ON WAVELENGTH AND

WAVE NUMBER

This is so important. The effect of arrays.

How these affect both source and receiver

array design.

“TACKA‘‘AY

A de factor 2D standard for recording

geometry. The use of abutting receiver

groups. The reduction in noise rejection

when point receivers are used. Why it is still

important to understand this as it applies so

strongly to 2D surveys.

F-K TRANSFORMS OF SYNTHETIC DATA

The f-k t a sfo of a pe fect data set is shown with examples of the f-k transforms

of common perturbations to this perfect

data

EXERCISE

shot and receiver group interval. Spacing

between shallow shot pattern adjacent

shot holes. Group discussion of results.

OTHER PRACTICAL FACTORS

GEOPHONE NATURAL RESONANT

FREQUENCY

The choice of geophone natural frequency.

It is possibly still relevant even with 24 bit

converters and why this is so.



DAY THREE

LAND SURVEY PRACTICAL FACTORS

Group Discussion of how practical factors affect the

planning and execution of land seismic surveys

SEISMIC SOURCE REQUIREMENTS

Choice of source, Source size, depth and affects on

frequency content and signal strength.

A SEISMIC SOURCE TEST RESULTS PRESENTED

WITH ANALYSIS

The results of a comprehensive seismic source test.

Its results and conclusions are presented. Group

discussion of these, they are so important.

CRITICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LAND AND

MARINE SURVEY FACTORS

A discussion of these factors is presented.

FREE SURFACE GHOSTS FOR PRESSURE AND

VELOCITY SENSORS

The free surface ghosts for both pressure

hydrophone and velocity sensors are discussed.

DUAL SENSOR STREAMERS

The summation of velocity and pressure sensor in

the dual sensor streamer is discussed.

THE TRANSITION ZONE SURVEY.

'Cable-type recording systems with dual sensor.

'Node Type' sensors

Practical issues around Transition Surveys


THE VIBROSEIS METHOD, SOURCE AND

SURVEY PLANNING

A description of the seismic vibrator,

vibroseis typical data, the effects of

CMP fold, offset.

VIBROSEIS SWEEP PARAMETERS AND

CORRELATION

A discussion of how Vibroseis

parameters are set-up, the difference

between up and down sweeps.

The theory of Groundforce and its

use in Vibroseis control electronics.

How correlation works.

Harmonic Ghosts.

Examples of correlation outputs.

Number of sweeps per VP vs actual

output.

A set of conclusions.

Brief talk on 'vintage vibroseis data' and how

through the 1980s quality improved due to

the introduction of 'Ground Force Phase

Lock' digital vibrator sweep controllers and

phase out of the 'base plate velocity phase

lock' controllers.



DAY FOUR

LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR SWEEPS

A display of filter panels from a non-linear and linear

sweep. More on on-linear sweep design and how it

impacts the design of the vibrator and what you need

to watch for.

SEISMIC INSTRUMENTATION

What does it do ?

SEG Recording conventions including

correlated vibroseis data

Brief History of Land & Marine Seismic

Instruments

Telemetry Systems from early

developments up to date

Historic Wireless systems - some of this

material will be in the notes as it is historic

and of interest to those needing to deal

with data recorded by historic systems.

24 bit generalised design

Node seismic systems

HOMEWORK.

What else might affect the choice of geophone

natural frequency for a survey (1 hour)


THE SEISMIC STREAMER.

Streamer construction including the

hydrophone design.

A description of basic hydrophone and

streamer design with the reference to

historic improvements. The 'charge

amplifier' hydrophone interface.

Details of how modern methods have

reduced or almost eliminated the 'bulge

wave' phenomenon. Streamer

performance, self noise

FREE SURFACE GHOSTS FOR PRESSURE

AND VELOCITY SENSORS

The free surface ghosts for both pressure

hydrophone and velocity sensors are

discussed.

DUAL SENSOR STREAMERS

The summation of velocity and pressure

sensor in the dual sensor streamer is

discussed.

MARINE SEISMIC SURVEY DESIGN.

A big module

GROUP INTERVAL AND BIN SIZE

Calculation of group interval and bin size

related to seismic velocity, dip and

frequency content.



DAY FIVE

MIGRATION APERTURE, FRESNEL ZONE AND

DIP

Calculation of migration aperture and Fresnel zone

related to dip and frequency content.

MULTIPLE SOURCE AND STREAMER TOWING

CONFIGURATION

A diagram of a multiple source and streamer

towing configuration is presented followed by an

illustration of an in-water positioning plan.

MODE‘N “T‘EAME‘ CONT‘OL BI‘D

A picture of a modern streamer positioning bird.

THE USE OF AN ACOUSTIC DOPPLER CURRENT

PROFILER ADCP

The use of the ADCP during surveys to calibrate

tidal predictions and plan acquisition etc.

FEATHER ANGLE AND HOW IT AFFECTS

OPERATIONS

A few slides about feather angle and shooting

plans.

CMP COVERAGE FOR MARINE 3D SURVEYS

Description of a possible way of assessing CMP

coverage within offset ranges.

OPERATING THE SURVEY

A few thoughts regarding on-board

representation.

IDEAS (Independent Drilling Engineering

AssociateS) is a thinking company. It focuses its

in-depth and holistic knowledge, breadth of

experience and expertise onto operators, drilling

contractors and service co pa ies drilling

engineering and related work requirements, to

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experience, integrative life-cycle considerations,

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problem-solving, IDEAS aim to provide the most

professional, solution-oriented, cost-effective

drilling engineering and related services

anywhere around the world at any time.

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Contact us today for In-House Drilling

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For more information, please email us at

[email protected]

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Email: [email protected]

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Independent Drilling Engineering

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NeoSeismic

25 Wilman Road,

Tunbridge Wells

Kent, TN4 9al

United Kingdom

Tel: +44 (0) 781 4683420


Website: www.neoseismic.com

2d land seismic data processing training course · · 2016-08-17course i n p a r t n e r s h i p...

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