29.1- taking on segregation lesson objective: to understand the first major events of the civil...
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29.1- Taking on Segregation
Lesson Objective: To understand the first major events of the Civil Rights Movement
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Quiz-29.1 10/27
a) Civil Rights group made up mostly of college students
b) Leader of the SCLCc) Her arrest started the
Montgomery bus Boycottsd) Lawyer who won the Brown v.
Board of Education casee) Gov. of Arkansasf) Civil Rights group founded by
Martin Luther King Jr.
1.Thurgood Marshall
2.SCLC
3.Rosa Parks
4.Orval Faubus
5.SNCC
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Judicial origins• Post-Civil War Origins:• 1868: 14th Amendment: Did What?
• Guarantees all U.S. citizens equal protection and/or treatment under the law• 1875: Civil Rights Act of 1875: Did what?
• Outlawed segregation in public facilities• 1883: Supreme Court declares 1875 Civil Rights Act Unconstitutional• 1896: PLESSY v. FERGUSON
• PLESSY v. FERGUSON: • Origin: 1890: Louisiana passes law requiring railroads to provide “separate but equal”
accommodations for “colored” and white passengers.• 1896: Supreme Court decision:• LA. State law does not violate the 14th Amendment• Origin of “separate but equal” justification for segregated public facilities, etc.
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Judicial Origins• Results?• Segregated facilities were not
“equal”• State gov’ts., especially in South,
begin passing Jim Crow laws• Jim Crow: Laws specifically
designed to place minorities at a disadvantage• Examples?• Schools, Voting rights,
housing, etc.• Large African-American
migration to North during the WW I – WW II era
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Jim Crow Era Lynching
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World War II & Civil Rights• World War II impacts Civil Rights:
Why?• FDR supported minority
participation in war effort• Eleanor Roosevelt, FDR’s wife,
supported Civil Rights• Wartime demands for troops,
created new job opportunities for minorities, but not necessarily in the South• Truman Administration supports
integration of the military (1948)• What road blocks did the Truman
Administration face?
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The NAACP Legal Strategy• 20th Century Origins:• 1909: N.A.A.C.P. founded: Define• 1938: NAACP prepares legal
strategy to overturn standing court decisions: Describe:NAACP will present a series of cases that will slowly attack every aspect of legal / judicial discriminationWho? Thurgood Marshall is chosen to lead the effort (see bio., p.258)
•What are the advantages to this strategy?
ThurgoodMarshall statue,Annapolis, MD
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Brown v. Board of Education• 1954- Topeka, Kansas• Plaintiffs- Brown Family,
represented by Thurgood Marshall• Defendants- Topeka Kansas
Board of Education• Chief Justice Earl Warren
• Why does Linda Brown have to attend a non-white public school?• Court rules segregation
unconstitutional- schools must integrate • Overturns Plessy v. Ferguson
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• Marshall & fellowLawyers celebrateBrown v. Bd. Of Ed.Decision, 1954
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Little Rock• Brown v. Board decision is not supported in many areas• Problem• What if state gov’ts. / schools resist integration of public schools?• How will the U.S. Gov’t. enforce the Supreme Court’s decision?
• Problem realized:• When? 1957• Where? Little Rock, Arkansas• Why? • Little Rock city gov’t. had begun plans to desegregate public schools• GOVERNOR ORVAL FAUBUS runs for re-election• Faubus uses segregation as a platform to get votes• Faubus refuses to allow 9 African-Amer. students to enroll at Little Rock Central HS• Faubus uses Arkansas National Guard to prevent integration
•What does the Federal Government/ Eisenhower do?
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• Governor Orval Faubus,Arkansas, 1957
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Little Rock• Crisis:• Arkansas state gov’t. is violating
Supreme Court decision• So What?• What if state is allowed to disregard
Supreme Court decision?• Result?• Pres. Dwight Eisenhower informs
Faubus students must be allowed to enroll• Students known as the “Little Rock
Nine”• Faubus refuses• Eisenhower sends U.S. Army (101st
Airborne Division) to ensure integration
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• U.S. ArmyTroops atLittle Rock H.S.,1957
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Rosa Parks• Who? Seamstress & NAACP officer• Where? Montgomery, AL• When? Dec., 1955• Issue: • Despite Brown decision, many
states resisted the decision• Montgomery’s Af.-Amer.
population made heavy use of public buses• Buses were still segregated
• Did What?• Refused to move to another seat
when ordered to by bus driver• So What?• Public challenge to segregation&
Jim Crow laws
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Montgomery Bus Boycott• Parks arrested• NAACP arranges boycott of city buses• Protest movement develops; led by
members of the Af.-Am. Religious community• Who? REV. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.
leads movement• Why him? Speaking ability, charisma
• Montgomery bus boycott: • 381 days• Success
• Result? 1956: Supreme Court outlaws bus segregation
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Protest Movements Develop• Success of Montgomery bus boycott:• Puts MLK in forefront of protest
movement• Proves NAACP organizing methods
work• Proves nonviolence can be
successful protest method• Where does NAACP get idea to use
nonviolence?• Various historical figures• Examples? • Jesus, Gandhi, etc.
• Why nonviolence?
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S.C.L.C. and the S.N.C.C.• S.C.L.C. - Define:• Southern Christian Leadership
Conference• Led by MLK• Organize public protests & train
organization activists• S.N.C.C. (otherwise known as “Snick”)• Primary protest movement:• “SIT-INS”: Define:
• Refusal to leave lunch counters in public restaurants until served or arrested
• Results?• Widespread violence against protesters• Widespread arrests• Media coverage of protest movement
increases
• So what?
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Sit-ins
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“Letter form a Birmingham Jail” Response• Author, Audience, date, reason for writing it
• In a written response, identify what are the reasons behind MLK’s nonviolent protests and why he believes that this is the right course of action?