29.1 how organ systems communicate qq 4/14/08 draw and label a nerve cell include: cell body,...
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29.1 How Organ Systems Communicate
QQ 4/14/08 Draw and label a nerve cell include: cell body, dendrite, axon, schwann cell, terminal, synapse.
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29.1 How Organ Systems Communicate
KEY CONCEPT How do the organ systems communicate?
By the Nervous System and Endocrine System
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29.1 How Organ Systems Communicate
Communication systems = maintain homeostasis.
• A stimulus causes a response.– Responses can be chemical, cellular, or behavioral. – The nervous and endocrine systems respond to stimuli.
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29.1 How Organ Systems Communicate
• The nervous system controls thoughts, movement, and motion.
• This happens quickly
• The endocrine system controls growth, development, and digestion.
• This happens more slowly
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29.1 How Organ Systems Communicate
The nervous and endocrine systems have different methods and rates of communication.
• The nervous system works quickly, using chemical and electrical signals.
spinal chord
nerves
– interconnected network of cells– signals move through cells – divided into central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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29.1 How Organ Systems Communicate
• The endocrine system works more slowly.
– only chemical signals– signals move through bloodstream – physically unconnected organs
receptor
target cell
not a target cell
bloodstream
hormone
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29.1 How Organ Systems Communicate
KEY CONCEPT Nervous System - made of highly specialized cells.
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29.1 How Organ Systems Communicate
Neurons are highly specialized cells.
• A neuron has three parts.– cell body has nucleus and organelles
1 Cell body
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29.1 How Organ Systems Communicate
– dendrites receive impulses
Neurons are highly specialized cells.
• A neuron has three parts.– cell body has nucleus and organelles
2 dendrites
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29.1 How Organ Systems Communicate
– axon carries impulses
3 axon
– dendrites receive impulses
Neurons are highly specialized cells.
• A neuron has three parts.– cell body has nucleus and organelles
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29.1 How Organ Systems Communicate
• Neurons have other structures to transmit signals.
– Schwann cell
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29.1 How Organ Systems Communicate
– synapse
synapse
• Neurons have other structures to transmit signals.
– Schwann cell
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29.1 How Organ Systems Communicate
– terminal
– synapse
• Neurons have other structures to transmit signals.
– Schwann cell
axon terminal
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29.1 How Organ Systems Communicate
Neurons receive and transmit signals.
• Resting potential means no signal is being transmitted. – more Na+ outside of cell – more K+ inside of cell
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29.1 How Organ Systems Communicate
• An action potential is a moving electrical impulse.
– It is generated by a stimulus.– Na+ enters, and cell becomes
positively charged.– K+ leaves, and area of positive
charge moves.
area of detail
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29.1 How Organ Systems Communicate
• A chemical signal passes between neurons.
– Impulse reaches terminal.
impulse
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29.1 How Organ Systems Communicate
• A chemical signal passes between neurons.
– Impulse reaches terminal.
impulse
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29.1 How Organ Systems Communicate
• A chemical signal passes between neurons.
– Impulse reaches terminal.
synapse
receptorvesicles
impulse
neurotransmitter
– Neurotransmitters released into synapse.
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29.1 How Organ Systems Communicate
• A chemical signal passes between neurons.
– Impulse reaches terminal.– Neurotransmitters released into synapse.
impulse
synapse
receptorvesicles
neurotransmitter
– Neurotransmitters stimulate next cell.
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29.1 How Organ Systems Communicate
KEY CONCEPT The senses detect the internal and external environments.
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29.1 How Organ Systems Communicate
The senses help to maintain homeostasis.
• Senses gather stimuli, and send it to the nervous system.
• Nervous system responds to stimuli.– Pupils shrink when too much
light enters the eyes.– Goose bumps when cold air
touches skin.
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29.1 How Organ Systems Communicate
The senses detect physical and chemical stimuli.
• The eye is for vision. – Special cells collect light
information (rod and cone cells)
– Send information to brain in the optic nerve (a bunch of neurons)
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29.1 How Organ Systems Communicate
• The ear is for to hearing.
– Special hair cells in inner ear.– Bend with sound, each hair cell is attached to a neuron
that sends the information to the brain
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29.1 How Organ Systems Communicate
• Taste and smell use chemoreceptors.
– Special cells in nose and mouth that are sensitive to chemicals
– Attached to neurons that send the information to the brain
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29.1 How Organ Systems Communicate
• The skin senses touch.– Special cells to detect three things
– Pressure / touch– Pain– Temperature
pain receptor
light pressure receptor
hair follicle
heavy pressure receptor
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29.1 How Organ Systems Communicate
• The spinal cord controls reflexes.
– sensory neuron sends information to spinal cord– spinal cord directs information to motor neuron – does not involve the brain
interneuron
motor neurons
sensory neuron
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29.1 How Organ Systems Communicate
The PNS links the CNS to muscles and other organs.
• The somatic nervous system regulates voluntary movements.
• The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary, functions
– sympathetic nervous system: “fight vs. flight”
– parasympathetic nervous system: calms the body, conserves energy
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29.1 How Organ Systems Communicate
KEY CONCEPT The endocrine system produces hormones that affect growth, development, and homeostasis.
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29.1 How Organ Systems Communicate
Hormones influence a cell’s activities by entering the cell or binding to its membrane.
• Glands are organs of the endocrine system.
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29.1 How Organ Systems Communicate
• Hormones are chemical signals that influence cell’s activities.– produced by glands– travel through the circulatory system– affects cells with matching receptors
target cell
hormone
receptornot a target cell
bloodstream
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29.1 How Organ Systems Communicate
Endocrine glands secrete hormones that act throughout the body.
• There are many glands located throughout the body.
– Hormones travel through the bloodstream to cells with matching receptors.
HYPOTHALAMUS
PITUITARY
THYROID
THYMUS
ADRENAL GLANDSPANCREASFEMALE GONADS :OVARIES
MALE GONADS : TESTES
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29.1 How Organ Systems Communicate
The hypothalamus interacts with the nervous and endocrine systems.
– a structure of both the nervous andendocrine systems
– produces releasing hormones,sent to pituitary gland
• The pituitary gland is found below the hypothalamus in the brain.– controls growth and water
levels in blood – produces releasing hormones
sent throughout the body
• The hypothalamus is a gland found in the brain.
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29.1 How Organ Systems Communicate
• Releasing hormones stimulate other glands to produce hormones.– allow glands to
communicate with one another
– are used in temperature regulation