280

290

300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

CO

2 C

once

ntra

tion

ppm

1940

1900

82%

18%

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide

82%

18%

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

-1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000

Year

Sea

Sur

face

tem

pera

ture

°C

Medieval Climate Optimum

Little Ice Age

Temperature of Sargaso Sea

-1.0

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

Year

Sol

ar M

agne

tic C

ycle

Len

gth

year

s

18

20

22

24

26

Dev

iatio

n fr

om 1

951-

1970

Mea

n °C

Surface Temperature vs.Solar Cycle Length

Northern Hemisphere

10

11

12

13

1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990

Year

US

Nat

iona

l Tem

pera

ture

°C

United States Surface Temperature

-1

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1958 1968 1978 1988 1998

Year

Dev

iatio

n fr

om 1

979-

1996

mea

n °C

Global Lower Troposphere Balloon

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

1978 1983 1988 1993 1998

Year

Dev

iatio

n fr

om 1

979-

1996

mea

n °C

Global Lower Troposphere Satellite

-0.5

-0.4

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

1979 1984 1989 1994 1999

Year

Dev

iatio

n fr

om 1

979

- 19

96 °

C

Satellite Balloon

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

1979 1984 1989 1994

Years

Dev

iatio

n fr

om 1

979

- 19

96 °

C

North America Surface vs. Satellite

Qua

litat

ive

Gre

enho

use

Effe

ct

Present GHE

RadiativeEffect of CO2

Hypothesis 1 IPCC

Hypothesis 2

Greenhouse Effects and Hypotheses

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Wat

ts p

er s

quar

e m

eter

Ocean Surface

Flux CorrectionNorth-South

Heat Flux by

Motions

Humidity Clouds Greenhouse (Doubled CO2)

Climate Model Uncertainties

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1978 1983 1988 1993 1998

Year

Tem

pera

ture

cha

nge

from

197

9 °

CIPCC Predicted Global

Warming Trend

Global Lower Tropospheric Temperature

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980

Year

Dev

iatio

n fr

om 1

890

°C

280

310

340

370

CO

2 C

once

ntra

tion

ppm

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000Population of County

Tem

pera

ture

tren

d pe

r D

ecad

e 1

940-

1996

°C Heat Island Effect in California

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Year

Sea

Lev

el c

hang

e m

illim

eter

s

Global Sea Level

0

20

40

60

80

100

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

Max

imum

atta

ined

Win

d S

peed

Met

ers

per

Sec

ond

Num

ber

of V

iole

nt H

urric

anes

0

5

10Atlantic Hurricanes

Long-lived Pine Trees

Young Pine Trees

600

700

800

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

Year

Har

dwoo

ds a

nd S

oftw

oods

Bill

ions

of C

ubic

F

eet

United States Standing Timber

0

100

200

300

400R

elat

ive

Gro

wth

400 ppm CO2

700 ppm CO2

171 % 175 %

107 %127 %

Trunk & Limbs Young

Orange Trees

Fine Roots

Young Orange Trees

Trunk & LimbsMature

Orange Trees

Oranges

per Tree

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

1

Gra

in Y

ield

K

g pe

r he

ctar

e370 ppm CO2

550 ppm CO2

DryDry Wet Wet

1992-93 1993-94

12%

21%

25%

8%

Wheat

279 Plant Experiments

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Pro

duct

ion

Nor

mal

ized

to 1

00 a

t 280

ppm

280 ppm CO2

360 ppm CO2

Dry Wheat Wet Wheat Oranges Orange Trees

Young

Pine Trees

10% 4%

34% 29%

65%

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Pro

duct

ion

Nor

mal

ized

to 1

00 a

t 280

ppm

280 ppm CO2

600 ppm CO2

Dry Wheat Wet Wheat Oranges Orange Trees

Young

Pine Trees

18%

41%

135%

265%

114%