28 FEB 2011

ENG 171 & ENG 206MARION SLADEN, INSTRUCTOR; LIZ DOBSON, LIBRARIAN

Academic Writing in APA Style

The main body of your essay normally includes 3 types of

material…1. Your ideas

2. Your summaries of others’ ideas and facts

3. Quotations from your sources

(MLA Handbook, 2009)

In-text citationsin the main body of your essay

APA style

In-text Citations – Basic APA Rules (name-date)

If the name of the author appears as part of the narrative…cite only the year …

Otherwise, place both the name & the year, separated by a comma, in parentheses…Even if the reference includes month & year, include only the year in the in-text citation.” (APA Manual, p. 174)

Quotations – Basic APA Rules(Source: Publication Manual of the APA, Sec 6.03, and pp. 170-171)

“If a quotation comprises fewer than 40 words, incorporate it into the text & enclose the quotation with double quotations marks…

“If the quotation comprises 40 or more words, display it in a freestanding block of text & omit the quotation marks. Start such a block quotation on a new line & indent about half inch from the left margin. Double-space.”

Example of quotation fewer than 40 words

(See rule in APA Manual, p. 171)

Interpreting these results, Roberts (2003)

suggested that “the information gathered in this

study cannot predict an outcome with certainty”

(p. 540), thus lending real doubt regarding the

future.

Example of quotation 40 or more words

(See rule in APA Manual, p. 171)

Others have contradicted this view:Co-presence does not ensure intimate interaction among all group members. Consider large –scale social gatherings in which hundreds or thousands of people gather in a location to perform a ritual or celebrate an event. In these instance, participants are able to see the visible manifestation of the group, the physical gathering, yet their ability to make direct, intimate connections with those around them is limited by the sheer magnitude of the assembly. (Purcell, 1997, pp. 111-112)

Reference list - a direct connection to in-text citations

APA Style

Your essay will also include a list of references that you cited in your essay

“References …listed alphabetically in the reference list…Each reference cited in text must appear in the reference list, and each entry in the reference list must be cited in text. ” (APA Manual, p. 174)

Why acknowledge your sources?1. You demonstrate that you, the writer, are a genuine

researcher who has done the considerable work of investigating authorities on your topic.

2. You acknowledge your indebtedness to others.

3. You add weight to your statements & arguments by citing authorities that support you views.

4. You enable your readers to pursue the topic further, &/or evaluate your use of others’ work.

- Canadian Writers Handbook. 4th ed., p. 77

PLAGIARISMWhen you don’t acknowledge your sources…

From: Centennial College Academic Honesty and Plagiarism Policy

On doing research…“Always remember that the main purpose of doing research is not to summarize the work of others but to assimilate and to build on it and to arrive at your own understanding of the subject.”

– MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th ed., section 1.1, p. 3-4

APA Style6th edition (2010 rules)

American Psychological Association

Help availableAPA style

References list –a closer look…

APA style

E.g.: journal article with DOI. (Source: APA Manual, p. 198)

Reference list components:•Author & editor information•(Publication date)•Title•Publication information•Electronic sources & locator information (For electronic resources…when DOI is used, no further retrieval information is needed to identify or locate the content.” (APA Manual, p. 191)

Herbst-Damm, K.L., & Kulik, J.A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital

status, and the survival times of terminally ill patients. Health

Psychology, 24, 225-229. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225

What are DOI numbers?Digital Object Identifiers:“Developed by a group of international

publishers, the DOI System provides a means of persistent identification for managing information on digital networks. (see http://www.doi.org/) ...We recommend that when DOIs are available, you include them for both print & electronic sources.”

(APA Manual, p. 188-89)

E.g. journal article without DOI & retrieved from a database. Rule on p. 180 (quoted above) is used to include database retrieval statement

“Because one purpose of listing references is to enable readers to retrieve and use the sources, reference data must be correct and complete…Give special attention to spelling …completeness…and electronic retrieval data.”

(APA Manual, p. 180)

Many in the academic community interpret this statement to recommend that you normally include retrieval statements when listing electronic resources from the Internet or from databases. .(Thus overriding another APA statement elsewhere in the Manual that says: “In general, it is not necessary to include database information” [p. 192]. )

Graefe, L. (2009). The peak oil debate. Economic Review,

94(2), 1-14. Retrieved from EBSCO Academic Search

Premier database.

Compare APA style with MLA style

Graefe, L. (2009). The peak oil debate. Economic

Review, 94(2), 1-14. Retrieved from EBSCO

Academic Search Premier database.

Graefe, Louis. “The Peak Oil Debate.” Economic

Review, 94.2 (2009): 1-14. EBSCO Academic

Search Premier database. Web. 20 Feb. 2011.

Sample record in a database –

Manage your results…

print, email, save, cite, etc – …

Sample APA style citation from

ERIC database (EBSCO Vendor)

e.g. Entire book, print version (Source: APA Manual, p. 203)

Format:Author, A.A. (1967). Title of work. Location: Publisher.

Shotton, M.A. (1989). Computer addiction? A study of

computer dependency. London, England: Taylor &

Francis.

e.g. Report found on a website (Source: APA Manual, p. 206)

Format:Author, A.A. (1967). Title of work (Report Number if given). Retrieval statement that includes name of website: url

Kessy, S.S. A., & Urio, F.M. (2006). The contribution of

microfinance institutions to poverty reduction in Tanzania

(Research Report No. 06.3). Retrieved from Research on

Poverty Alleviation website: http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents

_storage/Publications/Reports/06.3_Kessy_and_Urio.pdf

Title pageAPA style

Based on Sample Paper in the APA Manual, 6th edition, p. 41

(See also sample APA paper in the OWL at Purdue University websitehttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/media/pdf/20090212013008_560.pdf)

Title page in APA(APA Manual, p. 229)

“The title page includes 5 elements: title, running head, author byline, institutional affiliation, and author note. Identify the title page with the page number 1. The remaining pages should be numbered consecutively, using Arabic numerals (except for artwork & figures.)…[student essays do not normally need author byline or author note]…

The running head is an abbreviated title that is printed at the top of the pages…[&] should be a maximum of 50 characters, counting letters, punctuation, and spaces…It should appear flush left in all uppercase letters at the top of the title page and all subsequent pages.”

Format for the main body of your essay

APA style

Format of your APA paper(Source: APA Manual, 6th ed.)

Typeface: “the preferred typeface for APA publications is Times New Roman, with 12-point font size.” (p. 228)

Line spacing: “Double-space” (p. 229)

Margins: “Leave uniform margins of at least 1 in. at the top, bottom, left, and right of every page.” (p. 229)

Line length and alignment: “Do not justify lines…Instead, use the flush-left style, and leave the right margin uneven, or ragged. Do not divide words at the end of a line, and do not use the hyphenation function to break words at the ends of lines.” (p. 229)

Paragraphs and indentation: “Indent the first line of every paragraph. For consistency, use the tab key, which should be set at 5-7 spaces, or ½ inch.” (p. 229)

Order: title page, abstract (if required), text, references, tables (if any), figures (if any), appendices (if any)

Page numbers & running heads: “number pages consecutively, beginning with the title page…identify each…page with the running head along with the page number….Use the automatic functions of your word-processing program to generate headers and page numbers.”

Format of your APA paper (continued)(Source: APA Manual, 6th ed., pp. 229- 230)