28 1 levels of organization
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Section 28-1Section 28-1“Introduction “Introduction
to Physiologyto Physiology””
28.1 Levels of Organization
KEY CONCEPT KEY CONCEPT The human body and other The human body and other organisms have five levels of organisms have five levels of organization.organization.
28.1 Levels of Organization
A. Levels of Structural OrganizationA. Levels of Structural Organization
AtomAtomMoleculeMoleculeCellCellTissueTissueOrganOrganOrgan SystemOrgan SystemOrganismOrganism
28.1 Levels of Organization
ExamplesExamples::
≈ carboncarbon
≈ phospholipidphospholipid
≈ nerve cellnerve cell
≈ nervous tissuenervous tissue
≈ brainbrain
≈ nervous systemnervous system
≈ humanhuman
AtomAtom
MoleculeMolecule
CellCell
TissueTissue
OrganOrgan
Organ SystemOrgan System
OrganismOrganism
28.1 Levels of Organization
1. Atoms combine to form molecules1. Atoms combine to form molecules
Atoms Molecule
28.1 Levels of Organization
2. Molecules form cells2. Molecules form cells
Molecules Cell
28.1 Levels of Organization
a.a. Specialized cells develop from a Specialized cells develop from a single zygote.single zygote.
• Organisms are made up of specialized Organisms are made up of specialized cellscells. .
red blood cell nerve cell
28.1 Levels of Organization
• Zygotes first divide into embryonic stem cellsZygotes first divide into embryonic stem cells. .
• Stem cells develop in Stem cells develop in two stages. two stages. – determination, or determination, or
committing to committing to become one cell typebecome one cell type
– differentiation, or differentiation, or acquiring specialized acquiring specialized structures and structures and functionsfunctions
28.1 Levels of Organization
3. Cells form tissues3. Cells form tissuesSimilar cells with a Similar cells with a
common function common function form tissuesform tissues
• There are 4 basic There are 4 basic tissue types:tissue types:
• EpithelialEpithelial
• NervousNervous
• MuscularMuscular
• ConnectiveConnective
28.1 Levels of Organization
cell
4. Specialized cells function together in 4. Specialized cells function together in tissues, organs, organ systems, and the tissues, organs, organ systems, and the whole organism. whole organism. • Specialized cells perform specific Specialized cells perform specific
tasks. tasks. • Tissues are groups of Tissues are groups of
similar cells working similar cells working together.together.
tissue
– epithelial tissue epithelial tissue – connective connective
tissue tissue – muscle tissue muscle tissue – nervous tissuenervous tissue
28.1 Levels of Organization
5. 5. Tissues form organsTissues form organs• Two or more tissue types form Two or more tissue types form
an organan organ
An organ is a structure that An organ is a structure that performs a specific function performs a specific function for the bodyfor the body
28.1 Levels of Organization
66. Organs form Organ Systems. Organs form Organ Systems• A group of organs which A group of organs which
work together for a common work together for a common purpose is an organ systempurpose is an organ system
Brain, Spinal Cord, etc.Brain, Spinal Cord, etc. Nervous SystemNervous System
28.1 Levels of Organization
B. Body SystemsB. Body Systems1. Integumentary System1. Integumentary SystemSkin is the only organSkin is the only organ
Protects from injuryProtects from injury Regulates body temperatureRegulates body temperature Receptors for temperature, pain, Receptors for temperature, pain,
and pressureand pressure
28.1 Levels of Organization
2. Skeletal System2. Skeletal SystemBones, cartilage, ligaments, and Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and
jointsjoints Supports bodySupports body ProtectionProtection Storage for minerals (calcium)Storage for minerals (calcium)
28.1 Levels of Organization
3. 3. Muscular SystemMuscular SystemMuscles contract (shorten) Muscles contract (shorten)
to cause movementto cause movement• Skeletal muscles are large, Skeletal muscles are large,
fleshy, and attached to bonefleshy, and attached to bone
28.1 Levels of Organization
4. Nervous System4. Nervous SystemBrain, spinal cord, Brain, spinal cord,
nerves, & sensory nerves, & sensory receptorsreceptors
• Responds to Responds to
irritants or stimuliirritants or stimuli
28.1 Levels of Organization
5. Endocrine System5. Endocrine System
Releases hormones to control:Releases hormones to control: GrowthGrowth ReproductionReproduction Food useFood use
28.1 Levels of Organization
6. Circulatory System6. Circulatory SystemMade of 2 organ systemsMade of 2 organ systems::
Cardiovascular System:Cardiovascular System:- Heart and blood vesselsHeart and blood vessels- Transport oxygen, etc.Transport oxygen, etc.
Lymphatic System:Lymphatic System:- Cleanses blood, immunityCleanses blood, immunity
28.1 Levels of Organization
7. Respiratory System7. Respiratory System• Nasal passages, Nasal passages,
pharynx, larynx, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungstrachea, bronchi, lungs
Supplies body with Supplies body with oxygenoxygen
Removes carbon dioxideRemoves carbon dioxide
28.1 Levels of Organization
8. Digestive System8. Digestive System• Mouth, oral cavity, pharynx, Mouth, oral cavity, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach, small esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, intestine, large intestine, rectumrectum
Breaks down food and Breaks down food and delivers nutrients to delivers nutrients to blood for cells in the blood for cells in the bodybody
28.1 Levels of Organization
9. Urinary System9. Urinary System• Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and
urethraurethra• Removes Nitrogen-containing Removes Nitrogen-containing
wastes from the blood and wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in flushes them from the body in urineurine
Regulates:Regulates:– Water balanceWater balance– Salt balanceSalt balance– pH (acid-base) balancepH (acid-base) balance
28.1 Levels of Organization
10. Reproductive System10. Reproductive SystemFunctions to produce offspringFunctions to produce offspring• Male testes produce spermMale testes produce sperm
Male Structures: scrotum, penis, Male Structures: scrotum, penis, accessory glands, duct systemaccessory glands, duct system
• Female ovaries produce eggsFemale ovaries produce eggs Female structures: uterine tubes, Female structures: uterine tubes,
vagina, uterus (where fetus develops)vagina, uterus (where fetus develops)
28.1 Levels of Organization
All of the organ systems form the organismAll of the organ systems form the organism
28.1 Levels of Organization
Activity – Due end of the period Thursday.Activity – Due end of the period Thursday.
• You are going to create a mini poster with your table You are going to create a mini poster with your table partner. You will make them for 2 organ systems. partner. You will make them for 2 organ systems.
• Layout of Poster (Follow this layout, or lose points…)Layout of Poster (Follow this layout, or lose points…)
Major Organ System: (Name organ here)
Major Tissues & Organs Primary Function
____________________ ______________
____________________ ______________
____________________ ______________
*Must have 2-3 pictures*