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27 September 2016

Regional Innovation Monitor Plus 2016

Thematic Paper 3 - Industry 4.0, Advanced Materials (Nanotechnology)

To the European Commission

DG Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs

Directorate F – Innovation and Advanced Manufacturing

Regional Innovation Monitor Plus 2016 Thematic Paper 3 - Industry 4.0, Advanced Materials (Nanotechnology)

technopolis |group|

Jacek Walendowski Henning Kroll

Esther Schnabl

Disclaimer This project has been commissioned by DG Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs

© European Communities, 2016.

The contents and views expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of the Regions, Member States or the European Commission. Copyright of the document belongs to the European Commission. Neither the European Commission, nor any person acting on its behalf, may be held responsible for the use to which information contained in this document may be put, or for any errors which, despite careful preparation and checking, may appear.

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Table of Contents 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Industry 4.0 .......................................................................................................................................... 2

2.1 Background information and context .......................................................................................................... 2 2.1.1 Definitions and benefits associated with Industry 4.0 ........................................................................ 3 2.1.2 Market trends ....................................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.3 Main challenges .................................................................................................................................... 5

2.2 Policy priorities ............................................................................................................................................. 8 2.2.1 As defined in the EYE@RIS3 database ................................................................................................ 8 2.2.2 Complementary information on the basis of RIM Plus activities ...................................................... 12

2.3 Industry perspective ................................................................................................................................... 18 2.3.1 Providers and users of modern technologies related to Industry 4.0 ................................................ 19 2.3.2 Key economic operators in the area of Industry 4.0 ........................................................................... 21

2.4 Research and technology capabilities ......................................................................................................... 23 2.4.1 Regional distribution of patents ......................................................................................................... 23 2.4.2 Technological centres ......................................................................................................................... 24 2.4.3 Analysis of FP7, H2020 projects ........................................................................................................ 24

3 Advanced materials (nanotechnology) ............................................................................................. 30 3.1 Background information and context ........................................................................................................ 30

3.1.1 Definitions and benefits associated with advanced materials (nanotechnology) ............................. 30 3.1.2 Market trends ...................................................................................................................................... 31 3.1.3 Main challenges .................................................................................................................................. 32

3.2 Policy priorities ........................................................................................................................................... 32 3.2.1 As defined in the EYE@RIS3 database .............................................................................................. 32 3.2.2 Complementary information on the basis of RIM Plus activities ..................................................... 35

3.3 Industry perspective ................................................................................................................................... 40 3.3.1 Providers and users of modern technologies related to advanced materials (nanotechnology) ...... 40 3.3.2 Key economic operators in the area of advanced materials (nanotechnology) .................................. 41

3.4 Research and technology capabilities ......................................................................................................... 43 3.4.1 Regional distribution of patents ......................................................................................................... 43 3.4.2 Technological centres ......................................................................................................................... 44 3.4.3 Analysis of FP7, H2020 projects ........................................................................................................ 45

4 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................... 49 Annex 1 Selected references ...................................................................................................................... 51 Annex 2 Overview of Industry 4.0 relevant priorities in specific sectors ................................................ 52 Annex 3 Overview of Advanced materials (nanotechnology) relevant priorities in specific sectors ....... 57

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Annex 4 Star clusters in the manufacturing of computer, electronic and optical products; machinery and equipment; and Telecommunication, Computer programming, ICT services ........................................ 59 Annex 5 Star clusters in the manufacturing of ‘other transport equipment’ and ‘motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers’ ...................................................................................................................................... 62

Tables Table 1 Overview of EU countries and regions with Industry 4.0 identified as RIS3 priority .................................... 8 Table 2 Number of Industry 4.0 relevant priorities by Member State ........................................................................ 9 Table 3 Overview of EU countries and regions with priorities in Industry 4.0 relevant sectoral fields ................... 10 Table 4 Number of Industry 4.0 relevant Cluster Observatory ‘Stars’ by Member State ........................................... 19 Table 5 List of economic operators in C26, C28, J61, J63 clusters ............................................................................. 21 Table 6 Hotspots of patenting activities in the area of Industry 4.0 .......................................................................... 23 Table 7 Geographical areas characterised by lower patenting activities in related technologies to Industry 4.0 .... 23 Table 8 Coordinators and Participants in FP7 FoF projects (selected EU13 countries) ........................................... 25 Table 9 Coordinators and Participants in FP7 ECSEL ARTEMIS projects (selected EU13 countries) ..................... 26 Table 10 List of projects and beneficiaries of H2020 projects under FoF and ARTEMIS-ECSEL (EU13 countries)...................................................................................................................................................................................... 28 Table 11 Overview of EU countries and regions with advanced materials and nanotechnology identified as RIS3 priority ......................................................................................................................................................................... 32 Table 12 Number of advanced materials and nanotechnology relevant priorities by Member State ....................... 33 Table 13 Overview of EU countries and regions with priorities in advanced materials (nanotechnology) relevant sectoral fields ............................................................................................................................................................... 34 Table 14 List of economic operators in C29 and C30 clusters .................................................................................... 42 Table 15 Hotspots of patenting activities in the area of advanced materials ............................................................. 43 Table 16 Geographical areas characterised by lower patenting activities in related technologies to advanced materials ...................................................................................................................................................................... 44 Table 17 Coordinators of FP7 projects in the area of advanced materials and nanotechnology (selected EU13 countries) ..................................................................................................................................................................... 46 Table 18 List of projects and beneficiaries of H2020 projects in the area of advanced materials and nanotechnology (EU13 countries) ............................................................................................................................... 47

Figures Figure 1 The fourth industrial revolution, fuelled by Industry 4.0 .............................................................................. 2 Figure 2 Patent applications in advanced manufacturing systems .............................................................................. 4 Figure 3 Patent applications in advanced manufacturing systems 2002-2013 ........................................................... 6 Figure 4 Clusters of providers and possible users of modern technologies related to Industry 4.0; RIS3 priorities vs. industrial agglomeration ........................................................................................................................................ 20 Figure 5 SMEs' access to KETs (Advanced manufacturing technologies and Micro- and Nanoelectronics) ........... 24

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Figure 6 RIS3 priorities vs. technological capacity; Hotspots of research and innovative activities related to Industry 4.0 as evidenced by FP7 funding and EPO patent applications .................................................................. 25 Figure 7 Clusters of providers and possible users of technologies related to advanced materials; RIS3 priorities vs. industrial agglomeration .............................................................................................................................................. 41 Figure 8 SMEs' access to KETs (Advanced materials and Nanotechnology) ............................................................. 45 Figure 9 RIS3 priorities vs. technological capacity; Hotspots of research and innnovative activities related to advanced materials as evidenced by FP7 funding EPO patent applications and ....................................................... 46

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1 Introduction

The present thematic paper was prepared in the framework of the 2015-2016 Regional Innovation Monitor Plus initiative (short for the RIM Plus) commissioned by DG GROW of the European Commission, Unit F1 – Innovation Policy and Investment for Growth to the Consortium partners, namely Technopolis Group Belgium (leader), ERRIN, Fraunhofer ISI, and UNU-MERIT.

The work was undertaken during a two-month period from June to July 2016 by the team members from Technopolis Group Belgium and Fraunhofer ISI (Competence Centre Policy – Industry – Innovation). It served as an input to facilitate the exchanges during the last RIM Plus Platform Event on Industrial applications of advanced materials and nanotechnology which was held in Brussels on 14 September 2016 and will feed the discussion of the next event to be organised in the framework of the current contract.

The thematic paper consists of the following three main sections:

• Section 1: Industry 4.0,

• Section 2: Advanced materials (nanotechnology), and

• Section 3: Conclusions.

As it is widely acknowledged that these breakthrough technologies can contribute to the modernisation of European industrial base this thematic paper seeks to establish a better understanding about the distribution of potentials to drive the development of these technologies across European regions as well as that of various manufacturing industries in which they will likely be deployed.

The main dimensions which constitute the framework of this analysis include:

• Policy perspective (relevant policy priorities as presented in the EYE@RIS3 database),

• Industry perspective (mapping out of the key economic operators), and

• Research and technology perspective (patenting activities, FP7 and H2020 projects).

The analysis starts by providing some necessary background and context information on the two main technology fields under study, including the information on market trends to show the recent changes as well as the key challenges lying ahead in the respective thematic areas covered by the present analysis from the regional perspective. Next, it provides an overview of relevant RIS3 priorities, complemented by evidence sourced from the RIM Plus repository and reports – putting a spotlight on good practice examples to illustrate particularly interesting cases.

Subsequently, the paper maps out clusters of industries that are likely providers and/or users of advanced manufacturing technologies in the selected areas - contrasting these with the group of regions for which relevant RIS3 priorities could be identified on the basis of the EYE@RIS3 database.

Finally, to establish a better understanding about the research and technology capacities needed to enable the provision of new technological solutions, different hotspots of research and innovative activities as evidenced by FP7 funding and EPO patent applications.

In addition, the report seeks to identify the key stakeholders, including both economic operators and (firms) scientific research institutions that play an important role in the respective areas covered in the present analysis to the extent possible – with a specific focus on the EU13 Member States.

The identification of relevant actors is a pre-condition for organising successful events in the nearest future to increase the cross-border cooperation in areas with a clearly defined thematic focus.

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2 Industry 4.0

This section will deal with the Regional Innovation Monitor Plus projects finding on the regional distribution of policy efforts, research, technological capacities as well as good practices with regard to Industry 4.0 or Advanced Manufacturing Processes and Advanced Manufacturing Systems as referred to in an earlier Thematic Papers.

2.1 Background information and context The trend towards Industry 4.0 or the “fourth industrial revolution” is a label for several new developments in automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies that bear the potential to substantially transform industrial production and value chains as they exist today. While the first industrial revolution mobilised steam power for mechanization, the second industrial revolution introduced mass production based on electricity, and the third revolution leveraged the use of electronics to further automate production, the new opportunities of a digitally networked economy are foreseen to trigger changes of a similarly transformatory nature. The term “Industry 4.0” itself originates from a strategic project of the German federal government, which promotes the computerization of manufacturing.

Figure 1 The fourth industrial revolution, fuelled by Industry 4.0

Source: www.rtcmagazine.com

Most prominently, “Industry 4.0” implies the introduction of so-called cyber-physical systems, the internet of things and cloud computing. These new technologies shall enable the creation of modular “smart factories” that collaborate in tightly yet flexibly interconnected systems of value creation. Within such factories, cyber-physical systems monitor physical production processes, create a virtual copy of the physical world and make decentralized decisions while at the same time exchanging data with their original producers and maintenance firms. Over the Internet of Things, cyber-physical systems communicate and cooperate with each other within firms and across company borders in real time as well as, locally, with humans through improved human-machine interaction interfaces. Via the internet of services internal and cross-organizational services are offered and used by manufacturing firms’ suppliers as well as their customers. On the basis of thus improved networks and communication structures, systems of collaborative value creation and a mutual sharing of manufacturing capacities will soon become an at least technological option.

Characteristic for industrial production in an Industry 4.0 environment is the mass customization of products through increasingly flexible and adaptable processes of production. Automation technology is improved by the introduction of methods of self-optimization, self-configuration, self-diagnosis,

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cognition and intelligent support of workers in their work. Overall, the suggested transformatory power of “Industry 4.0” is based on four main principles:

• Interoperability: The (substantially increased) ability of machines, devices, sensors, and people to communicate with each other through the internet;

• Information transparency: The creation of “virtual copies of the physical world” by enriching digital plant models with actual sensor data;

• Human-machine interaction: the (substantially increased) ability of assistance systems to support workers by aggregating and visualizing information and physically support them; and

• Decentralised decisions: the (substantially increased) ability of cyber-physical systems to take autonomous decisions and to perform their tasks on that basis.

2.1.1 Definitions and benefits associated with Industry 4.0 Industry 4.0 builds on three central, interconnected types of new technologies that will be defined in some more detail below:

Cyber-Physical Systems: A cyber-physical system (CPS) is a mechanism controlled or monitored by computer-based algorithms. Examples include smart grid, autonomous automobile systems, medical monitoring, process control systems, distributed robotics, and automatic pilot avionics. CPS merge cybernetics, mechatronic design, and mechanical engineering. Different from embedded systems, cyber-physical systems put a specific emphasis on linking mechanical and IT components.

Internet of Things: The Global Standards Initiative on Internet of Things (IoT) defined it as "the infrastructure of the information society." In more concrete terms, it is the network of physical devices, vehicles, buildings and other items—embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity that enables these objects to collect and exchange data. When IoT is combined with sensors and actuators, it becomes an instance of cyber-physical systems.

Cloud Computing: Cloud computing provides internet-based shared processing resources and data on demand. It enables ubiquitous, on-demand access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources which can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal effort. Cloud computing and storage solutions provide users and enterprises with various capabilities to store and process their data in third-party data centres.

The fourth industrial revolution will affect current systems of industrial production and value chains in multiple ways, including:

• The creation opportunities for entirely new business models;

• An increase reliability and productivity once fully adopted;

• A decrease in economies of scales through mass customisation;

• Automation at smaller batch sizes;

• More flexibility in production;

• A reduction of production lead time;

• New product oriented services; and

• Improved safety and attractiveness of the working environment.

Overall, the key message behind Industry 4.0 is that smart solutions based on cyber-physical systems are no longer solely accessible for large OEM companies and their immediate supply chain but that more and more affordable solutions have and will become available that allow for a more broad based inclusion of SME in the process as well.

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2.1.2 Market trends

Currently, a dynamic industry is evolving around new, Industry 4.0-based applications. As during past transitions new opportunities arise both for incumbents and for new players. Moreover, digitization and the trend towards networked, smart factories blurs the lines between developers and users of advanced enabling technologies as well as makers of industrial machinery and those deploying them. Some studies predict that, in five years time, more than 80% of all manufacturing firms will have digitised their production facilities (PwC, 2015). Furthermore, industrial products and production will become even more integrated with product oriented services and can on that basis serve to create entirely new value propositions.

Recently, a study (McKinsey, 2015) predicted a potential economic impact including consumer surplus of $3.9 trillion to $11.1 trillion per year for Internet of Things applications in nine settings by the year 2025, suggesting that customers will capture most of the benefits. Arguably, the users of IoT applications could capture 90 percent of the value that IoT applications generate.

Overall, the report outlines nine main settings in which Industry 4.0 and the Internet of Things will create additional value in the coming years (McKinsey, 2015, selection):

• Human: Devices to monitor and maintain human health and wellness;

• Home: Home controllers and security systems;

• Retail: self-checkout, in-store offers, inventory optimisation;

• Offices: energy management and security in office buildings;

• Factories: operating efficiencies, optimizing equipment use and inventory;

• Worksites: operating efficiencies, predictive maintenance, health and safety;

• Vehicles: condition-based maintenance, usage-based design, pre-sales analytics;

• Cities: traffic control, smart meters, environmental monitoring, resource management; and

• Non-urban environment: autonomous railway, road vehicles, shipping, and air navigation.

Figure 2 Patent applications in advanced manufacturing systems

Source: McKinsey (2015).

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In studies more focused on manufacturing as such, PwC (2015) find that the German industry alone will invest more than €40 billion in Industry 4.0 related technologies based on which the manufacturing sector should be able to realise more than €30 billion of additional value added per years (2-3% average annual increase) an annual increase in efficiency by 18%. Every fifth firm even expects that its output will increase by around 20% in the coming years.

In a further study, effect on the creation of additional value added in Germany’s lead market is extrapolated to be €79 billion by the year 2025 of which €62 billion in manufacturing. Some €15 billion are expected in the automotive sector, €23 billion in machine building, €12 billion in electrical engineering and €14 billion in the ICT sector proper and €3 billion in the field of agriculture (BITKOM, 2014).

Even today, more than 30% of the surveyed firms indicate that a large share of their product portfolio includes digital components and their overall offer has been extended to networked and digitally automatised services. At the same time, more than 80% expect that their digitally enabled networking with competitors and firms at the same level of the value chain will have notably increased (PwC, 2015).

2.1.3 Main challenges While a McKinsey Study (2015) finds that even the current hype may understate the full potential of the Internet of Things and Industry 4.0 — capturing the maximum benefits of the new technological opportunities will require a far better understanding of where real value can be created and a number of solutions to successfully address remaining systemic issues and bottlenecks.

In general terms a number of challenges have been identified, that may create barriers to the uptake and implementation of Industry 4.0 relevant technologies in European manufacturing:

• Lack of business propositions to appropriate gain in new systems of value creation;

• Lack of short term profitability of investment, particularly for SME;

• IT security issues, need to protect know-how;

• Lack of integrity and robustness of machine-to-machine communication;

• Safety issues in untested human-machine interaction;

• Lack of adequate skill-sets to take up and implement industry 4.0 technologies; and

• General reluctance to organisational change within firms.

Currently, for example, most available IoT data are not or not efficiently used. For example, only 1 percent of data from an oil rig with 30,000 sensors is examined. The data that are used today are mostly for anomaly detection and control, not yet for optimization and prediction. Also, the Business-to-business (B2B) dimension remains underexplored although it could actually create more value than pure consumer applications (McKinsey, 2015). Even for Germany, a recent report (Deutsche Bank, 2014) suggests that most of the hopes attributed to Industry 4.0 remain unfulfilled.

As illustrated by the figure below, moreover, a key issue with regard to a broad based uptake is the very uneven distribution of related technological capacities across the European Union. While, as a whole, Europe maintains a good position in international comparison, this position is to an unusually high extent based on technologies made in France, the UK, but, first and foremost, Germany. While the need to implement such technologies and thus participate in the upcoming industrial revolution is universal across the European Union, few Member States are able to sustain productive regional systems of co-creation between producers and users of Industry 4.0 relevant technologies.

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Figure 3 Patent applications in advanced manufacturing systems 2002-2013

Source: Technopolis/Fraunhofer ISI (2015).

Based on the analysis of several Regional Innovation Monitor Regional Reports and a large number of baseline profiles, regions face challenges at different levels, depending on their overall level of development yet in several general areas quite alike:

• Industrial structure characterized by SME (which are less prone to adapt digital technology);

• Mismatch between digital technologies locally developed and those needed in local industry;

• Lack of local networks and reliable, tested relations between suppliers and users;

• Lack of availability of skilled engineers and operators;

• Lack of internationalisation; and

• In economically well-developed regions: Lack of acknowledgment of urgency.

Some examples of these challenges are provided below:

In Western Greece, the region performs well in the production of agricultural products yet the sector is in deep need of technological advancement and the creation of new, more marketable products. In addition, aquaculture is a promising industry for Greece and the region, which urgently needs technological upgrading and R&D especially in the area of production of new species. Detached from this local needs, companies that operate in the field of Industry 4.0 and smart systems produce products for which the regional demand is low so that they have to address international clients. They produce customised products and services in order to attract foreign customers and to be better able to compete with international rivals thus developing an offer which is clearly distinct from that needed in the regions own producing sectors which is being and will have to be satisfied through imports.

In Norte, the production technologies sector is among the major exporting industries in the region, since the small size of the national market demands that all modern sectors depends at least partly on internationalisation. However, the lack of critical mass and resulting production and financial constraints that characterise the regional economy inhibits internationalisation processes, particularly in SMEs. In a region characterised by a large number of SMEs, both on the side of technology producers and on the side of the user firms, more cooperation would be essential to overcome obstacles, achieve economies of scale and leverage competitive advantages. This cooperation seems to be critical on several levels: cooperation between manufacturers in order to ensure a better and more integrated offer of products; between technology producer and user companies to jointly identify and develop new products and services that meet the needs of the latter; and between businesses and RTDI organisations, to ensure the development of leading-edge technologies and products.

In Malopolska, there are a significant number of companies manufacturing a wide range of products that may be important for Industry 4.0 and advanced production technologies in the long run. However, there is a general lack of reliable networks of manufacturers and service providers specialised in the area of Industry 4.0 and smart systems and a general deficit of skills in related areas. As a first step, therefore,

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innovative platforms based on public-private partnership (PPP) and relevant joint projects will Likewise, the region’s manufacturing SME are not very internationalised and consequently not very integrated in international advanced manufacturing value chains. International cooperation takes place to a large extent at the level of individual institutions and organisations through bilateral contacts, whereas a more structured cooperation supported by the regional authorities with other European regions is missing.

Even in Central Denmark, the company structure comprises a large number of SMEs struggling to internationalise their activities. Despite employing competent levels of human capital and managing increasingly productive assets, only about 6% of all Danish firms are exporters. Moreover, a quarter of firms that have recently recruited report difficulties with regard to finding highly skilled specialists for new job functions that have resulted from the increased focus on automation and specialisation. Despite employing competent levels of human capital Industry 4.0 and advanced manufacturing require human capital and competences that are in line with future manufacturing. One in four manufacturers report that it is a challenge to find employees with the specialised skills that they require including skilled machine operators, tool and plastic makers, skilled CNC operators and production planning officers, etc.

In Navarra, likewise, training is mentioned as key to ensure the skills needed for the digitization of industry despite the region’s overall somewhat more developed industry. In the coming years, Navarra’s companies will need employees with the qualifications necessary for the development of digital technologies and solutions, as well as for commissioning or maintenance activities. Without specific training programmes, talent with this knowledge will become rare and the effective adoption of Industry 4.0 in local industrial processes will be put at jeopardy.

In Pays-de-la-Loire the research competencies dedicated to advanced manufacturing are mainly concentrated on medium-high-tech sectors around a number of key clusters and research centres, most prominently in the aerospace, marine, rail, transport, and renewable marine energy (RME) sectors in and around the Nantes Saint-Nazaire area. Such concentration may weaken the region’s ambition to generate cross-fertilisation with the region’s 22 identified sectors. In the medium to long term other regional sectors may see their competitiveness weakened as a result of missed opportunities to introduce advanced manufacturing techniques and the technological or business model transformations they imply. Hence, the outreach of clusters towards SMEs which are not necessarily engaged in the innovation process but may benefit from participation in a cluster to exploit their innovation potential should be improved.

In West Sweden a lack of value chain analyses prevents a full understanding of value chains and where development efforts may be needed. The manufacturing industry in the region has not been through the type of crisis that triggers substantial changes to its way of working and the introduction of radically new solutions. Despite other options, the main companies in that are active as producers and/or users of digital solutions in their production processes are large global corporations, often OEMs or tier 1 firms, very few SMEs or firms further down in the value chain have been able to take on the new technologies and processes needed to transition to Industry 4.0. Equally, access to skills and competencies remains a key factor for a transition to Industry 4.0. At a general level, there is an increasing – perhaps even accelerating – shortage of skills in the manufacturing industry in the region that has the potential to hold back innovation efforts. More and more manufacturing firms have difficulties recruiting both engineers and operators. More specifically, a transition to Industry 4.0 will necessitate that those currently working in the manufacturing industry acquire the appropriate skills to introduce new technologies and processes, which they currently do not have.

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2.2 Policy priorities

2.2.1 As defined in the EYE@RIS3 database Out of some 1,400 priorities identified in the EYE@RIS3 database, more than 130 priorities are related to Industry 4.0, typically identifiable through a combination of “advanced manufacturing systems” as main priority and “manufacturing & industry” as sub-priority, although other combinations have been taken into account also, e.g. in case of a main priority “micro/nano-electronics” or “photonics”, if combined with a capability “manufacturing & industry”. On this basis, the following regions can be identified to feature RIS3 support priorities with direct relevance to the field of Industry 4.0.

Table 1 Overview of EU countries and regions with Industry 4.0 identified as RIS3 priority

Country No. of regions Region name

Advanced manufacturing systems / Manufacturing & industry

Austria 1 and national Upper Austria, National level

Belgium 2 Flemish Region / Walloon Region

Czech Republic 2 Strední Cechy / Moravskoslezsko

Germany 8 Bayern, Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hessen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Saarland, Thüringen

Spain 7 Principado de Asturias, Cantabria, País Vasco, Com. Foral de Navarra, La Rioja, Aragón, Com. de Madrid, Com. Valenciana

Finland 7 Satakunta, Pirkanmaa, Helsinki-Uusimaa, Etelä-Karjala Pohjois-Savo, Keski-Pohjanmaa, Lappi

France 9 Île de France, Picardie, Haute-Normandie, Nord - Pas-de-Calais, Lorraine, Franche-Comté, Pays de la Loire, Limousin, Auvergne

Hungary national National level

Ireland national National level

Italy 8 Piemonte, Lombardia, Abruzzo, Puglia, Basilicata, P A di Trento, Veneto, Emilia-Romagna

Norway 5 Oppland, Rogaland, Sør-Trøndelag, Nord-Trøndelag, Nordland

Poland 6 and national Slaskie, Wielkopolskie, Zachodniopomorskie, Lubuskie, Opolskie, Kujawsko-Pomorskie and National level

Portugal 1 Norte

Sweden 8 and national Uppsala län, Södermanlands län, Örebro län, Västmanlands län, Kronobergs län, Värmlands län, Gävleborgs län, Västernorrlands län and National level

Slovakia 1 and national Bratislavský kraj and National level

Slovenia national National level

United Kingdom 2 Greater Manchester, Northamptonshire

Advanced manufacturing systems / Others (ICT, Energy, Construction, Agriculture/Forestry, Services etc.)

Estonia (Construction, ICT) national National level

Finland (Agri/for, Energy, ICT) 1 Kainuu, Pohjanmaa, Satakunta, Pohjois-Pohjanmaa

Germany (ICT) 1 Saxony

Italy (ICT) 1 Toscana

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Malta (Services) national National level

Poland (Energy) 2 Slaskie, Lubelskie

Sweden (Services, ICT) 1 and national Västerbottens län and National level

Other relevant (Micro-/Nanoelectronics, Photonics, Digital Agenda & Manufacturing & industry or ICT)

Czech Republic 1 and national Strední Morava and National level

Spain 1 Galicia

France 6 Aquitaine, Centre, Limousin, Île de France, Bretagne, Guyane

Poland 2 and national Slaskie, Lubelskie and National level

Belgium 1 Flanders

Germany 5 Baden-Württemberg, Berlin, Brandenburg, Rheinland-Pfalz, Sachsen

Greece 1 Dyktiki Ellada

Italy 4 Sicilia, Toscana, Valle d'Aosta, Sardegna


Finland 1 Pohjois-Karjala

Slovakia 1 Bratislavský kraj

Sweden national National level

United Kingdom 1 Wales Source: Own assessment based on the EYE@RIS3 (exported on 13 June 2016).

As can be easily seen in the table below, there is hardly any Member State without a respective priority even though a certain focus on the leading industrial economies can certainly be identified.

Table 2 Number of Industry 4.0 relevant priorities by Member State

FR DE IT FI PL SE ES CZ BE SK UK AT IE EE EL HU MT PT SI

15 14 13 11 11 11 9 5 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1

Source: Own analysis.

With a view to sectors of application, the following table illustrates that the largest number of Industry 4.0 relevant priorities somewhat naturally relates to either the manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products (C26), the manufacture of machinery and equipment (C28), the manufacture of motor vehicles (C29), or the ICT service sector proper (J61, J62, J63). Notably, a respectively smaller number of them also relates to the manufacture of food (C10), textiles (C13), word (C16), basic metals (C24), electrical equipment (C27), medical devices (C32), electricity (D35), construction (F41) and others – underlining the potential breadth of the new paradigm’s implications.

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Table 3 Overview of EU countries and regions with priorities in Industry 4.0 relevant sectoral fields Country No. of regions Region name

C 26 - Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products

Belgium 1 Flemish Region

Czech Republic 1 and national Strední Morava and National level

Germany 5 Baden-Württemberg, Berlin, Brandenburg, Rheinland-Pfalz, Sachsen

Greece 1 Dytiki Ellada

France 5 Centre, Bretagne, Aquitaine, Limousin, Guyane


Italy 5 Valle d'Aosta, Sicilia, Sardegna, Emilia-Romagna, Toscana

Poland 2 and national Slaskie, Lubelskie and National level



United Kingdom 1 Wales

C 28 - Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.

Belgium 1 Walloon Region

Czech Republic 1 Moravskoslezsko

Germany 3 Bayern, Bremen, Nordrhein-Westfalen

Spain Principado de Asturias, Cantabria, Com, Foral de Navarra, La Rioja, Com. Valenciana

Finland 3 Etelä-Karjala, Pohjois-Savo, Keski-Pohjanmaa

France 7 Île de France, Haute-Normandie, Lorraine, Franche-Comté, Pays de la Loire, Limousin, Auvergne

Hungary national National level

Italy 4 Piemonte, Lombardia, Puglia, P A di Trento

Poland 3 and national Slaskie, Wielkopolskie, Opolskie and National level

Sweden 2 Uppsala län, Västernorrlands län

Slovenia national National level

C 29 - Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers

Germany 2 Bremen, Saarland

Spain 1 Aragón

Finland 1 Etelä-Karjala

France 2 Picardie, Nord - Pas-de-Calais

Italy 2 Piemonte, Abruzzo

Poland 1 Kujawsko-Pomorskie

Sweden 1 Södermanlands län

Slovakia national National level

United Kingdom 1 Northamptonshire

J61; J62; J63 Telecommunications, Computer programming, Information service activities

Czech Republic national National level

Germany 1 Saxony

Estonia national National level

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Finland 2 Satakunta, Pohjois-Pohjanmaa

Italy 1 Toscana

Malta national National level

Sweden 1 and national Västerbottens län and National level

C 10 - Manufacture of food products

Italy 1 Basilicata

Poland 1 Slaskie

C 13 - Manufacture of textiles

Italy 1 Piemonte

C 16 - Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture

Finland 1 Kainuu

C 24 - Manufacture of basic metals

Spain 2 Principado de Asturias, Cantabria

Poland 1 Zachodniopomorskie

Sweden 1 Gävleborgs län

C 27 - Manufacture of electrical equipment

Slovakia Slovakia Slovakia

C 32 - Other manufacturing (incl. medical instruments)

Belgium 1 Flemish Region

Spain 1 País Vasco

Sweden 1 Örebro län

D 35 - Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply

Finland 1 Pohjanmaa

Poland 2 Slaskie, Lubelskie

F 41 - Construction of buildings


other, non-specified manufacturing (C)

Austria 1 and national Upper Austria and National level

Germany 4 Berlin, Brandenburg, Hessen, Thüringen

Spain 1 Com. de Madrid

Finland 4 Satakunta, Pirkanmaa, Helsinki-Uusimaa, Lappi

Irland national National level

Italy 1 Veneto

Poland 1 Lubuskie

Portugal 1 Norte

Sweden 4 and national Södermanlands län, Västmanlands län, Kronobergs län, Värmlands län and National level

United Kingdom 1 Greater Manchester Source: Own assessment based on the EYE@RIS3 (exported on 13 June 2016).

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2.2.2 Complementary information on the basis of RIM Plus activities

Strategy Level

With a view to Industry 4.0 related standardisation, single regions are typically too small to define standards and norms as several actors from diverse fields need to be included into the discussions. Hence, relevant activities in this respect are coordinated at Member State level in Germany, by the Platform Industry 4.0 an initiative implemented in coordination between ministries and relevant industrial associations. One of the working groups of the platform is concerned with establishing a reference architecture as well as standards and norms. Examples of firms which are active in this working group are Pepperl + Fuchs, Bosch Rexroth, Siemens, Festo, ABB, Phoenix Contact.

The Swedish National Government strategy, Smart industry – a strategy for new industrialisation for Sweden, launched in January 2016, makes explicit references to Industry 4.0. attributing particular importance to Industry 4.0, Sustainable production, Industrial skills boost, Test bed Sweden. The region of West Sweden, in contrast, does not yet have a regional strategy for Industry 4.0, let alone for the manufacturing sector, although both are important for local employment and economic growth. As illustrated above, there are many efforts in place to facilitate an upgrading of the manufacturing sector, but these are often fragmented. A common strategy for the region would help with making priorities, allocating funding and exploiting synergies.

In South Sweden, in the region of Blekinge the key areas of strength are: water jet cutting and machining of water jet technology; laser cutting and metal forming; telematics, machine-machine (M2M) communication, internet-of-things; processing of composites and lightweight materials; energy and energy optimization; maritime technology; cable manufacturing (ABB) and pipe penetration technology (Roxtec). Some of the important support actors are Blekinge Institute of Technology; the Industrial Development Centre (IUC); Tech Network (business network); NetPort Science Park; Blekinge Business Incubator; and Telecom City (business network). Advanced manufacturing is an integrated priority in the regional innovation strategy, but it is not yet embedded in other policy areas.

In Pays-de la-Loire, advanced manufacturing is a central strategic axis of the “Competencies 2020” plan which forms the basis the region’s operational management of employment and competences in key regional economic sectors. The plan brings together regional authorities, economic actors (buyers and suppliers), training and educational centres and professional insertion centres (Pôle Emploi) to adapt the training efforts based on the needs of regional companies. So far the plan has implemented two strategic action plans: one for the automotive industry in the Sarthe department, and a second one for the employment area of Nantes-Saint Nazaire in collaboration with the sectors aeronautic and naval sector. Against the simple argument that more robotics will destroy jobs, the region seeks to raise awareness for the new opportunities opened up by robotics as a means that can increase workers’ competences and improve their working conditions on the shop floor.

In Norte (Portugal), advanced manufacturing systems are one of the eight strategic priority areas selected in the framework of the regional smart specialisation strategy. This will benefit technology manufacturers and industrial companies willing to invest in the upgrading of their processes. Based on the existing scientific, technological and commercial importance in the region the region’s ambition is to create a dedicated innovation subsystem built around this topic that is competitive and that shall contribute to boost the competitiveness of local manufacturing.

In Catalonia there is political commitment to use the Vanguard Initiative for Growth through Smart Specialisation to boosting new investment in Industry 4.0 by developing interregional cooperation and a suitable multi-level governance system for supporting clusters and regional eco-systems. Two of the pilot initiatives relate more or less directly to efforts in the field of digital production and industry 4.0: Efficient and sustainable manufacturing (led by Catalonia together with Lombardy), High-performance production with 3-D Printing. In the meantime, Catalonia’s Smart Specialisation Strategy (RIS3CAT) focuses on six cross-cutting “enabling technologies”, including advanced manufacturing. Currently, there may still be no structured plan to solve the specific needs of Advanced Manufacturing, but under

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the guidance of RIS3CAT first approaches are established to design specific actions and instruments for the sector, such as ‘Comunitats’ (Communities) for enterprises.

In Malopolska, there is a remaining need for a comprehensive strategic programme to trigger the desired changes. It is important to ensure that the so far rather fragmented activities become part of a bigger plan in which future actions complement each other in the effort to raise the adaptation and use of Industry 4.0. Since 2015, the Regional Innovation Strategy for the Malopolskie Region identified ICT, electrical engineering and machine-building industry as well as the production as priority areas that can be considered as relevant in relation to the area of Industry 4.0 and smart systems. Furthermore, Malopolskie has benefited from the national programme ‘Human Capital, 2007-2013’ supporting the development of skills in industry, including the area of Industry 4.0 and smart systems. Scientific research institutions were eligible to obtain funding for projects related to commissioning new disciplines of studies of strategic importance for the regional knowledge-based economy.

In Western Greece, regional support and funding was not directed specifically towards this area during the last programme, although Industry 4.0 smart systems characterise the economic structure of Dytiki Ellada. For the time being, most advanced manufacturing related measures are very much related to ICT diffusion and exploitation. under the Regional Operational Plan 2014-2020, however, specific new measures will now be proposed to support the microelectronics industry that are directly related to advanced manufacturing to differentiate its local economy and develop smart systems for both manufacturing as such and applications in the cities. However, more effort needs to be put into the process of entrepreneurial discovery in order to connect these measures with both the creation of new entrepreneurship and fruitful linkages between ICT and more traditional sectors that create wealth for the region such as the agrifood industry.

Level of Concrete Actions

In Navarra, the Regional Employment Service the coordinating authority for regional employment policies and measures aims to create and contribute to a regional culture that is open to the challenges of digitisation. Regional employees should know and understand the concept, the technologies that make it possible and the benefits that the adoption of these technologies, services, business models or products, can bring to the companies. To reach this goal, Navarra´s government together with the Industrial Engineering Professionals Association, have defined the “Industry 4.0 Programme” an innovative training programme combining theoretical and practical workshops in different fields of industry 4.0. This initiative aims to reach as many professionals as possible, introducing this subject to its training agreements with private organisations, for example with the Regional Confederation of Entrepreneurs. Among the relevant subjects are “additive manufacturing and 3D scanner", “internet of things and big data", "cyber-physical systems and robotics", “augmented reality, simulation and BIM", and “examples of business transformation models”.

In West Sweden, the most important intermediaries for supporting the emergence of Industry 4.0 are Lindholmen Science Park in Gothenburg, focusing on automotive electronics, security, logistics and media; Innovatum in Trollhättan with strongholds in production technology, environment/energy and creative industries; and, to some extent, Gothia Science Park in Skövde, which focuses on virtual systems, computer games and information technology. The Innovatum Science Park hosts the Production Technology Centre (PTC), an interdisciplinary arena for R&D projects, training and education. Focus areas are flexible industrial automation, cutting processing technology, thermal spraying and welding. The PTC comprises a physical space with equipment owned by the Centre itself, University West and GKN Aerospace. The Gothia Science Park hosts the Industrial Development Centre (IDC) that offers training and education, analysis and coaching, cluster and network building and regional, national and international cooperation. It is a non-profit company owned by 140 industrial firms in the region. Recently, it launched the innovation platform Assar Industrial Innovation Arena in collaboration with Volvo to a central meeting place for Swedish industry. It will develop a world leading integrated physical and virtual development area for research, technology development, innovation and education and be completed by 2017. Finally, the Industrial Development Centre

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of Halland a public private partnership between the municipality and local firms offers advice, development projects and training.

In Aragon, the IAF (Aragon Development Institute) carries out diffusion and training actions on behalf of the Department of Economy, Industry and Employment, to propagate Industry 4.0 in the region. In May 2016 they organised the 16th edition of the Pilot International Forum about the Competitiveness 4.0, targeting the entrepreneurial opportunity involved in the technological applications when developing the management of the supply chain, thus creating a version 4.0 of the logistics competitiveness.

In Western Greece, the Patras Science Park (PSP) supports the growth of innovative, technology based companies across several sectors, including ICT and industrial technologies, contributing to the region’s knowledge economy. It is home to 24 companies and institutions, employing nearly 120 highly skilled staff in areas like engineering, chemistry, physics, and medicine. In the past support period region was a pioneer in developing clustering activities in Greece. Strong financing was directed towards intermediary organisations like the internationally successful Corallia Cluster as well as the ‘mi-Cluster’ in the microelectronics industry. Set-up in Western Greece, this cluster has expanded all over Greece and, in collaboration with the Hellenic Semiconductors Industry Association, become a successful case study at European level. This seeming success, however, can also be read as evidence that the local potential was not always enough to keep activities in the region.

In Pay-de-la-Loire, the region invested €10m in the last two years to accelerate the adoption of robots by regional industrial SMEs by creating a “robotisation pathway” or “pathway towards advanced manufacturing for SMEs”. Relying on the expertise of the PRI Proxinnov, the region proposes a “robotic loan” with the support of BPI France. The plan includes awareness raising actions (innovation days, workshops), the funding of technological diagnostics, training actions and funding for collaborative R&D projects and demonstrators accessible to regional SMEs. Furthermore, regional companies can count on the financial support from the national public investment bank BPI France that has disclosed €1.2b of loans for the following thematic loans: “Prêts robotique” for companies which invest in structuring project integrating automated production processes, including robots, “prêts pour l'industrialisation” to cover material and immaterial spending following the achievement of R&D projects to enable the commercialisation of an innovative product, process of service, “prêts numériques” for companies engaged in the digitalisation of processes to improve competitiveness.

The Manufacturing Academy Denmark (MADE), as a national investment project bringing together major research institutions and companies from the manufacturing industry in the fields of: Rapid product development, modular manufacturing for decentralised production, 3D print and new manufacturing processes, model-based development of supply chains, digitisation of supply chains, lifelong product-adaptation, future paradigms of production, hyper-flexible automation, and sensor-based quality control. The initiative is financed by mixed public-private sector funds amounting to € 24.4m from 2014 to 2019. Many of Central Denmark’s major research institutions are involved in research under a MADE umbrella. The initiative offers a variety of work packages and access to state-of-the-art research for members of the initiative and thus gives access to valuable knowledge for manufacturing companies. Member companies with less than 250 employees can apply for demonstration projects, which provide economic and knowledge support over a period of six to eight months. The company may apply for support worth € 12,250 and choose to focus on strengthening the existing management systems, demonstrating new technologies, or a combination of these.

The major international initiative in Central Denmark is GLOBALmidt. The initiative is run by the regional government and is a development programme co-sponsored by EU Structural Funds. It is designed to create a sustainable platform for long-term international growth and focuses on bridging the gap between Danish manufacturers and the advanced manufacturing regions in the southern part of Germany. The programme partners are SMEs and entrepreneurs with knowledge resources specifically designed to improve international competitiveness of SME manufacturers. In connection with the regional Growth Forums’ SME efforts, the goal of this investment is to gather local, regional, national and international actors in a new and connected export advisory effort, thereby increasing the level of

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internationalisation. The goal is to identify and increase the level of cooperation with international actors, advisors and networks on foreign markets. Furthermore, the design of the programme fosters an increase in the number of regional actors engaged in international research and development programmes, and supports intercultural understanding. This aims at improving the conditions for integrating skilled foreign labour into regional labour pools.

In Malopolska, some technologies are singled out for specific support under the headlines of the RIS3 strategy. In the area of ‘Electrical engineering and machine-building industry’ the following are mentioned, advanced nano-structured materials for applications in electronics, optoelectronics, sensorics, computing, photonics and communications; physical sensors (incl. MEMS/NEMS/MOEMS), chemical sensors, bio-sensors, sensor networks, flexible sensors (e.g. the application in the areas of Internet of the Things and Machine-to-Machine). Within “automation and robotics”, the following technologies are considered of strategic importance for the region: technologies of intelligent control of equipment and machinery as well as the use of robots in the production systems (incl. Wi-Fi, RFiD), advanced diagnostic and monitoring systems of processes, machinery, equipment, robots, and the respective components based on artificial intelligence and export systems, unmanned systems and robots, as well as mechatronics. Overall, the concrete relevance of these specifications remains to be determined. The idea is to create a portfolio of projects around these themes that will help to alleviate the fragmentation of the regional innovation system.

In its new economic strategy Styria defines a second economic transformation taking place in the upcoming years. Key elements of the new economic structures are high quality niche products, special solutions, and complex industrial services. Due to this it acknowledges the crucial importance of “knowledge-based productions”, i.e. advanced manufacturing. Further it considers the IT sector as an enabling technology. Concrete promotion tools are information platforms or conferences, such as “AC Styria Business Lounge Industrie 4.0” or “Industrie 4.0 Vorsprung durch Vernetzung” conducted by the Ministry for Economy and Innovation or the Federation of Austrian Industries in Styria. Also financial support is given by the Styrian economic promotion agency “Groß!Tat”, which promotes investments in new production methods.

Traditionally, Carinthia’s economic structure has been marked by its peripheral geographic location and topographical circumstances. Yet, over the last decade, Carinthia has successfully transformed its economy by orienting it towards more research and technology intensive sectors. Advanced manufacturing is partially discussed under the heading 'Industry 4.0'. R&D capacities can be found e.g. at the CTR Carinthian Tech Research with its strengths in sensor technologies or the University of Applied Sciences Kärnten which – among others – offers a further education programme on cyber-physical systems. A major promoter is the Federation of Austrian Industries (Industriellenvereinigung IV). In 2015, the IV-Kärnten (Carinthia) and the IV-Steiermark (Styria) signed an agreement on the cooperation regarding industry 4.0 and smart production and services. Accordingly, they aim to promote strategy building in the two federal states to promote these technologies, better communication of the topic within the wider public, engaging employees, and aligning of policy making.

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Good practice example in spotlight

North Rhine-Westphalia, Intelligent Technical Systems OstWestfalenLippe (it's OWL)

In North Rhine-Westphalia, the largest project in Industry 4.0 at the present time is the BMBF leading-edge cluster "Intelligent Technical Systems OstWestfalenLippe (it's OWL)". It was awarded with the title in 2012. Today, it is comprised of 180 companies, higher education institutions, research facilities and other organisations to develop industry 4.0 solutions (see maps). The cluster defined five cross-sectional projects to provide the basis for developing further applications focusing on self-optimisation, human-machine interaction, intelligent networking, energy-efficiency and systems engineering. In addition, in 33 innovation projects applications for different markets are developed. Furthermore, technology transfer activities are offered to SMEs. With the Fraunhofer Application Centre Industrial Automation INA there is also a 'smart factory' part of the cluster.

Source: It's OWL (2016) Making machines intelligent. (http://www.its-owl.com/fileadmin/PDF/Informationsmaterialien/2016-Making_machines_intelligent_Leading-Edge_Cluster_it_s_OWL_EN.pdf; http://www.its-owl.de/technologie-netzwerk/region).

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Baden-Württemberg – set of policy measures

Baden-Württemberg (BW) has a long tradition in innovation and manufacturing industry. Due to the economic importance of the manufacturing activities Baden-Württemberg has a special interest in the promotion of advanced manufacturing. In 2014 its Ministry for Financial and Economic Affairs published a structural study called "Industrie 4.0 für Baden-Württemberg". This study concludes that BW already has a high potential in advanced manufacturing and provides companies with advice on their way towards this “new industry”. In this regard, Baden-Württemberg's Minister for Finance and Economics expressed the aim that the Land becomes lead market and lead producer for industry 4.0. Consequently, various activities have been launched in order to promote the topic. The following list provides examples of these activities:

Establishing the Alliance Industrie 4.0 Baden-Württemberg started in March 2015. It is comprised of almost 60 partners. Among these are the ministry itself, networks and clusters (like bwcon Baden-Württemberg Connected, CyberForum, Manufacture BW, Leichtbau BW, Photonics BW), research institutes (like the Fraunhofer institutes IAO, IOSB, IPA, ISI, the Hahn-Schickard-Gesellschaft, Steinbeis), industrial associations (e.g. VDI, VDMA, ZVEI), associations of the universities and universities of applied sciences, the chambers of industry and commerce, Baden-Württembergischer Handwerkstag as well as trade unions. The alliance is coordinated by the VDMA (German Engineering Federation). With respect to aspects like setting standards and norms, the alliance is in exchange with the national Platform Industry 4.0 as these topics cannot be handled at the regional level. The aim of the alliance is to combine the skills of production technology and information and communications technology to link all the main actors and to accompany manufacturing SMEs by providing innovative transfer offerings towards industry 4.0.

Establishment of an Application Centre at the Fraunhofer IPA and a Research Factory Campus East at the KIT to test industry 4.0 applications

Establishment of "learning factories 4.0" (Lernfabrik 4.0) at 15 vocational schools in Baden-Württemberg. Target groups of learning factories 4.0 are apprentices in dual system of vocational education and training of metal and electrical engineering, as well as participants at technical schools or training courses of medium-sized enter-prises in the context of offers of support associations of vocational schools and from collaborations with business organizations, universities of applied sciences and the Alliance Industry 4.0 Baden-Württemberg.

Initiation of research projects, e.g., focusing on the development of energy and re-source efficient product planning in an open and secure IT platform which can be used by SMEs or on the impact of industry 4.0 on competencies of the workforce

Implementation of a web-based competence atlas based on a study on the prevalence of Industry 4.0 competencies in Baden-Württemberg

Launch of a project "Readiness I4.0": The project develops an online benchmarking instrument for self-assessment of "Industrie 4.0 Readiness" for companies of the manufacturing industry in Baden-Württemberg on the basis of representative operating data for the use of digital technologies in production. The project is conducted by Fraunhofer ISI.

It becomes obvious that Baden-Württemberg aims to promote a wide spectrum of activities for the benefit of SMEs but also research and innovation.

Source: http://www.i40-bw.de

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2.3 Industry perspective At a generic level, a recent Roland Berger report distinguishes between the “Industry 4.0 Readiness” level of European Member States as follows (Roland Berger, 2014):

• Frontrunners (high readiness, high manufacturing share): Sweden, Austria, Germany, Ireland;

• Potentialists (high readiness, lower manufacturing share): Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, France and the United Kingdom;

• Traditionalists (lower readiness, high manufacturing share): Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary, Lithuania; and

• Hesitators (lower readiness, lower manufacturing share): Italy, Estonia, Poland, Croatia, Bulgaria, Portugal and Spain.

As will become clear below, however, this categorisation only provides a very first, rough orientation which – despite a largely correct reflection of the situation at an aggregate level – obscures regional centres of competence that there indeed are in different Member States. In this regard, the baseline templates and Regional Innovation Monitor Regional Reports allow the following insights into the state of play with regard to Industry 4.0 related industrial capacities in European regions.

Some leading regions, like Baden-Württemberg or Pays de la Loire feature significant concentrations of technical expertise and know-how with respect to Industry 4.0. This can be illustrated through technology indicators as well as their respective protagonist role in national plans for factories of the future. In these regions, there is a broad awareness of the topic. Large, internationally leading firms are coupled with a dense network of local suppliers resulting in an ability to adopt and implement respective technologies at various levels. Likewise, Catalonia is considered a major international player in the areas of photonics, lasers and 3-D printing, evidenced by the Southern European Cluster in Photonics and Optics, multiple FabLabs and a FabAcademy.

Even in many advanced regions, like Central Denmark, however, Industry 4.0 is an immediate business opportunity mostly for manufacturers large enough to sustain comprehensive integration in increasingly digital and automated global value chains – by increasing operational efficiency, enabling predictive maintenance and more intelligent Information exploitation. The main companies in West Sweden which engage in the area digital solutions are large global corporations, often OEMs or tier 1 firms. While there are possibilities for SME that manage to play a role in these increasingly digitised and automated value chains and the integration of small companies into the ecosystems of the large OEMs would improve their access to global markets, even very few SMEs or firms further down in the value chain have been able to adopt technologies and processes needed to digitise their production systems. While in leading regions like West Sweden there is no lack of test, demonstration and other facilities that could help SME develop new processes and technological solutions, limited time, resources and in part risk aversion keep them from engaging in related activities.

In many regions, as in Navarra, however, Industry 4.0 remains a relatively new and unknown concept for most SMEs. Even for those that are aware of the concept it appears a bit far from their daily business and many are still using manual manufacturing processes. Only when they identify concrete benefits that Industry 4.0 can bring for their activities will an adoption of these technologies be considered. So far Industry 4.0 services that would integrate Industry 4.0 in regions’ local industrial fabric remain oftentimes missing. On a similar account, Aragon suffers from a limited affinity of firms with regard to ICT based solutions. There is an imbalance between available ICT training and the needs of the labour market and many businesses are reluctant to adapt to the change that the Internet brings. A mere 30% of local SME have a web page, only 40% offer e commerce and 20% provide ICT training activities to their employees.

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In regions like Norte (Portugal), the whole production technology sector lacks sufficient external visibility and is affected by the relatively limited capacity of technology uptake by the businesses based in the region. The limited size of the national and regional markets means that there is not enough scale to produce certain technologies, leading to a significant level of imports of industrial machines and equipment. Likewise, Malopolskie does not have an extensive network of manufacturers of smart production systems. While there are some world leading suppliers of industrial robots, electrical and electronic architecture systems and components as well as IT solutions located in the region but they are not part of a localised ecosystem. In overall peripheral regions like Western Greece, the regional manufacturing sector is dominated by low- and medium-technology manufacturing, most of the companies could be characterised as followers in the global environment, and no significant R&D activities in terms of investment and patenting can be observed.

Finally, many Southern or Eastern European regions, like Navarra, face the challenge in that even in the large companies that are located in their constituency, research, development and innovation activities are carried out in their home countries so their local subsidiaries have relatively limited autonomy to take decisions concerning the question which technologies shall be integrated in production lines and whether they are sourced locally or not.

2.3.1 Providers and users of modern technologies related to Industry 4.0

In the following, a first quantitative overview of Industry 4.0 relevant potentials across Europe will be given based on the European Cluster Observatory.1

Relevant cluster areas of the ECO for Industry 4.0 proper (i.e. with regard to firms that play a potential role in product development) include: Digital Industries, Information Technology and Analytical Instruments, Communications Equipment and Services, Production Technology and Heavy Machinery

Relevant cluster areas of the cluster observatory that reflect known lead markets for Industry 4.0 applications (see analysis of NACE sectors above) include: Appliances, Automotive, Lighting and Electrical Equipment, Recreational and Small Electric Goods

Finally, there are a number of areas of the cluster observatory that while reflecting potential markets, up to today, play a less relevant role than the abovementioned lead markets: Downstream Metal Products, Food Processing and Manufacturing, Furniture, Medical Devices, Metalworking Technology, Paper and Packaging, Plastics, Textile Manufacturing, Upstream Metal Manufacturing.

As can be easily seen in the table below, there is hardly any Member State without an Industry 4.0 relevant cluster with regard to either product development perspective (upper row) or market or user perspective (lower row) – even though, as could be expected, a clear focus on Germany, the UK, the Netherlands, Sweden, France and Austria can be identified.

Table 4 Number of Industry 4.0 relevant Cluster Observatory ‘Stars’ by Member State

DE UK NL SE FR AT HU DK CZ FI IT PL SK BE BG LU RO PT EE ES MT EL LT LV

231 101 79 48 35 30 30 28 27 22 18 15 13 12 7 6 6 5 2 2 2 - - -

537 67 93 79 96 102 41 16 90 27 77 132 38 36 17 11 44 46 4 88 0 6 6 2

Source: Own analysis.

1 For more detailed information about star clusters see: http://ec.europa.eu/growth/smes/cluster/observatory/cluster-mapping-services/cluster-mapping/mapping-tool/index_en.htm - description_data_availability

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In Annex 4, more detailed information will be provided on the concrete distribution of relevant clusters that relate to known key sectoral areas of relevance for Industry 4.0

• manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products (C26);

• the manufacture of machinery and equipment (C28); and

• telecommunications, computer programming and information services (J61, J62, J63).

Finally, the following two maps (Figure 4) illustrate the distribution of Industrial 4.0 related industrial capacities in relation to the political priorities defined by the regions.

As can be clearly seen, clusters of industries that play a potential role in product development (including ICT proper) are predominantly located in leading economies such as Austria, Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Ireland as well as parts of France (Ile-de-France), Italy (Lombardia), Finland (Helsinki-Uusimaa), Hungary (Budapest) and Greece (Central Macedonia). Overall, there is a relevant level of overlap actual capacities with those regions that have defined respective RIS3 priorities – with the possible exception of Spain, parts of France and Southern Italy. With regard to potential user industries, it is evident that capacities are distributed much broader, most notably across Eastern European countries but also with regard to Spain, France and Portugal, where they match some of the RIS3 priorities that product developers alone could not. Remarkably, the UK and Ireland display next to no capacities or agglomerations in applied industries.

Figure 4 Clusters of providers and possible users of modern technologies related to Industry 4.0; RIS3 priorities vs. industrial agglomeration

Note: Star size refers to aggregate number of relevant cluster observatory stars in the region; blue colour indicates that a relevant RIS3 priority has been defined in the region. Source: Own analysis based on Eye@RIS3 and Cluster Observatory Data, Maps ESRI ArcGIS.

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2.3.2 Key economic operators in the area of Industry 4.0 The table below presents a list of economic operators (i.e. cluster and companies) including association of both potential developers and likely users of Industry 4.0 technologies, once more referring to the three key industries outlined above:

• manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products (C26);

• the manufacture of machinery and equipment (C28); and

• telecommunications, computer programming and information services (J61, J62, J63).

Table 5 List of economic operators in C26, C28, J61, J63 clusters

Cluster/Firms Regions

DITECFER District for Rail Technologies, High Speed, Safety & Security Italy

Agro ICT Cluster Közép-Magyarország

AGROFOOD - The Regional Cluster of Food Industry and Products Centru

Animaforum - Associação para o Desenvolvimento da Agro-Industria Alentejo

Baltic Automotive Components Cluster (BACC) Lietuva

CEQUIP Cataluña

FEMAC Cataluña

GAIA.-Association of Electronic and Information Technologies in the Basque Country País Vasco

PRODUTECH - Production Technologies Cluster Norte

Animaforum - Associação para o Desenvolvimento da Agro-Industria Alentejo

AUTOMOTIVEST Cluster Vest


BalticNet-PlasmaTec e.V. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

Galician Automotive Cluster Foundation (CEAGA) Galicia

MATERALIA Lorraine

MOV'EO Île de France

North East Automotive Alliance Limited Northumberland and Tyne and Wear

Plastipolis Rhône-Alpes

mi-Cluster Aττική (Attiki)

BICCnet Bavarian Information and Communication Technology Cluster Bayern

Images & Reseaux Bretagne

Different Angle Cluster Bucureşti - Ilfov

Turistec International Cluster of ICT applied to tourism Canarias

CEQUIP Cataluña

Associação Pool-Net - Portuguese Tooling Network Centro (PT)

Pólo das Tecnologias de Informação, Comunicação e Electronica TICE.PT Centro (PT)

Innovation and Technology Cluster Centru

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Transylvania Textile & Fashion Cluster Centru

MADRID AEROSPACE CLUSTER Comunidad de Madrid

Software Innovation Pole Cluster Dél-Alföld

Cool Silicon e.V. Dresden

Silicon Saxony Dresden

CLUSTER DO AUDIOVISUAL GALEGO Galicia

INEO Galicia

Niedersachsen Aviation Hamburg

MEDICEN PARIS REGION Île de France


Irish Software Innovation Network (ISIN) Ireland

DITECFER District for Rail Technologies, High Speed, Safety & Security Italy

INNOSKART ICT Cluster Közép-Dunántúl

International Security Cluster Lietuva

iVita Lietuva

AFIL Lombardia

Fondazione Cluster Tecnologie per le Smart Cities & Communities Lombardia Lombardia

Fondazione Distretto Green & High Tech Monza Brianza Lombardia

Klaster.info Mazowieckie

Aerospace Valley Midi-Pyrénées

High Tech NL Noord-Brabant

TTP i-Trans - competitiveness cluster Nord - Pas-de-Calais

Cluj IT Cluster Nord-Vest

iTech Transilvania Cluster by ARIES Nord-Vest

Transylvania Energy Cluster-TREC Nord-Vest

PRODUTECH - Production Technologies Cluster Norte

Dataföreningen i Norr Övre Norrland

Association of Electronic and Information Technologies in the Basque Country País Vasco

Fondazione Torino Wireless Piemonte

DSP Valley Prov. Vlaams-Brabant

Secured Communicating Solutions cluster Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur

Idm suedtirol altoadige – Construction cluster / Ecosystem Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano/Bozen

Minalogic Rhône-Alpes

NUMELINK Rhône-Alpes

Urban Logistic Cluster Association Sud-Vest Oltenia

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Media Evolution Southern Sweden Sydsverige

Hellenic Mobile Cluster Κεντρική Μακεδονία (Kentriki Makedonia)

Bulgarian Cluster Telecommunications Югозападен (Yugozapaden)

CASTRA Югозападен (Yugozapaden)

ICT Cluster Югозападен (Yugozapaden)

Source: Based on RIM Plus Regional Innovation Reports and Cluster Cooperation Platform.

2.4 Research and technology capabilities

2.4.1 Regional distribution of patents As is well known, the geographical concentration of patents in Europe is high in general terms and even higher for technological areas like that of Industry 4.0 where industrial capacities as such are so obviously unevenly distributed. The table below lists those Member States that contribute most to technological development in these terms, by decreasing order of contribution.

Table 6 Hotspots of patenting activities in the area of Industry 4.0

Regions/Countries Order of Magnitude of Patent Applications 2011-2013

Ile-de-France 5,000

Bavaria 3,900

Baden-Württemberg 2,900

Stockholm 2,200

South Netherlands 2,000

Finland (Mainland) 1,700

Northrhine-Westphalia 1,600

Hesse 900

Western Netherlands 800

London 700 Source: EPO Worldwide Patent Statistical Database, PATSTAT.

However, there are also some minor “hotspots in the periphery” as listed below.

Table 7 Geographical areas characterised by lower patenting activities in related technologies to Industry 4.0


Madrid 200

Noreste (Spain) 90

Polish Region Centralny (Łódzkie, Mazowieckie) 70

Czech Republic (Praha, Jihovýchod) 60

Polish Region Południowy (Małopolskie, Śląskie) 40

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Portugal 35

Slovenia 35

Budapest 30

Estonia 30

Noroeste (Spain) 25 Source: EPO Worldwide Patent Statistical Database, PATSTAT.

Further details and a good overview can be obtained from the maps following on the coming pages.

2.4.2 Technological centres The figure below gives an overview of technological centres specialised in providing services to the SMEs sector in the Industry 4.0 related KETs areas of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies and Micro- and Nanoelectronics. This is by no means an exhaustive list and an overview about RTOs participating in the relevant thematic calls funded under the Seventh Framework Programme and Horizon 2020 is presented in the following section.

Figure 5 SMEs' access to KETs (Advanced manufacturing technologies and Micro- and Nanoelectronics) Advanced Manufacturing Technologies Micro- and Nanoelectronics

Source: https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/kets-tools/kets-ti-inventory/map

2.4.3 Analysis of FP7, H2020 projects Altogether there were close to projects under the Industry 4.0 related headings of ARTEMIS-ECSEL and Factories of the Future (FoF) during the 7th Framework Programme and about a further 80 have started under H2020, involving more than 1,500 participants from 24 Member States, Israel, Turkey, Norway, Russia, Mexico, Switzerland and the United States. From among the EU15 Member States, the following countries accounted for the highest share of participants: Germany (15.5%), Italy (13.4%), Spain (13.2%) and France (9.6%). Among internationally renowned institutions the following organisations played a role of coordinators. Comparatively, the EU13 countries accounted for the share of 6.3%, with only 9 countries participating (Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, Latvia, Slovenia, Romania, Slovakia, Estonia and Lithuania) of which the Czech Republic recorded the highest number of participants (40).

In summary terms, the figure below indicates that a large share of Industry 4.0 relevant allocations from actions under FP7 can once more be found in the EU15 countries, even if the degree of concentration is

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notably less pronounced than that in the field of patent applications. Nonetheless, there are a number of hotspots of activities in countries with an overall lower readiness level that deserve further exploration in the following paragraphs.

Figure 6 RIS3 priorities vs. technological capacity; Hotspots of research and innovative activities related to Industry 4.0 as evidenced by FP7 funding and EPO patent applications

Note: Patents refer to so-called computer-implemented inventions, as defined by Fraunhofer ISI. Source: Own analysis based on Eye@RIS3, CORDIS and EPO PATSTAT, Maps ESRI ArcGIS.

Hence, the table below presents a selected list of coordinators and participants of projects under the Industry 4.0 related headings of Factories of the Future (FoF) from the EU13 countries. Remarkably, there was only a single coordinator: the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

Table 8 Coordinators and Participants in FP7 FoF projects (selected EU13 countries) Organisations Regions

MTA Számítástechnikai és Automatizálási Kutatóintézet (Coordinator) (Computer and Automation Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences) Közép-Magyarország

Akademia Gorniczo-Hutnicza IM. Stanislawa Staszica W KrakowieAKADEMIA GORNICZO-HUTNICZA IM. STANISLAWA STASZICA W KRAKOWIE Małopolskie

Andrychowska Fabryka Maszyn S.A.Andrychowska Fabryka Maszyn S.A. Małopolskie

Audi Hungaria Motor Kft.AUDI HUNGARIA MOTOR Kft. Nyugat-Dunántúl

Budapesti Muszaki es Gazdasagtudomanyi EgyetemBUDAPESTI MUSZAKI ES GAZDASAGTUDOMANYI EGYETEM Közép-Magyarország

Carmolimp SRLCARMOLIMP SRL Centru

Centire s.r.o.Centire s.r.o. Bratislavský kraj

Fyzikalni Ustav AV CR V.V.IFYZIKALNI USTAV AV CR V.V.I Praha

Instytut Ekologii Terenow UprzemyslowionychINSTYTUT EKOLOGII TERENOW UPRZEMYSLOWIONYCH

Śląskie

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Organisations Regions

Itconsult-Pro Informaciotechnikai Zartkoruen RT ITCONSULT-PRO INFORMACIOTECHNIKAI ZARTKORUEN RT Közép-Magyarország

Knorr-Bremse Fekrendszerek KFTKNORR-BREMSE FEKRENDSZEREK KFT Dél-Alföld

Liliana Klauda Lehrer RychelLILIANA KLAUDIA LEHRER RYCHEL Śląskie

Lip Opazne Plosce Bohinj DOOLIP OPAZNE PLOSCE BOHINJ DOO Zahodna Slovenija

Magyar Tudomanyos Akademia Szamitastechnikai es Automatizalasi KutatointezetMAGYAR TUDOMANYOS AKADEMIA SZAMITASTECHNIKAI ES AUTOMATIZALASI KUTATOINTEZET

Közép-Magyarország

Nisaform SRONISAFORM SRO Severovýchod (CZ)

OMV Petrom S.AOMV PETROM S.A București-Ilfov

Regeneracija Nakup, Predelava, Prodaja, DOOREGENERACIJA NAKUP, PREDELAVA, PRODAJA, DOO Zahodna Slovenija

Rigas Tehniska UniversitateRIGAS TEHNISKA UNIVERSITATE Latvia

Ropardo SRLROPARDO SRL Centru

TC Contact, spol. s r.o.TC CONTACT, spol. s r.o. Západné Slovensko

Source: Own based on the E-CORDA database.

The table below presents a selected list of coordinators and participants of projects under the Industry 4.0 related headings of ECSEL ARTEMIS from the EU13 countries. Remarkably, there was not a single coordinator from these countries throughout the support period.

Table 9 Coordinators and Participants in FP7 ECSEL ARTEMIS projects (selected EU13 countries) Organisations Regions

Aensys informatikai KFT Dél-Alföld

Aitia International Informatikai Zartkoruen Mukodo RT Közép-Magyarország

Algorego SIA Latvia

AZO Digital SP ZOO Pomorskie

BS Spolka z Ograniczona Odpowiedzialnoscia Spolka Komandytowa Pomorskie

Budapesti Muszaki es Gazdasagtudomanyi Egyetem Közép-Magyarország

Camea, spol. s r.o. Jihovýchod (CZ)

Ceske vysoke Uceni Technicke v Praze Praha

Elvior OÜ Eesti

Enspirion SP ZOO Pomorskie

Espeo Software SP ZOO Wielkopolskie

Evopro Innovation KFT Közép-Magyarország

Freescale Polovodice Ceska Republika SRO Střední Morava (CZ)

Honeywell International SRO Praha

INEA Informatizacija Energetika Avtomatizacija DOO Západné Slovensko

Institut Jozef Stefan Západné Slovensko

Institut Mikroelektronickych Aplikaci S.R.O. Praha

Kolektor Group d.o.o., vodenje in upravljanje družb Západné Slovensko

Latvijas Universitates Matematikas un Informatikas Instituts Latvia

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Masarykova univerzita Jihovýchod (CZ)

Merica SRO Jihozápad (CZ)

Municipality of Ljubljana Západné Slovensko

Optxware Kutatas-Fejlesztesi Korlatolt Felelossegu Tarsasag Közép-Magyarország

OÜ Skeleton Technologies Eesti

Politechnika Gdanska Pomorskie

Politechnika Warszawska Mazowieckie

Pomorskie Centrum Przetwarzania Danych SP ZOO Pomorskie

Przemyslowy Instytut Automatyki i Pomiarow PIAP Mazowieckie

Rigas Tehniska Universitate Latvia

Search-Lab Biztonsági Értékelő Elemző és Kutató Laboratórium Kft. Közép-Magyarország

Smart Meter SIA Latvia

Sysgo SRO Praha

Tellence Technologies SRL București-Ilfov

Thyia Tehnologije d.o.o Západné Slovensko

UAB Baltec CNC Technologies Lietuva

Unicontrols A.S. Praha

Universitatea Tehnica Cluj-Napoca Nord-Vest

Ustav teorie Informace a Automatizace AV CR, v.v.i. Praha

Valsts Akciju Sabiedriba Latvijas Dzelzcels Latvia

Vemco SP ZOO Pomorskie

Vysoke Uceni Technicke v Brne Jihovýchod (CZ)

Zapadoceska Univerzita v Plzni Jihozápad (CZ) Sourced: Own based on the E-CORDA database.

Under H2020, a number of further projects have already been initiated under both the ARTEMIS-ECSEL and Factories of the Future (FoF) programmes, three of them coordinated by partners from the EU13 countries, i.e. Slovenia and Slovakia. Beyond those, players from the EU13 typically enter as partners in consortia led by countries leading with regard to Industry 4.0, i.e. Austria, Germany, Spain France and Italy. Consortia led by other peripheral countries, in contrast, are rare. Typically, there is only one EU13 partner involved among a larger group of EU15 participants, sometimes two. So far, only a single project involves a larger group of participants from the Eu13.

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Table 10 List of projects and beneficiaries of H2020 projects under FoF and ARTEMIS-ECSEL (EU13 countries) Projects’ tiles Countries

COMbination of non-contact, high speed monitoring and non-destructive techniques applicable to LASER Based Manufacturing through a self-learning system

SI - DE;FI;ES;AT;FR;SI;UK

A Reconfigurable robot workCell for fast set-up of automated assembly processes in SMEs SI - DE;DK;AT;LT;SI;FI

Cloud Collaborative Manufacturing Networks (C2NET) SK - ES;FR;PT;FI;BE

Enhanced substrates and GaN pilot lines enabling compact power applications AT - DE;NO;AT;ES;NL;UK;IT;BE;SK

Worker-Centric Workplaces in Smart Factories AT - SI;BE;IT;DE;ES;AT;CH;FI

On-demand production of entirely customised minimally invasive medical devices DE - ES;DE;IE;FR;CZ;IT

adaptive model-based Control for laser-assisted Fibre-reinforced tape winding DE - DK;IT;ES;DE;NL;CZ;UK

Symbiotic Human-Robot Solutions for Complex Surface Finishing Operations DE - IT;DE;UK;PL;SE;EL

Sustainable Smart Mobile Devices Lifecycles through Advanced Re-design, Reliability, and Re-use and Remanufacturing Technologies DE - DE;AT;FI;CY;NL;PL;IE;SE

Innovative Modeling Approaches for Production Systems to raise validatable efficiency DE - IT;DK;DE;TR;AT;PL

Safe human-robot interaction in logistic applications for highly flexible warehouses DE - CZ;LT;IT;DE;BE;NL;TW;ES;UK;AT;LV;RO;FI;FR

Resource Efficient Production Route for Rare Earth Magnets DE - DE;AT;FR;SI;UK

Resource Efficient Production Route for Rare Earth Magnets DE - DE;AT;FR;SI;UK

Advanced Distributed Pilot Line for More-than-Moore Technologies DE - AT;SE;DE;FI;IT;HU

Assembly of miniaturized PCBs by using low cost hyper-fine solder powders EL - DK;SE;EL;BE;CY;PT;PL;UK;NL;IT

Smart integrated Robotics system for SMEs controlled by Internet of Things based on dynamic manufacturing processes ES - FR;PL;DE;NL;ES;SI;EL

Multimodal spectrAl control of laSer processing with cognitivE abilities ES - IT;DE;ES;SE;FR;SI;EL

PREdictiVe system to recommend Injection mold sEtup in Wireless sensor networks ES - ES;IE;NL;DE;UK;HU;IT

Research on efficient integrated systems for the manufacturing of complex parts based on unidirectional tapes for the automotive and aeronautics sector

ES - ES;PL;FR;DE;IT

ICT Powered Machining Software Suite ES - IT;DE;ES;NO;FR;UK;HU

Cyber Physical System based Proactive Collaborative Maintenance ES - FI;AT;PT;DK;SI;ES;IT;NL;BE;DE;HU;UK

Smart and Networking UnderWAter Robots in Cooperation Meshes ES - IT;ES;NO;FR;SE;PT;RO;DE;NL;TR

European Network of competencies and platforms for Enabling SME from any sector building Innovative CPS products to sustain demand for European manufacturing

FR - UK;FR;AT;DE;IT;HU;SE;IE;NL

Optimal SIC substR ates for Integrated Microwave and Power CircuitS FR - SE;SK;NO;FR

An Integrated Collaborative Platform for Managing the Product-Service Engineering Lifecycle IT - LU;PL;ES;DE;FR;EL;IT;NL

Preparing R2 extension to 300mm for BCD Smart Power IT - SK;NL;IT;FI

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Projects’ tiles Countries

Multi-disciplinArY integrated simulAtion and forecasting tools, empowered by digital continuity and continuous real-world synchronization

IT - IT;DE;CH;FI;RO;IL

Seven Nanometer Technology NL - DE;NL;BE;IL;FR;AT;CZ;HU

Multi-ObjecTive design Optimization of fluid eneRgy machines NL - AT;NL;CZ;DE;SE;BE

Symbiotic Human-Robot Collaborative Assembly: Technologies, Innovations and Competitiveness SE - SE;DE;ES;HU;AT;EL;FI

Source: Own analysis based on the H2020 projects’ database.

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3 Advanced materials (nanotechnology)

3.1 Background information and context

3.1.1 Definitions and benefits associated with advanced materials (nanotechnology) Among one of the most defining technology trends is related to advanced materials.

Advanced materials (referred also to as ‘lightweight materials’) are developed from compounds at a molecular level through applied physics, materials science, and chemistry. Advanced materials may generally be considered to fall into three categories, including metals, composites and polymers (typically fibre-reinforced polymers), in addition to new materials, such as ceramics, carbon nanotubes and others nanomaterials.

Composite materials (referred also to as ‘composites’) are engineered materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties which remain separate and distinct on a macroscopic level within the finished structure.2

Fibre-reinforced polymer is a composite material made of a polymer matrix reinforced with fibres, which are usually glass, carbon, aramid, or basalt.

Nanomaterials are one of the main products of nanotechnologies which involve designing and producing objects or structures at a very small scale, on the level of 100 nanometers (100 millionth of a millimetre) or less.3

Overall advanced materials enable reduced weight of a product, component or system while maintaining or enhancing performance, operational supportability, survivability and affordability. When executed efficiently, weight reduction encompasses the early integration of design, development, and implementation of lightweight materials, component fabrication, assembly, joining, and other technologies, as well as the capability to manufacture and produce such materials and components at reasonable cost. Advanced materials increasingly important to the competitiveness of transportation manufacturing sectors because lighter vehicles have better performance and use less fuel. Subsequently, they can carry larger loads and travel the same distances at lower cost and with fewer carbon emissions.4

The key objectives set out often by the research teams both in Europe and the US in relation to carbon fibre–reinforced polymer (CFRP) aim:

• to lower carbon CFRP cost;

• to ensure a reduction in CFRP embodied energy; and

• to achieve a higher degree of composite recyclability into useful products. Today's researchers and engineers are also finding a wide variety of ways to deliberately make materials at the nanoscale to take advantage of their enhanced properties such as higher strength, lighter weight, increased control of light spectrum, and greater chemical reactivity than their larger-scale counterparts. Manufacturing at the nanoscale is known as nanomanufacturing. It involves scaled-up, reliable, and cost-effective manufacturing of nanoscale materials, structures, devices, and systems.5

2 See: http://www.swansea.ac.uk/reis/archive content/wcc 3 See: http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/opinions_layman/nanomaterials/en 4 See: http://lift.technology/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/LIFT-ExecutiveSummary-2015.pdf 5 See: http://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/manufacturing

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3.1.2 Market trends According to the available data (JEC, 2011) the composites industry has experienced over the past three decades long-term growth based on global economic development and higher penetration into key markets (e.g. building and construction, wind energy, aerospace, automotive, etc.) to reach a worldwide market of €68 billion and 7.9 million tonnes.

One of the emerging trends is that large coalitions are being formed. Concrete examples include initiatives such as Metallurgy Europe and the US Institute for Advanced Composites Manufacturing Innovation (IACMI). The existing evidence points also to closer industry cooperation. For example, Momentive has worked the most with Italian machinery manufacturer Cannon (Borromeo, Italy) and KraussMaffei/Dieffenbacher (Munich, Germany and Eppingen, Germany), to find the right combination of resin system, process and tool design, with the goal to achieve 1’ cycle time. Another example is Plasan Carbon Composites, a company that has been working with press manufacturer Globe Machine Manufacturing Co. and toolmaker Weber Manufacturing Technologies Inc. on a rapid-cure, out-of-autoclave system for moulding thermoset-based carbon-fibre composites with a cycle times of about 17 minutes, and is targeting 10 minutes (Laszlo Bax, 2015).

Nanotechnology is also characterised as having a wide area of applications in different industries (e.g. construction, manufacturing, aerospace, automotive, health and energy and environment). There are currently numerous new applications are being developed across the globe. Products based on nanotechnology are already widely used (e.g. paints, pharmaceuticals, and microelectronic devices).

According to the latest available data, the global market for nanomaterials is estimated at 11 million tonnes at a market value of €20 billion. The current direct employment in the nanomaterial sector is estimated at 300,000 to 400,000 in Europe.6 In order to get a sense of proportion, the forecast was that products underpinned by nanotechnology would grow from a global volume of €200 billion in 2009 and lead to the creation of a trillion dollar industry by 2015.

For example, some 15 partners from 8 countries joined forces to develop environmentally friendly panels that are based on renewable polymers or recyclable thermoplastic sheets and natural fibres. These panels can be used for e. g. ceilings, fairings, compartments in the interior of aircrafts.7 Another EU FP7 funded project, known as ECO-SEE stands for Eco-innovative, Safe and Energy Efficient wall panels and materials for a healthier indoor environment.8 Two notable examples of European and US-based companies are outlined below.

SmartMembranes9, a spin-off from the Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials, produces macro- und nanoporous structures from silicon and alumina for a multitude of innovative applications worldwide. It is a partner for innovative nano and macro porous membranes for flow-through 3D chip designs, drug delivery, fuel cells and microsystems technology. The US based company, SDCmaterials, Inc. (SDC) announced a partnership and formalized supply agreement with Car Sound, a leading manufacturer of catalysts and catalytic converters for the automotive aftermarket. A typical original equipment automotive catalytic converter in a gasoline engine contains about $100 in precious metal. SDC’s Nano-on-Nano™formulation, applied to exhaust-treatment catalysts, requires as little as 40 percent of platinum-group metals in traditional catalysts, essentially doubling the efficiency of the precious-metal composition.

6 See: http://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/chemicals/reach/nanomaterials/index_en.htm 7 See: http://www.cayley.eu/ 8 See: http://www.eco-see.eu/ 9 See: http://www.smartmembranes.de/en

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3.1.3 Main challenges According to the Welsh Composite Centre, much of the composites work in Wales is using 'lower tech' composites, and whilst there is a good understanding of the use of these types of material the more advanced carbon-fibre composites and advanced particulate composites are less understood, with very few companies utilising them at all. Certainly, with few exceptions, the use of pre-impregnated materials, autoclaving, metal matrix materials and nano-composites, are practically unheard of in Wales and these are very much at the cutting edge of composite materials with a demand outstripping supply in the growth sectors. It can be ascertained that this situation holds true in particular for less advanced European regions.

There are also still many constraints that have to be overcome in the nearest future. For example, to make a lightweight product carbon fibre is often needed but carbon fibre is generally too expensive and large companies are seeking to reduce the waste of such materials by using advanced production technologies. Since mass production technologies are still under development and the market is quite small the volume is not interesting for large companies and the lightweight market remains niche market for SMEs. For the majority of SMEs the challenge is often to smartly engineer new products. By doing so they are able to increase the resource efficiency and reduce the production costs that in turn allows them to remain competitive.

3.2 Policy priorities

3.2.1 As defined in the EYE@RIS3 database Out of some 1,400 priorities identified in the EYE@RIS3 database, there are 83 priorities related to key-enabling technologies (KETs) and more specifically to advanced materials, in addition to eight priorities that are related to nanotechnology.

The table below presents the EU countries and regions that have selected advanced materials and nanomaterials as a priority in their RIS3 strategies.

Table 11 Overview of EU countries and regions with advanced materials and nanotechnology identified as RIS3 priority


Advanced materials

Belgium 2 Flemish Region and Walloon Region

Czech Republic 1 Moravskoslezsko

Germany 11 Bayern, Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, and Sachsen


Spain 4 Galicia, Principado de Asturias, Aragón, and Comunidad Valenciana

Finland 7 Etelä-Pohjanmaa, Pohjanmaa, Varsinais-Suomi, Päijät-Häme, Etelä-Karjala, Pohjois-Savo, and Pohjois-Karjala

France 14

Champagne-Ardenne, Picardie, Haute-Normandie, Basse-Normandie, Bourgogne, Nord - Pas-de-Calais, Lorraine, Pays de la Loire, Poitou-Charentes, Aquitaine, Midi-Pyrénées, Limousin, Rhône-Alpes, Guadeloupe


Italy 7 Piemonte, Valle d'Aosta/Vallée d'Aoste, Abruzzo, Campania, Puglia, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, and Marche

Lithuania national National level

Luxembourg national National level

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Latvia national National level

Netherlands 1 and national Northern Netherlands and National level

Poland 5 Lódzkie, Slaskie, Podkarpackie, Opolskie, and Kujawsko-Pomorskie

Romania 1 Bucuresti - Ilfov


Sweden 4 Östergötlands län, Skåne län, Dalarnas län, and Västernorrlands län


United Kingdom 4 Greater Manchester, Northamptonshire, Wales, and Northern Ireland

Nanotechnology

Germany 1 Sachsen

Spain 1 País Vasco

Finland 1 Etelä-Savo

Italy 1 Toscana

Netherlands 1 Eastern Netherlands

Poland 2 Lubelskie, Podkarpackie

Slovakia 1 Bratislavský kraj Source: Own assessment based on the EYE@RIS3 (exported on 13 June 2016).

The table below shows that advanced materials and nanotechnology has been identified as a priority area in the majority of EU Member States.10 As expected, priorities related to these thematic areas were found in French and German regions (in total 30 priorities), followed by Finish and Italian regions (8 priorities each). The next important group of regions where advanced materials and nanotechnology were defined as priorities included Polish, Spanish, Swedish, Slovak, the UK and Belgian regions (in total 31 priorities).

The Czech, Dutch and Romanian regions accounted for a relatively a lower number of priorities in this area (in total 4 priorities). It is also important to note that the following countries: Estonia, Ireland, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latvia, and Sweden identified advanced materials (nanotechnology) as their priority areas at national level.

Table 12 Number of advanced materials and nanotechnology relevant priorities by Member State

BE CZ DE EE ES FI FR IE IT LT LU LV NL PL RO SE SK UK

2 1 13 1 7 8 17 1 8 1 1 1 2 7 1 7 4 4 Source: Own analysis.

Comparatively, the EYE@RIS3 database contains more priorities with sectoral focus than those priorities assigned with a specific KET. Advanced materials are characterised by high potential of application for various types of industries and especially in aerospace, automotive, metal, rubber and plastics, and building and construction.

The table below presents the EU Member States and regions with aerospace (NACE C30) and automotive (NACE C29) sectors identified as priority areas in their RIS3.

10 Non-EU countries accounted for the total of nine priorities, thus de facto the number of priorities related to advanced materials and nanotechnology in the EU Member States accounted for some 86 priorities. The thematic focus of KETs priorities that was not specified in the EYE@RIS3 database was not taken into account.

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Table 13 Overview of EU countries and regions with priorities in advanced materials (nanotechnology) relevant sectoral fields

Country Number of regions Region name

NACE C30 - Manufacture of other transport equipment


Czech Republic 1 Praha

Germany 2 Baden-Württemberg, and Bremen

Spain 1 Andalusia, Castilla-La Mancha

France 2 Haute-Normandie, Midi-Pyrénées

Italy 8 Campania, Cantabria, Piemonte, Lombardia, Puglia, Sardegna, Umbria, and Lazio

Malta national National level

Poland 1 Podkarpackie

Portugal national National level


United Kingdom 1 England

NACE C29 – Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers

Austria national National level

Austria 1 Oberösterreich

Cyprus national National level


Germany 10 Baden-Württemberg, Berlin, Brandenburg, Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen

Greece 1 Dytiki Ellada

Spain 9 País Vasco, Comunidad Foral de, Navarra, Aragón, Comunidad de Madrid, Castilla y León, Cataluña, Comunidad Valenciana, Andalucía, Región de Murcia

Finland 2 Kymenlaakso, Keski-Pohjanmaa

France 11 Île de France, Picardie, Haute-Normandie, Bourgogne, Nord - Pas-de-Calais, Alsace, Franche-Comté, Poitou-Charentes, Aquitaine, Rhône-Alpes, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur

Croatia national National level

Italy 3 Lombardia, Campania, and Basilicata

Netherlands 2 Western Netherlands, and Southern Netherlands

Poland national National level

Poland 4 Lubuskie, Dolnoslaskie, Opolskie, and Kujawsko-Pomorskie

Portugal national National level

Portugal 3 Norte, Lisboa, and Alentejo

Romania national National level

Romania 1 Vest

Sweden 3 Östergötlands län, Västmanlands län, Västernorrlands län

Slovakia national National level

UK 2 Northamptonshire, and England Source: Own assessment based on the EYE@RIS3 (exported on 13 June 2016).

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3.2.2 Complementary information on the basis of RIM Plus activities Based on the RIM Plus 2016 Baseline regional profiles and especially concerning advanced manufacturing activities we present in this section addition information to complement the results emerging from the analysis of EYE@RIS3 discussed above.

Strategy Level

Wallonia supports advanced manufacturing mainly in the framework of its competitiveness poles programme, the focus of which is on generating concrete projects focusing on end products and final applications, mainly through R&D collaborative projects, training actions, internationalisation activities and innovation platforms. The calls for projects are launched by the Government but the strategy of poles (niches markets and technology fields) is defined bottom-up. The poles are active in the areas of mechanical engineering (Mecatech), aeronautics and space (Skywin), life sciences (Biowin), sustainable chemistry and materials (Greenwin), logistics (Logistics in Wallonia) and agro-food (Wagralim). They all pay attention to areas such as new materials, including nano-materials, intelligent manufacturing and maintenance, micro-manufacturing, additive manufacturing, surface treatment and coating.

Lower Saxony is one of the key locations for advanced manufacturing in Germany. The regional economy is dominated by large enterprises, notably in the automotive industry (Volkswagen headquarter). Key manufacturing clusters in the region are in the following fields: Mobility, incl. automotive engineering, etc. In the course of the process aimed at the development of a RIS3 strategy, advanced manufacturing potentials have been identified in a number of key technology sectors, e.g. new materials/production technology (lightweight materials, and smart glass). While not yet partner in any European initiative, the local steel industry is an exponent of innovation.

Aragón has several related business and scientific capabilities alongside “new materials”; “nanotechnology” and “new production technologies”. Among the scientific and technological capabilities, several organisations can be found. The I3A for example, the Institute of the University of Zaragoza, has several research divisions focused on advanced industrial technologies and recycling processes. The Superior Polytechnic School of the Almunia – EUPLA, has a department of mechatronic engineering and industrial organisation. The Technologic Institute of Aragon works in the technologies involved in production chains, integrating, developing and experimenting in them. The department of industry and innovation of the Government of Andalusia launched at the end of 2013, the ADIA plan (the plan for the competitive development of the industrial activity in Aragon) as part of the Industrial Strategy of Aragon, which seeks to support the industrial investments of the companies and the activities and projects addressed to the improvements of their competitiveness.

Aquitaine implements the 2015 « Industry of The Future » strategy and one of its priorities concentrates on new resources: recycled and bio-based material for all the industries. The strategy will be implemented in the region under the monitoring of specialised strategic chain committees. In the past, the regional authorities were in charge of financing 2,000 to 3,000 industrial diagnoses for SMEs and medium-sized companies. Bpifrance provided a selection of these companies with “Factory of the Future” loans: Green loans: investment for energy efficiency and environmental protection (€340m); Robot loans: investment for the integration of automation equipment such as robot (€300m); Industrialisation loans: investment for post R&D project expenditures (€270m); Digital loans: investment for digitalisation of factories.

Piemonte decided to address the main effort in terms of research and innovation policies and for specific sectors characterised by regional competitive advantages, including: aerospace, automotive, and the “Made in” sector, in particular specialised textile sectors. The Piedmonte Region and the Ministry of Education, University and Research signed an agreement in 2012 which included actions to promote Aerospace and Automotive platforms. Under this agreement, in 2015 it was realized the Intelligent Platform Factory with a total budget of over €39m. In this respect "Innovation Poles" represent a further tool to promote the "generation and sharing of knowledge " among the participating enterprises, in continuity with the previous policy cycle. In Piedmonte 12 Innovation Poles are operational, serving as

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a stimulus to innovative activity, encouraging interaction, the common use of facilities and the exchange of knowledge and experience, as well as technology transfer activities.

Level of Concrete Actions

Flanders provides support for a Strategic Research Centre for Advanced Manufacturing (Strategisch Onderzoekscentrum Maakindustrie), called Flanders Make. The decision to support the centre was taken by the Flemish Government in May 2014. Until 2017 €50m has been made available. The Research Centre has to support Flemish companies in multiple industries with industrial research and product development and production technology and processes in order to help them compete in international markets. The aim is thereby to support 500 small and large businesses to grow into real factories of the future in the long term. The research integrates existing activities of Flanders' DRIVE (car industry, Lommel), and the manufacturing department Sirris (collectively technological centre of the manufacturing industry Sector, Leuven, Diepenbeek and others).

Bremen hosts important local companies such as the Daimler automotive plant, Airbus-Industries, two important aerospace companies (EADS, OHB Technology). A fundamental improvement and renewal of industrial processes is possible by the current development of IT and its extensive cross-linking opportunities. In 2015, Bremen established a web site to inform about aspects of industry 4.0 in Bremen, which includes information on about events, firms and research institutions providing industry 4.0 solutions as well as general information on the topic.

Galicia supports advanced manufacturing through the consolidation of several technological centres (e.g. CTAG, AIMEN, ANFACO) and the three public universities of the region. The main stakeholders in charge of encouraging these technological solutions are sectorial clusters and businesses associations, namely CEAGA, AIMEN, and COINTEGA. The three main sectors that can be considered as leaders in the region include: automotive industry, textile sector and shipbuilding. There is also an extensive metallurgic sector which is exporting services and machines all over the world, but also technologies such as artificial vision, laser processing, and advanced welding. Most of the successful cases are focused on innovation activities, implementation of new techniques and equipment.

West Finland supports open innovation platforms of Demola and Uusi Tehdas, which are accelerating the cooperation between students, start-ups and existing business field. An important organisation in the region is Finnish Metals and Engineering Competence Cluster (FIMECC) which intends to be a world class innovation platform that creates new international research networks, new top science, new application-driven research contents and new business benefits. On-going research programmes focus for instance on hybric materials, micro electronicmechanical systems and smart technologies for lifecycle management.

Pays de la Loire has high concentration of aeronautics, shipyards, motors, automotive manufacturing companies (with large players such as Airbus or STX). One competitiveness cluster (EMC2) and one Technology Research Institute (IRT Jules Verne), both supporting collaboration between public research and the private sector, have gathered most of the regional actors in the field of Advanced Manufacturing. There are currently three platforms: Technocampus Composites (2009), Technocampus Smart Factory (2013) and Technocampus Ocean (2015). There are about ten Regional Innovations Platformts (PRI) directly involved in advanced manufacturing activities. In the field of advanced materials PRI CEMCAT (research centre on advanced composite materials for transports) plays a central role.

Slaskie is characterised by an important concentration of scientific research institutions carrying out activities in the area of advanced materials and nanotechnology. Altogether there are nine scientific research institutions located in the region specialised in the field of production and processing of materials technologies. Concrete examples of leading regional companies include Plasma SYSTEMS (a leader of surface engineering, specialised in the production of the highest quality parts of machinery and devices of enhanced durability), Smart Nanotechnologies (specialised in nanopowders, nanocoloids or nanocomposites), PREVAC (specialised in precision UHV technology), ARSANIT Ltd. (a company specialised in chemical construction of products), etc. Other strategic investors located in the region are

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TRW Automotive which is a global leader in automotive safety technologies and Avio specialised in the design of aviation engines components.

Bucuresti - Ilfov does not particularly prioritise investments towards advanced manufacturing in an articulate manner. However, the region is well endowed for exploiting opportunities in this sector. One of Romania's four science & technology parks - Minatech, focused on micro- and nanotechnologies - is located in Bucharest-Ilfov. The S&T park was founded by the National Institute for R&D in Microtechnologies (IMT-Bucharest) and the Politechnical university in Bucharest in 2005, having as one of the main functions the supply of incubation and lab facilities and access to technology development spaces for companies in the field.

Wales is characterised by important activities in Aerospace and Defence: comprising 160 companies; employing 23,000 people; with cumulative sales of over €6b. Key companies in this sub-sector include Airbus, GE Aviation, BAE Systems; Nordam; British Airways. Among key interventions in the area of advanced materials are: Open Innovation – seven anchor companies have received an award including Tata Steel & General Dynamics enabling them to work collaboratively, primarily with smaller companies based in Wales, on commercially exploitable projects; EADS Foundation Wales – a not for profit research foundation with Welsh Government, EADS and several Welsh universities as major stakeholders. In 2016 it was announced that a new centre is to be established, with €11.3m (£8.6m), to address the challenge of skills needs for materials and manufacturing. Hosted by Swansea University, the new Materials and Manufacturing academy will provide training in specialist technical and management skills key to the advanced engineering and materials sector.

Sachsen labels its major foci in advanced manufacturing in various industries (among others) automotive, mechanical engineering, railway technology and aerospace. In all the main sectors, the region is home to large firms such as Volkswagen (automotive), Preiss-Daimler (fiberoptics, steelworks), Bombardier (rail systems), Koenig & Bauer AG (printing presses), BGH Edelstahl (steel industry), EADS EFW (aeronautics), Takata (automotive), Feralpi (steel), Von Ardenne, and Linde (both manufacturing equipment). Notable current initiatives in the field of advanced manufacturing include prominent public-private networks. For example, Volkswagen assembles some of its most high-profile models with modern techniques in its Dresden Transparent Factory. The region hosts one of the nation’s most renowned technical universities, the Dresden University of Technology, one of Germany’s twelve Universities of Excellence with a notable focus in technical fields, be they traditional sectors or ICT-oriented.

Eastern Netherlands (Overijssel) has four initiatives that support advanced manufacturing: Polymer Science Park; Open Innovation Centre Advanced Materials (OICAM); ThermoPlastic Composite Research Centre (TPRC); and Technology Base Twente. The Polymer Science Park is an initiative that supports public-private partnerships for the development and production of advanced polymers, composites, engineering plastics, coatings and biopolymers. The Open Innovation Centre for Advanced Materials is an independent foundation that aims to reinforce the innovative performance of enterprises. To support enterprises in their innovation efforts, the OICAM connects enterprises with students from the local university and various universities of applied sciences in the region. The main topics that are addressed are high performance materials, design and (production) technology. The Thermoplastic Composite Research Centre (TPRC) was founded by Boeing, Fokker, TenCate and the University of Twente. It is located next to the university and invites parties in the thermoplastic composites sector to perform collaborative research. This research ranges from fundamental to applied, dealing with the topic of applying high tech materials in the aerospace and automotive industry. Technology Base Twente is situated at the former Twente airport and is being developed in an international industrial area for development and production of Advanced Materials and Advanced Manufacturing. The existing airstrip should provide an extra asset to attract businesses. A flagship of the Technology Base Twente is the drone initiative for development and testing of drones.

Overall examples in the group of regions discussed above indicate several capabilities in key strategic sectors and sub-technological areas that had been identified as priorities related to advanced materials and nanotechnology. Whilst this information complements a more general overview of priorities that

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can be captured through the analysis of EYE@RIS3 database and constitutes a good reference point for further investigation, the data still remains at too aggregated level to be able to make suggestions in terms of potential opportunities of cooperation within areas along specific value chains that could be considered of common interest by a group of regions. The following example offers a good practice case from Bremen, which illustrates the need to establishing a better understanding about the actual strategic activities and recent developments taking place on the ground.

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Good practice example in spotlight

Bremen: EcoMat Centre for Eco-efficient Materials & Technologies

One of the most recent undertakings in the city of Bremen’s support policy is the set up of the EcoMaT technology centre (Centre for Eco-efficient Materials & Technologies) that will form a central project in the context of the above-mentioned overall strategy to support key industrial clusters. In close co-operation with and supported by Airbus Group, EcoMaT will be developed into a central point of reference for Bremen-based firms and research institutions in the field of materials and lightweight construction, focusing on aerospace.

In an era of ever shorter product life cycles, high-performance materials and innovative materials in the field of reinforced plastics, technical ceramics, natural materials, surfaces and coatings, nanocomposites and smart materials Bremen thus seeks to leverage existing capacities for local development by bringing together experts from both the business and scientific research sector in a single environment. Other than many PPP, the EcoMaT will not formally be developed as a distinct legal entity. Instead, the strategy aims at establishing an emergent network between dynamic partners that operate in close proximity. Hence, the “core” of EcoMaT remains an innovative research building in Bremen’s Airport City, akin to known core facilities of advanced technology parks with a campus ambition. In the long run, more than 500 employees shall work in the EcoMaT environment.

Originally, the initiative was conceived in the context of an application for Germany’s national level competition for ‘Research Campuses’, under which, due to its particular approach, it did not receive any funding. Nonetheless, both WFB and Airbus Group chose to continue the effort in coordination with prospective anchor partners as it is seen to be of strategic importance for Bremen’s industry. As originally suggested by the federal research campus initiative, joint research ‘under one roof’ remains the central proposition of the approach.

EcoMaT: Location in Bremen’s Airport City

Source: Presentation WFB Bremen

On the basis of future tenant’s commitments to rent more than 80% of all foreseen laboratory and office space, the planning process was taken back up in earnest in the course of 2012. By the end of the year, the EcoMaT coordination office had succeeded in acquiring future tenants for more than 90% of the planned laboratory and office spaces. Overall, EcoMaT will bring together local actors from both the science (Fraunhofer IFAM, Technologiebroker Bremen, ISEMP Airbus Endowment Chair, FIBRE Institute Bremen) and the business sector (Daimler, P3 Group, AVIABELT e.V., BK Werkstofftechnik, TESTIA, Airbus Defence & Space, Airbus Innovation).

Source: Esther Schnabl and Henning Kroll, Fraunhofer ISI, RIM Plus 2016 Regional Innovation Report, Bremen (Advanced Materials), forthcoming.

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3.3 Industry perspective Overall agglomeration of activities related to advanced materials (nanotechnology) and related industries using such materials and breakthrough technology in regions for which we were able to assign based on the ECO data is relatively low.

Clusters with “3 stars” were identified for only five regions and “2 stars” were found for the remaining regions, whereas no stars could be associated with priorities related to KET/nanotechnology and NACE category C24 – Manufacture of basic metals. The regions ranked at the position with “3 stars” clusters included regions like Midi-Pyrénées reflecting the specialisation in boarding and logistics systems for different modes of transport but also regions characterised by lower innovation performance such as Castilla-La Mancha (ES), Kujawsko-Pomorskie (PL), and Vest Region (RO). The concentration of related activities in those regions were respectively: aeronautics; tools, moulding forms and plastic products; automotive and ICT.

This result should be treated with caution because of the differences in the classifications used in the EYE@RIS3 and the ECO databases, general indication of sectoral focus in the former, in addition to the lack of KETs-related priorities in the latter.

For that reason, it is necessary to broaden the analysis and take into account stars of clusters that can be attributed to sectors which are relying to a greater extent on the use of advanced materials and nanotechnology. In particular, advanced materials and nanotechnology are driven by the developments in aerospace and automotive sectors.

3.3.1 Providers and users of modern technologies related to advanced materials (nanotechnology) With regard to aerospace sectoral activities, we find a relatively high concentration of “3 star” clusters in German and French regions. Such level of agglomeration can be found in some Spanish regions (Comunidad de Madrid and Castilla-La Mancha) as well as in the UK (areas of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire; Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire; Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and Bristol/Bath). Also there are regions in the Czech Republic and Sweden with one cluster each labelled with “3 stars”, namely Střední Čechy and Östra Mellansverige.

The distribution of “2 star” clusters is more evenly spread across a higher number of European regions. In particular, German regions and some parts of the UK account for a high proportion in terms of the number of stars. Similar concentration of activities can be found in Austria (Oberösterreich), Belgium (Prov. Liège), Czech Republic (Střední Morava), Denmark (Midtjylland), Spain (País Vasco and Andalucía), France (Picardie, Haute-Normandie, Pays de la Loire), Italy (Piemonte, Campania and Puglia), Poland (Lubelskie and Podkarpackie), Sweden (Norra Mellansverige and Mellersta Norrland) and in the UK (Lancashire, Lincolnshire, West Midlands, Hampshire and Isle of Wight, Dorset and Somerset, and West Wales and The Valleys areas).

In the category of manufacturing motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers, two German regions with “4 stars” were identified. The distribution of “3 stars” is quite evenly spread across a higher number of European regions and similar situation can be noted with regard to “2 stars”. In both cases, German regions account for an important share of total clusters in these two categories.

Annex 5 presents a concentration of aerospace vehicles and automotive industries based on the ECO data.

The following two maps (Figure 7) illustrate the distribution of advanced materials and nanotechnology capacities in relation to the political priorities defined by the regions.

The first map (presented on the left) clearly shows proportionally high concentration of industries driving the development of these technologies in Austrian, German, French, Spanish and the UK regions. Another observable trend which emerges from the analysis of data is a generally good match between the identified priorities and relevant industrial activities. With regard to industries characterised by the uptake of these technologies (presented on the right), it is found that capacities are

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distributed more evenly across a large number of regions. It is also important to note that for a relatively a small group of regions there seems to be no matches between the policy priorities and relevant industries which are characterised by higher penetration of these technologies.

Figure 7 Clusters of providers and possible users of technologies related to advanced materials; RIS3 priorities vs. industrial agglomeration

Note: Star size refers to aggregate number of relevant cluster observatory stars in the region; blue colour indicates that a relevant RIS3 priority has been defined in the region. Source: Own analysis based on Eye@RIS3 and Cluster Observatory Data, Maps ESRI ArcGIS.

In summary, the concentration of economic activities points to the existence of industrial networks located in specific European regions where one would expect higher degree of advanced materials and nanotechnology-related applications. Positioning clusters alongside the cluster lifecycle would be important to determine the maturity of clusters and their future growth potential; however, the ECO database does not provide the information at this level of granularity. In the absence of such information, it is necessary to map out the key relevant industrial actors who play a central role in their networks and could take part in the process of enhancing cross-border cooperation with the view of developing industrial applications with special focus on advanced materials and nanotechnology. More detailed information on economic operators is presented next.

3.3.2 Key economic operators in the area of advanced materials (nanotechnology) The table below presents a list of economic operators (i.e. clusters and individual companies) including both the providers and related industries characterised by intensive use of advanced materials and nanotechnology.

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Table 14 List of economic operators in C29 and C30 clusters Clusters/Firms Regions

AERA - ASOCIACION AEROANUTICARAGONESA Aragón

Aerospace Technology Cluster Puglia

Aerospace Valley Midi-Pyrénées

AFIL Lombardia

Alenia Aermacchi Puglia

Advanced Materials Manufacturing Eastern Netherlands Overijssel

Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre (AMRC) Yorkshire and the Humber

Animaforum – Associação para o Desenvolvimento da Agro-Industria

Alentejo

Associação Pool-Net – Portuguese Tooling Network Centro (PT)

AgustaWestland Puglia

Austrian Advanced Lightweight Technology Platform Austria

AUTOMOTIVEST Cluster Vest

Automotive North-West e.V. Bremen

Automotive Cluster Hanover-Braunschweig-Göttingen-Wolfsburg

Niedersachsen

AVIABELT e.V. Bremen


BalticNet-PlasmaTec e.V. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

CASTRA Югозападен (Yugozapaden)

CFK Valley e. V. Niedersachsen

Cluster of Excellence MERGE Sachsen

Cluster Transport, Mobility and Logistics in Berlin-Brandenburg Berlin

Demcon Overijssel

EMC2 Pays de la Loire

Finmeccanica Puglia

Fineko Green Technologies West Finland

Galician Automotive Cluster Foundation (CEAGA) Galicia

Graphenea País Vasco

Haydale Ltd Wales

Hamburg Aviation (National Leading-edge Cluster) Niedersachsen

IonPhasE West Finland

International Security Cluster Lietuva

IQE plc Wales

Kobleder GmbH Oberösterreich

Langzauner Oberösterreich

Lightweight Construction Cooperation Forum Oberösterreich

LIKUID NANOTEK País Vasco

MADRID AEROSPACE CLUSTER Comunidad de Madrid

MATERALIA Lorraine

Machining Innovation Network e.V. Bremen

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Clusters/Firms Regions

Micronit Microfluidics Overijssel

Millidyne West Finland


Nano Regions Alliance - NANORA

Belgium (Wallonia), France (Nord-Pas-de-Calais), Germany (Hessen and Saarland), The Netherlands (Southern Netherlands), Ireland and United Kingdom (North West England)

nanoBasque Agency País Vasco

Niedersachsen Aviation Hamburg

North East Automotive Alliance Limited Northumberland and Tyne and Wear

Ossila Ltd Yorkshire and the Humber

Pegasor West Finland

Plasma SYSTEMS Slaskie

Plastipolis Rhône-Alpes

Peak Technology Oberösterreich

PREVAC Slaskie

Railgrup Cataluña

Regional Initiative Nano- and Material Innovations Niedersachsen

Safe Efficient Advanced Materials 47 partner from 10 countries

si-Cluster Aττική (Attiki)

Silesian NANO Cluster Slaskie

Smart Nanotechnologies Slaskie

Steel Innovation Cluster / Polo del Acero Principado de Asturias

TechnologyMountains e. V Freiburg

TenCate Overijssel

TTP i-Trans - competitiveness cluster Nord - Pas-de-Calais

Welsh Composites Consortium Wales

Urban Logistic Cluster Association Sud-Vest Oltenia

United Manufacturing Industry Eastern Netherlands Overijssel

XeraCarb Ltd Yorkshire and the Humber Source: Based on RIM Plus Regional Innovation Reports and Cluster Cooperation Platform.

3.4 Research and technology capabilities

3.4.1 Regional distribution of patents The table below presents regions which can be characterised by high concentration of patent applications in the area of advanced materials. As expected, the hotspots are located in German, Austrian, Italian and French regions.

Table 15 Hotspots of patenting activities in the area of advanced materials


North Rhine-Westphalia 900

Île-de-France 800

Bavaria 650

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Rhineland-Palatinate 500

Hesse 350

South Netherlands 320

Northwest Italy (Lombardia, Piemonte, …) 320

Eastern Austria (Vienna, Lower Austria, …) 300

Baden-Württemberg 260

Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 230 Source: EPO Worldwide Patent Statistical Database, PATSTAT.

As shown in the table below, there is a group of regions characterised by relatively much lower patenting activities in this area.

Table 16 Geographical areas characterised by lower patenting activities in related technologies to advanced materials


Noreste (Spain) 60

Madrid 30

Polish Region Centralny (Łódzkie, Mazowieckie) 25

Czech Republic (Praha, Jihovýchod) 15

Polish Region Południowy (Małopolskie, Śląskie) 10

Slovenia 10

Portugal 10

Source: EPO Worldwide Patent Statistical Database, PATSTAT.

3.4.2 Technological centres The figure below gives an overview of technological centres specialised in providing services to the SMEs sector in the area of advanced materials and nanotechnology. This is by no means an exhaustive list and an overview of RTOs participating in the relevant thematic calls funded under the FP7 and Horizon 2020 is presented in the following section.

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Figure 8 SMEs' access to KETs (Advanced materials and Nanotechnology) Advanced Materials Nanotechnology

Source: https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/kets-tools/kets-ti-inventory/map

3.4.3 Analysis of FP7, H2020 projects Altogether there were some 805 projects funded under FP7, Priority area: Nanosciences, Nanotechnologies, Materials and new Production Technologies (hereinafter referred to as NMP) involving in total 10,235 participants from different countries. From among the EU15 Member States, the following countries accounted for the highest share of participants: Germany (17.9%), Italy (10.4%), the UK (10.3%), followed by Spain (9.9%) and France (8.1%). Among internationally renowned institutions the following organisations played a role of coordinators (e.g. in Germany: Fraunhofer, Technical University of Dresden, Technical University of Dortmund, Technical University of Chemnitz, Max Planck, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; in Italy: CNR, Foundation of Technical University of Milano, Technical University of Torino, the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, National Research Institute of Metrology, GRAPHITECH Foundation; in the UK: University of Bath, Cardiff University, Institute of Nanotechnology University of Manchester, and EUSPEN – European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology; in Spain: ASCAMM Foundation, Tecnalia, Tekinier Foundation, University of Barcelona, Technical University of Catalonia; in France: CEA, CRNS, National Institute of Applied Science in Lyon, Cetim - Technical Centre for Mechanical Industries.

Comparatively, the EU13 countries accounted for the share of 7.4% and countries like Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovenia, Romania and Hungary recorded the highest number of participants.

Top 10 EU regions which accounted for the highest concentration of funding (EC contribution) include the following group of regions: Oberbayern, Île de France, País Vasco, Comunidad de Madrid, Etelä-Suomi, Köln, Piemonte, Lombardia, Lazio, and Hovedstaden. Altogether they account for approximately about one third of total funding.

On the other hand, ten regions characterised by the lowest share of funding include regions such as Provincia Autonoma Bolzano, Brandenburg-Nordost, Северозападен (Severozapaden), Friesland, Matla, Észak-Magyarország, Dél-Dunántúl, Basse-Normandie, Basilicata and Trier.

The figure below clearly shows the concentration of patenting activities and funding obtained under FP7 by stakeholders from the EU15 regions. One of the emerging findings is that there is a group of regions which accounted for an important share of funding from FP7 and at the same time was successful in patenting activities. It is also important to note that the obtained funding has not led in some cases to substantial increase in the patenting activities. Finally, there is a group of regions characterised by a generally low research and technology readiness level.

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Figure 9 RIS3 priorities vs. technological capacity; Hotspots of research and innnovative activities related to advanced materials as evidenced by FP7 funding EPO patent applications and

Note: Patents reflect advanced materials patents as defined in the KETs Observatory. Source: Own analysis based on EYE@RIS3 and Cluster Observatory Data, Maps ESRI ArcGIS.

In order to have a better overview of stakeholders, the table below presents a selected list of coordinators from the EU13 countries of the FP7 projects in the area of Nanosciences, Nanotechnologies, Materials and new Production Technologies.

Table 17 Coordinators of FP7 projects in the area of advanced materials and nanotechnology (selected EU13 countries)


Uniwersytet Gdanski Pomorskie

Politechnika Wroclawska Dolnośląskie

Instytut Obrobki Plastycznej Wielkopolskie

Mostostal Warszawa s.a. Mazowieckie

Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy – Panstwowy Instytut Badawczy Mazowieckie

Akademia Gorniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanislawa Staszica w Krakowie Małopolskie

Instytut Technologii Materialow Elektronicznych Mazowieckie

Vysoka Skola Chemicko-Technologicka v Praze Praha

Univerzita Karlova v Praze Praha

Tescan Orsay Holding as Jihovýchod

Tecnologicke Centrum Akademie Ved Ceske Republiky Praha

Kemijski Institut Slovenia

Institut Jozef Stefan Slovenia

Energosys Energiahatekonysagi Fejlesztesi Es Finanszirozasi Zartkoruenmukodo Reszvenytarsasag Közép-Magyarország

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Magyar Tudomanyos Akademia Szamitastechnikai Es Automatizalasi Kutatointezet Közép-Magyarország

Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Közép-Magyarország

Nemzeti Innovacios Hivatal Közép-Magyarország

Source: Own based on the E-CORDA database.

Within the Leadership in enabling and industrial technologies – Nanotechnologies and Leadership in enabling and industrial technologies - Advanced materials programmes of H2020 there have been some 60 projects assigned, according to the latest available data.

The table below presents projects in which organisations from the EU13 countries participate.

Table 18 List of projects and beneficiaries of H2020 projects in the area of advanced materials and nanotechnology (EU13 countries)

Projects’ tile Countries

ERA-NET for materials research and innovation LT;ES;EE;NL;IS;DE;FR;CY;IT;SE;RU;TW;BE;HU;LU; BR;NO;SK;PL;TR;RO;LV;ZA;IL;SI;IE;PT

Open access pilot plants for sustainable industrial scale nanocomposites manufacturing based on buckypapers, doped veils and prepregs

ES;IT;EL;UK;BE;PL

INdustrial Scale Production of Innovative nanomateRials for printEd Devices ES;IT;BE;FR;UK;LV;AT

Smart Tools for Gauging Nano Hazards FR;UK;SI;DE;FI;DK;SE

High level Integrated SEnsor for NanoToxicity Screening SK;AT;IE;DE;ES;NO;IL;UK

Development of novel, high Performance hybrid TWV/GPF Automotive afteR treatment systems by raTIonAL design: substitution of PGMs and Rare earth materials

US;BE;DK;CZ;UK;ES;EL;IT;NL;FR

Scaling-up biodegradable nanomedicines for multimodal for multimodal precision cancer immunotherapy

UK;NL;DE;CZ;BE;PL;IT

PROMOTING ACTIVE AGEING: FUNCTIONAL NANOSTRUCTURES FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE AT ULTRA-EARLY STAGES.

ES;BE;NL;LT;PT;FI

Silicon based materials and new processing technologies for improved lithium-ion batteries PL;AT;FR;DE;SE;UK

Microbial Desalination for Low Energy Drinking Water AT;HU;TN;NL;CL;PT;ES;DE

The Development of Medium- and Large-Scale Sustainable Manufacturing Process Platforms for Clinically Compliant Solid Core Nanopharmaceuticals

UK;CH;IE;ES;PL;IT

Promoting the Implementation of Safe by Design DE;RO;BE;UK;IT;FR;CH;PT

“Nanocomposite for building constructions and civil infraestructures: European network pilot production line to promote industrial application cases.”

FR;SE;IT;SI;ES;PL;DE;UK;CH

Development and implementation of Grouping and Safe-by-Design approaches within regulatory frameworks

EL;NL;ES;RO;FR;IT;DE;CH;SE;NO;BG;DK;UK;BE;CZ;PL

NANOmaterials for the REStoration of works of ART DE;FR;IT;ES;UK;US;NL;BR;SI;SE;IE;DK

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Projects’ tile Countries

Zinc Air Secondary innovative nanotech based batteries for efficient energy storage

ES;DE;NO;BG;DK

Trash-2-Cash: Designed high-value products from zero-value waste textiles and fibres via design driven technologies SE;FI;ES;SI;UK;IT;NL;DK;DE;TR

Diabetes Reversing Implants with enhanced Viability and long-term Efficacy IT;UK;IE;NL;DE;CZ;ES

Processing and control of novel nanomaterials in packaging, automotive and solar panel processing lines BE;ES;HU;DE;IT;SI;UK

Injection moulding, casting and coating PILOTS for the production of improved components with nano materials for automotive, construction and agricultural machinery.

ES;DK;IT;RO;FR

PROtective composite Coatings via Electrodeposition and Thermal Spraying IT;ES;SE;AT;EL;UK;PT;BE;CY

Nanomaterial FAte and Speciation in the Environment CZ;IT;FR;CH;UK;SE;NL;DE;PT;ES;PL;AT;SI;BG

Networking and market approach to tackle the bottleneck of deploying micro and nanofluidics in Europe

ES;DK;PT;BG;IT;UK;BE;FR

Source: Own based on the H2020 projects’ database.

The existing evidence points to a consolidation of research capabilities in the field of advanced materials and nanotechnology among renowned internationally scientific research institutions. Another observable trend is a growing integration of RTOs from the EU13 countries into the relevant European networks, which is by no means negligible and could be further strengthened in the future to ensure the development of innovative industry-led applications on the basis of advanced materials and nanotechnology.

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4 Conclusions

With regard to Industry 4.0

Industry 4.0 is a field that is gaining momentum and according to many studies holds substantial potential for both producers and potential users of related technologies. Due to the prominent focus on AMT from the perspective of key enabling technologies, however, the perspective of diffusion and potential for application has so far not yet been sufficiently explored empirically. According to most studies, however, it is precisely this perspective that will be most relevant for increases in productivity and industrial modernisation.

Overall, our analysis reveals a large number of potentially relevant priorities in European’s regions specialisation strategies, underlining that the topic is overall well acknowledged and recognised as a relevant opportunity by many. While the exact focus of and formulation of these priority areas differs and many are more broadly related to ICT technology, there is a substantial number that indeed make concrete reference to cyber-physical systems or concrete applications of ICT in the manufacturing sector. Also, a number of examples demonstrate that several regions have undertaken relevant good practice action with a view to policies in the field.

At the same time, it is obvious that the challenges remain daunting for many. In many lagging regions there are simply not enough players and where there are some, they do by themselves not providing a sufficiently large group to constitute a relevant regional innovation ecosystem. Quite commonly, regional research capacities and the actual needs of the local manufacturing sector do not easily correspond to each other. Instead, providers of technology or software solutions turn to customers outside of the region and local industry, if at all, obtains support from elsewhere. Hence, interregional and international collaboration would be crucial to create more broad-based momentum for industrial modernisation, yet it remains difficult even in more advanced regions. Furthermore, Industry 4.0 related solutions remain concentrated within or in the environment of larger firms – for which their productivity enhancing potential is easy to be realised. Independent SMEs, in contrast, face substantial difficulties to fit the new technological opportunities with their commercial models and master sufficient resources for their uptake. That situation is aggravated by the fact that, outside the leading regions, there is a very limited number of organisations supporting SMEs with the uptake of Industry 4.0 related technologies – and qualifying them to do so.

With a view to the regional distribution of Industry 4.0 relevant industries – as documented based on the cluster observatory – it becomes obvious that sectors involved mostly in technology creation remain quite strongly concentrated in Central Europe, and, counting the software sector the UK. With a few exceptions, most clusters concentrate in Germany, France, Northern Italy, the Basque Country and a few more. With a view to those industries that are potential users of such technologies (or producers and users at the same time) the picture appears much broader involving industries from many more parts of Western as well as Central Eastern Europe. While some of that potential remains dormant and yet to be leveraged, this illustrates how broad the basis for Industry 4.0 based industrial modernisation could potentially be – if the abovementioned obstacles could be overcome.

With a view to actual technology production – as measurable through patents – an even more focused picture emerges: Germany, France, Northern Italy, Belgium and the Netherlands share the bulk of the applications whereas in most other regions the amount of technological activity remains very limited – once more underlining the need for interregional and international collaboration between technology producers and technology users in the field.

Finally, an analysis of FP7 and H2020 supported research activities with relevance to Industry 4.0 reveals that while some partners from peripheral regions and technologically less advanced Member States appear indeed able to contribute to relevant research in a substantial manner, their number is rather limited an hardly any of them seems in the position to lead a consortium. However, an analysis of projects already started under H2020 suggests that they indeed start to successfully team up with leading actors in the field: if support to this effort could continually be given, this might leverage and

50

improve complementary capacities otherwise remaining outside the focus of Industry 4.0 related research and development activities.

With regard to advanced materials and nanotechnology

The composites industry has recorded an upward trend both in terms of market share and production volume. Nonetheless, the plastics world production is still about 35 times higher than the production of composites. Recognising the potential and new market opportunities, there have been recently a lot of efforts undertaken to form new partnerships both in Europe and the US.

As far as nanomanufacturing is concerned it still remains to a large extent a niche area. The market forecasts made in not so distant past - according to which nanotechnology would lead to a significant growth of industries underpinned by developments in this area - have proved to be largely overestimated. Nevertheless, the existing evidence points to new industrial applications being successfully developed and commercialised.

Another observable trend highlighted in the present report is that the majority of SMEs focus on smartly engineering new products and to a much lesser extent on increasing the uptake of advanced materials (nanotechnology), even though these breakthrough technologies can pave the way to the development of new innovative products and contribute to the transformation both at the company and industry level.

Advanced materials (nanotechnology) were identified as a priority area by a large number of regions covering the majority of the EU countries. This can be considered as a positive development but also indicates the extent of challenges lying ahead for ensuring a coordinated approach in this specific thematic area across European regions.

Establishing a better understanding about the identified S3 priorities is a complex process. It involves a detailed review and double-checking of information for related priorities that are classified under various areas. In order to be able to carry out an informed analysis, it is necessary to construct a thematic area with common characteristics. The main lesson learnt is that confining the analysis to the existing classification of S3 priorities is likely to lead to missing out some important and relevant information. By including into the analysis the sectors that are driving the developments of these technologies as well as their industries characterised by their uptake, it is possible to give a more complete and realistic picture about the current situation in the specific thematic area and potential for future cooperation among European regions.

While it is clear that some industries are driving the developments of these technologies, the biggest challenge yet is to ensure their maximum uptake by the various industries. Otherwise, it will not be possible to achieve the desirable effects on growth and jobs. In the framework of this assignment, we also identified a list of key economic operators (i.e. clusters and individual companies). This provides a good basis for establishing a pool of contacts to providers and possible users of these technologies.

The analysis of patent data clearly points to a gap of research and technology capabilities across European regions. The report put a spotlight on the growing integration of scientific and research institutions from the EU13 countries into European networks which is far from being negligible. While it is important to achieve a better integration of RTOs from these countries, there is also a room for improving the ratio of public funding and patenting activities in general. In conclusion, advanced materials and nanotechnology offer new possibilities that can trigger the modernisation of industry across European regions.

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Annex 1 Selected references

Literature (Reports, studies and databases): 1. Bax L. (2015) Lightweighting automotive past, present and future collaborative R&D&I.

Presentation delivered during the Regional Innovation Monitor Plus workshop held in Brussels on 16 December 2016. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/regional-innovation-monitor/sites/default/files/report/The Role of Lightweight in Today’s an Tomorrow’s Car Manufacturing.pdf

2. E-CORDA database of FP7 projects. 3. European Cluster Observatory, Star clusters database. Available at:

http://ec.europa.eu/growth/smes/cluster/observatory/cluster-mapping-services/cluster-mapping/mapping-tool/index_en.htm

4. H2020 projects’ database. Available at: https://data.europa.eu/euodp/en/data/dataset/cordis-h2020projects-under-horizon-2020-2014-2020

5. JEC Composites (2011) Summary of worldwide composites industry. Available at: http://www.jeccomposites.com/sites/default/files/content/files/9200-summary_worldwide_composites_industry_2011.pdf

6. McKinsey (2015) The Internet of Things: Mapping the Value behind the Hype. McKinsey Global Institute. Available at: https://www.mckinsey.de/files/unlocking_the_potential_of_the_internet_of_things_full_report.pdf

7. Muro Mark, et al., Brookings (2015) America’s advanced industries. What they are, where they are, and why they matter? Available at: http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Reports/2015/02/03-advanced-industries/final/AdvancedIndustry_FinalFeb2lores.pdf?la=en

8. PwC (2015) Industrie 4.0: Chancen und Herausforderungen der vierten industriellen Revolution. PwC. Available at: http://www.strategyand.pwc.com/media/file/Industrie-4-0.pdf

9. Roland Berger (2014): Industry 4.0, The new industrial revolution, How Europe will succeed.. Roland Berger Strategy Consultants, Munich. Available at: www.rolandberger.com/publications/ publication_pdf/roland_berger_tab_industry_4_0_20140403.pdf,

10. Schnabl E. and Kroll H., Fraunhofer ISI (2016) RIM Plus 2016 Regional Innovation Report, Bremen (Advanced Materials), forthcoming.

11. Technopolis/Fraunhofer ISI (2015) Mapping advanced manufacturing networks and exploring new business opportunities. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/regional-innovation-monitor/report/thematic/thematic-paper-mapping-advanced-manufacturing-networks-and-exploring-new-business

Web sources: 12. European Cluster Cooperation Platform (http://www.clustercollaboration.eu) 13. European Commission

(http://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/chemicals/reach/nanomaterials/index_en.htm). 14. European Commission, DG Health and Food Safety

(http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/opinions_layman/nanomaterials/en). 15. KETs Observatory (https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/kets-tools/kets-ti-

inventory/map). 16. National Nanomanufacturing Network – NNN (http://www.nano.gov/nanotech-

101/what/manufacturing). 17. RIM Plus Regional Innovation Reports 2016 (https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-

databases/regional-innovation-monitor/report/innovation). 18. RIM Plus repository, Baseline regional profiles (https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-

databases/regional-innovation-monitor). 19. The Lightweight Innovations for Tomorrow - LIFT (http://lift.technology/wp-

content/uploads/2014/06/LIFT-ExecutiveSummary-2015.pdf). 20. Welsh Composite Centre (http://www.swansea.ac.uk/reis/archive content/wcc).

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Annex 2 Overview of Industry 4.0 relevant priorities in specific sectors

Region Description Capability Capability (Sub)

C 26 - Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products

Flemish Region Micro- and nano-electronics and embedded systems, mechatronics - part of 'Smart systems'

Micro/Nano-electronics Manufacturing & industry

Czech Republic Engineering industries and electrotechnics. Micro/Nano-electronics ICT

Strední Morava Electrotechnics, scientific instruments none Manufacturing & industry

Baden-Württemberg Micro- and nano-technology Photonics


Berlin Optics; Laser technology: Micro systems technology: wide-bandgap semiconductors, power electronics & sensors, micro-opto-electro-mechanical systems (MOEMS) etc.

Photonics Manufacturing & industry

Brandenburg Optics Photonics Manufacturing & industry

Rheinland-Pfalz Micro systems technology, sensors & automation


Sachsen Microelectronics including organic and polymer electronics (semi-conductors), Photonics

Micro/Nano-electronics, Photonics

Manufacturing & industry

Dytiki Ellada Microelectronics Micro/Nano-electronics Manufacturing & industry

Galicia Boost ICTs as the driving sector of the Galician knowledge-based economy

Micro/Nano-electronics ICT

Pohjois-Karjala Technology and materials (photonics, mining, broadband issues) Photonics Manufacturing & industry

Île de France Optics, photonics, and robotics as horizontal theme Photonics Manufacturing & industry

Centre esign of systems of energy storage, chemical and electrochemical


Bretagne

Advanced technologies for industrial applications (a) Photonics and materials for optics, b) Multi-purpose materials, c) Harsh environment technology, d) Electronics, robotics, cobotics for industrial engineering, e) Advanced manufacturing systems for small batches (Factory of the Future)

Photonics Manufacturing & industry

Aquitaine, Embedded networking software and connected objects, development of existing excellence in laser and photonics

Micro/Nano-electronics, Photonics


Limousin, Electronics Micro/Nano-electronics Manufacturing & industry

Guyane Remote technology & sensing none Manufacturing & industry

Ireland Future Networks & Communications none Manufacturing & industry

Valle d'Aosta Sensor technologies relative to water, snow, landslide, biodiversity, monitoring networks none Manufacturing & industry

Sicilia Nano & micro systems/electronics Micro/Nano-electronics Manufacturing & industry

53

Sardegna Aerospace none Manufacturing & industry

Emilia-Romagna Mechatronics Advanced manufacturing systems


Toscana Photonics Photonics Manufacturing & industry

Poland Optoelectronic systems and materials none Manufacturing & industry

Slaskie ICT: Micro/ Nano-electronics Micro/Nano-electronics ICT

Lubelskie IT & automation: nanotechnology & engineering


Bratislavský kraj Navigation systems none Manufacturing & industry

Sweden ICT - electric components and systems none Manufacturing & industry

Wales Advanced materials. Photonics. Compound semiconductors Photonics Manufacturing & industry

C 28 - Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.

Walloon Region

Mechanical engineering - Innovative functional systems (machines, industrial or consumer equipment, as well as processes). Comprehensive forming technologies and additive manufacturing, Microtechnologies and mechatronics, Intelligent maintenance, metal recycling

Advanced manufacturing systems


Moravskoslezsko

Special machines, facilities and technological procedures of industrial automation for production and testing, Mechatronic systems and facilities (incl. connected modelling and simulations)



Bayern Efficient production technologies, mechatronics, automatisation & robotics



Bremen Machinery & robotics Advanced manufacturing systems


Nordrhein-Westfalen Machine & plant engineering Advanced manufacturing systems


Principado de Asturias New models for manufacturing - digital and additive manufacturing



Cantabria

Machinery and automotive equipment. Specialisation in automotive: melting processes, production of iron elements, aluminium, polymers, Specialisation in machinery: energy generators and high tech electro-mechanical machinery.



Com. Foral de Navarra Mechatronics Advanced manufacturing systems


La Rioja Automation and advanced manufacturing Advanced manufacturing systems


Com. Valenciana Advanced Manufacturing Processes for Capital Goods



54

Etelä-Karjala Solutions based on special know how in real-time simulation of dynamics, multi-technical systems and virtual engineering



Pohjois-Savo Mechanical industry and energy technology Advanced manufacturing systems


Keski-Pohjanmaa Metal industry - machine engineering Advanced manufacturing systems


Île de France Complex systems engineering and software - simultaneously involving 3 target markets (1) mobility, (2) health and (3) energy/environment,



Haute-Normandie RELIABILITY OF SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS IN EMBEDDED SYSTEMS



Lorraine

Advanced industrial processes: Engineering (production process organisation, and production management computing), simulation and modelisation (software, digital simulation, multi-scale modeling, prototyping), equipment and intelligent tools (captors, robotics, automatisation)



Franche-Comté

Microsystems for surveillance and diagnostics, in transport, telecoms, health, building, aeronautical and agrofood sectors. Research areas - mecatronics, optics, photonics, high frequency captors, neuro morphical calculation; Microtechnique and luxury products (jewels, glasses, shoes, clocks), robotisation, micro manufacturing, nanomaterials.



Pays de la Loire advanced production technologies: machines, equipment, electronic components, conception/production/recycling, manufacturing plant of the future,



Limousin Mechanics Advanced manufacturing systems


Auvergne Advanced manufacturing systems Advanced manufacturing systems


Hungary Advanced technologies in the vechile and other machine industries



Piemonte Mechatronic Advanced manufacturing systems


Lombardia Advanced Manufacturing Advanced manufacturing systems


Puglia Advanced Manufacturing, Mechatronics Advanced manufacturing systems


P A di Trento Mechatronics Advanced manufacturing systems


Poland (HORIZONTAL APPROACH): Automation and Robotics processes



55

Slaskie ICT: Advanced manufacturing systems (Information service activities)



Wielkopolskie Manufacturing of the Future: machinery and equipment, precise processes, new technologies and materials



Opolskie Metal and machine industry technologies (Technologies of power transmission system, Technologies of design and manufacture of machinery and devices, Metal technologies)



Uppsala län Knowledge intensive industries (paper, nuclear power, tools manufacturing, special forging, powder metalurgy and special cables)



Västernorrlands län Hydraulics Advanced manufacturing systems


Slovenia

SI_ndustry 4.0 - Smart Factories ? integrated solutions enabling companies to build competent value-chains incl. production optimisation: (distributed) production management and control, quality assurance, regulation and data processing, intra-logistics, automation; optimisation and automation of production processes: smart machines and equipment, mechatronic systems, actuators and smart sensors, virtual technological production systems, remote monitoring and management, modularity of products and solutions, intelligent materials, etc.



J61, J62, J63 – Telecommunications, Computer programming, Information service activities (selected)

Pirkanmaa

Renewable industry: intelligent machines, advanced manufacturing, industrial internet, information and communication technology (ICT)



Helsinki-Uusimaa

Digitalising Industry: Focuses on supporting industry renewal by utilizing the opportunities provided by digitalization and ICT as well as big data. Developing value chains and business operation in order to renew the companies.



Champagne-Ardenne

Optimization of the performance, transformation and utilisation of materials. This implies optimizing ICT in the manufacturing processes, including tools, digital simulation, retroconception, databases, software libraries, fast prototyping, surfacing treatment

Advanced materials Manufacturing & industry

Slaskie ICT: Advanced manufacturing systems (Biotechnology)



Östergötlands län

Smart and secure connected products and systems. systems of secure, Internet-integrated, communicating electronics and sensors as well as innovative methods for manufacturing and distribution of such systems/products, e.g. printed electronics.

ICT trust, cyber security & network security

Information & communication technologies (ICT)

Sweden ICT and automation for industrial processes Advanced manufacturing systems


Marche Electrical home appliances/ domotics/ home automation none Information & communication

technologies (ICT)

56

Source: Eye@RIS3 platform data, own analysis.

Toscana Advanced manufacturing Advanced manufacturing systems


Aquitaine Embedded networking software and connected objects

Micro/Nano-electronics


Pohjois-Pohjanmaa ICT and software applications for industry Advanced manufacturing systems


Satakunta ICT for Smart Specialisation. Key enabling technologies and manufacturing technologies.



Estonia

Use of ICT in industry- data analysis and information management, embedded systems and robotics, and production automation and industry 4.0



Saxony Advanced production technologies Advanced manufacturing systems


Nordrhein-Westfalen

ICT (embedded systems, machine-to-machine communication, sensor & actor networks, software engineering, cloud computing, communication networks with focus on cyber physical systems, etc.)

none Information & communication technologies (ICT)

Walloon Region

Digital technologies and Industry 4.0 - Smart mobility, e-health, green technologies, Internet of things, serious games, big data, open data, transmedia, etc.



Voreio Aigaio ICT and processed food none Information & communication technologies (ICT)

Comunidad de Madrid

Development of applications and content. Infrastructure, networks and advanced communications systems. Computer systems and information processing. Modeling and simulation applied. Security software, networks and information systems

Digital Agenda Information & communication technologies (ICT)

Czech Republic ICT, automatisation and electronics; Engineering industries and electrotechnics.



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Annex 3 Overview of Advanced materials (nanotechnology) relevant priorities in specific sectors

Region Description Capability Capability (Sub)

C30 - Manufacture of other transport equipment; C29 – Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers; and C - Manufacturing

Flemish Region

Structural materials, nano-materials, self-healing materials, recyclable materials and materials for energy and light. part of 'Specialised manufacturing solutions'

Advanced materials Nanotechnology & engineering

Région Wallonne

Aeronautics & space - Composite and metallic materials, embedded systems, space applications and systems, modeling and simulation

Advanced materials Motor vehicles & other transport equipments

Bayern New and intelligent materials, nano- and micro-technology Advanced materials Nanotechnology & engineering

Berlin Materials Advanced materials

Brandenburg Materials Advanced materials

Bremen Innovative materials Advanced materials

Hamburg Materials, systems & processes Advanced materials

Hessen Nano- and materials technology Advanced materials Nanotechnology & engineering

Mecklenburg-Vorpommern New materials & sustainable production Advanced materials

Nordrhein-Westfalen New materials Advanced materials

Rheinland-Pfalz Materials & surface technologies Advanced materials

Sachsen Nano technology Nanotechnology Nanotechnology & engineering

Sachsen New materials Advanced materials Other manufacturing

Galicia

Diversification of Galician driving sectors and their ancillary sectors by using Key Enabling Technologies (KETs) oriented towards development of new high added value processes and products that enable exploration of new markets based on hybridisation, knowledge and technology. [Diversification of Driving Sectors: Automotive and Shipbuilding]


Principado de Asturias

Advanced and sustainable materials - Materials for industry, Sustainable materials, Nanomaterials and Graphene


País Vasco Nano technology Nanotechnology Nanotechnology & engineering

Aragón New materials Advanced materials Other manufacturing

58

Comunidad Valenciana

Innovative products. Advanced and efficient manufacturing systems and materials.

Advanced materials Other manufacturing

Etelä-Pohjanmaa Materials production. research and development of intelligent materials for buildings and industry

Advanced materials

Etelä-Savo Smart, functional materials Nanotechnology Nanotechnology & engineering

Picardie Energy, mobility, urbanicity 4. Innovative materials and assembling for industry, building and vehicles

Advanced materials

Bourgogne advanced materials and production processes Advanced materials Nanotechnology & engineering

Poitou-Charentes Advanced materials and reduction of environemental impact in transport systems


Ireland Processing Technologies & Novel Materials Advanced materials

Campania Nanotechnology and new materials Advanced materials

Toscana Nanotechnology Nanotechnology Nanotechnology & engineering

Moldova Innovative materials, technologies & products Advanced materials

Montenegro New materials Advanced materials

Lubelskie

Medicine & Health: Nanotechnology & engineering (tissue engineering, advanced materials, regenerative medicine)

Nanotechnology Nanotechnology & engineering

Podkarpackie Nano technology Nanotechnology Nanotechnology & engineering

Sweden Graphene - industrial use Advanced materials Other non-metallic mineral products

Västernorrlands län Material technologies Advanced materials

Bratislavský kraj Nano technology Nanotechnology Nanotechnology & engineering

Bratislavský kraj Intelligent surfaces Advanced materials

Greater Manchester Advanced materials Advanced materials

Wales Materials evaluation and testing. Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO)


Source: Eye@RIS3 platform data, own analysis.

59

Annex 4 Star clusters in the manufacturing of computer, electronic and optical products; machinery and equipment; and Telecommunication, Computer programming, ICT services

Star clusters in NACE C26 - Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products

Austria **** Wien

Bulgaria

*** Yugozapaden

Czech Republic

*** Praha

** Střední Čechy, Severovýchod

Germany ** Oberbayern, Darmstadt, Düsseldorf

Denmark **** Hovedstaden

Finland *** Pohjois- ja Itä-Suomi

** Etelä-Suomi

France

** Île de France

Hungary *** Nyugat-Dunántúl, Észak-Magyarország

** Közép-Magyarország

Ireland

** national

Italy

** Liguria, Campania, Lazio

Luxembourg

*** national

Malta

** national

The Netherlands **** Noord-Holland, Zuid-Holland

*** Gelderland, Utrecht

** Groningen, Friesland (NL), Drenthe, Overijssel, Flevoland, Noord-Brabant, Limburg (NL)

Poland *** Mazowieckie

** Pomorskie

Portugal *** Alentejo

Romania ** Bucureşti – Ilfov

Sweden **** Stockholm, Västsverige

*** Östra Mellansverige

** Sydsverige

Slovakia *** Bratislavský kraj

United Kingdom *** West Yorkshire, Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire, Inner London, Outer London, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire, Hampshire and Isle of Wight, Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and Bristol/Bath area

** Northumberland and Tyne and Wear, Greater Manchester, Lancashire, South Yorkshire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire and Warwickshire, Shropshire and Staffordshire, West Midlands, East Anglia, Surrey, East and West Sussex, West Wales and The Valleys, East Wales, South Western Scotland

60

Star clusters in NACE C28 - Manufacture of machinery and equipment Austria

*** Oberösterreich, Vorarlberg

** Niederösterreich, Kärnten, Steiermark

Czech Republic *** Moravskoslezsko

** Jihozápad, Jihovýchod

Germany

**** Stuttgart, Karlsruhe, Tübingen, Schwaben, Düsseldorf

*** Oberbayern, Oberpfalz, Unterfranken, Münster, Arnsberg, Koblenz, Dresden, Schleswig-Holstein

** Freiburg, Mittelfranken, Darmstadt, Weser-Ems, Köln, Detmold, Rheinhessen-Pfalz, Saarland, Chemnitz, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen

Denmark *** Syddanmark, Midtjylland

** Nordjylland

Spain ** País Vasco

Finland

*** Länsi-Suomi

** Etelä-Suomi

France ** Île de France, Alsace

Hungary ** Közép-Magyarország, Közép-Dunántúl, Dél-Alföld

Italy ** Piemonte, Lombardia, Veneto, Emilia-Romagna

The Netherlands *** Noord-Brabant

Sweden

*** Östra Mellansverige

** Västsverige, Norra Mellansverige, Mellersta Norrland

Slovakia

** Stredné Slovensko

United Kingdom ** East Anglia

61

Star clusters in NACE J61, J62, J63 – Telecommunication, Computer programming, ICT services Austria

*** Wien

** Kärnten, Steiermark, Salzburg

Belgium *** Prov. Antwerpen

** Bruxelles-Capitale, Prov. Oost-Vlaanderen, Prov. Vlaams-Brabant, Prov. West-Vlaanderen, Prov. Brabant Wallon, Prov. Hainaut

Belgium

** Yugozapaden

Czech Republic

*** Střední Čechy, Severovýchod, Střední Morava

** Jihozápad, Jihovýchod

Germany ***** Münster

**** Mittelfranken, Köln, Arnsberg

*** Stuttgart, Karlsruhe, Tübingen, Oberbayern, Oberpfalz, Berlin, Darmstadt, Detmold, Leipzig, Schleswig-Holstein, Thüringen

** Freiburg, Oberfranken, Unterfranken, Schwaben, Bremen, Hamburg, Gießen, Kassel, Hannover, Düsseldorf, Dresden, Chemnitz

Denmark **** Sjælland

*** Hovedstaden, Syddanmark

** Midtjylland, Nordjylland

Finland

**** Helsinki-Uusimaa

** Pohjois- ja Itä-Suomi

France *** Île de France, Midi-Pyrénées, Rhône-Alpes, Auvergne, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Corse

** Centre, Nord - Pas-de-Calais, Alsace, Bretagne, Aquitaine

Hungary

*** Közép-Magyarország, Észak-Alföld

** Közép-Dunántúl, Észak-Magyarország

Ireland *** national

Italy

** Lombardia

Luxembourg

*** national

The Netherlands

***** Zuid-Holland, Zeeland

**** Noord-Holland, Noord-Brabant

*** Utrecht

** Gelderland, Flevoland, Drenthe

Poland *** Dolnośląskie, Opolskie

** Mazowieckie, Lubuskie

Portugal ** Lisboa

Romania ** Bucureşti – Ilfov, Vest

Sweden ***** Östra Mellansverige

**** Stockholm

*** Västsverige

** Sydsverige

Slovakia

*** Západné Slovensko

** Bratislavský kraj

United Kingdom

**** Leicestershire, Rutland and Northamptonshire, Outer London, Hampshire and Isle of Wight, Dorset and Somerset

*** Greater Manchester, Lancashire, Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire, Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire, Surrey, East and West Sussex, Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and Bristol/Bath area

** West Yorkshire, Shropshire and Staffordshire, West Midlands, East Anglia, Inner London

Source: Own assessment based on the European Cluster Observatory.

62

Annex 5 Star clusters in the manufacturing of ‘other transport equipment’ and ‘motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers’

Star clusters in NACE C30 - Manufacture of other transport equipment Czech Republic Austria

*** Střední Čechy ** Oberösterreich

*** Tübingen Belgium

Germany ** Prov. Liège

*** Oberbayern Czech Republic

*** Schwaben ** Střední Morava

*** Brandenburg Germany

*** Bremen ** Stuttgart

*** Hamburg ** Oberpfalz

*** Darmstadt ** Mittelfranken

*** Düsseldorf ** Unterfranken

Spain ** Weser-Ems

*** Comunidad de Madrid Denmark

*** Castilla-La Mancha ** Midtjylland

France Spain

*** Île de France ** País Vasco

*** Centre ** Andalucía

*** Aquitaine France

*** Midi-Pyrénées ** Picardie

*** Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur ** Haute-Normandie

Sweden ** Pays de la Loire

*** Östra Mellansverige Italy

United Kingdom ** Piemonte

*** Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire ** Campania

*** Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire ** Puglia

*** Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and Bristol/Bath area Poland

** Lubelskie

** Podkarpackie

Sweden ** Norra Mellansverige

** Mellersta Norrland

United Kingdom

** Lancashire; Lincolnshire; West Midlands;

Hampshire and Isle of Wight; Dorset and

Somerset; West Wales and The Valleys; East

Wales

63

Star clusters in NACE C29 – Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers Germany Romania Spain Portugal

**** Oberpfalz *** Centru ** País Vasco ** Norte

**** Unterfranken *** Sud – Muntenia ** Cataluña Romania

Netherlands *** Vest Finland ** Nord-Vest

**** Noord-Holland Sweden ** Etelä-Suomi ** Centru

Austria *** Västsverige France Sweden *** Niederösterreich Slovakia ** Île de France ** Stockholm

*** Wien *** Bratislavský kraj ** Nord - Pas-de-Calais ** Västsverige

*** Tirol *** Stredné Slovensko ** Lorraine ** Mellersta Norrland

Czech Republic United Kingdom ** Alsace ** Övre Norrland

*** Jihozápad *** West Midlands ** Franche-Comté Slovakia *** Severozápad *** Outer London ** Bratislavský- kraj

*** Jihovýchod Austria Hungary ** Západné- Slovensko

*** Moravskoslezsko ** Niederösterreich ** Közép-Magyarország ** Východné- Slovensko

Germany ** Steiermark ** Közép-Dunántúl United Kingdom

*** Stuttgart Belgium ** Nyugat-Dunántúl ** East Yorkshire and Northern Lincolnshire

*** Karlsruhe ** Prov. Oost- ** Dél-Dunántúl ** West Midlands

Vlaanderen ** Észak-Magyarország ** Surrey, East,

West Sussex

*** Oberbayern ** Prov. Vlaams ** Észak-Alföld -Brabant ** Dél-Alföld

*** Niederbayern Czech Republic Italy

*** Oberfranken ** Střední Čechy ** Piemonte

*** Mittelfranken ** Severovýchod ** Campania

*** Hamburg Germany ** Lazio

*** Darmstadt ** Tübingen ** Lietuva

*** Chemnitz ** Schwaben Luxembourg

*** Thüringen ** Brandenburg ** Luxembourg

France ** Bremen Latvia *** Provence-Alpes ** Darmstadt ** Latvija

-Côte d'Azur

Hungary ** Kassel Netherlands *** Nyugat-Dunántúl ** Braunschweig ** Gelderland

Netherlands ** Hannover ** Noord-Brabant *** Zuid-Holland ** Rheinhessen-Pfalz ** Noord-Brabant

*** Zeeland ** Saarland Poland

*** Limburg (NL) Denmark ** Śląskie

Poland ** Sjælland ** Wielkopolskie

*** Mazowieckie Estonia ** Dolnośląskie

*** Śląskie ** Eesti0

Source: Own assessment based on the European Cluster Observatory.

technopolis |group| Belgium Competence Centre Policy and Regions Avenue de Tervuren 188a Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISI B-1150 Brussels Breslauer Straße 48 Belgium DE-76139 Karlsruhe T +32 2 737 74 40 Germany F +32 2 727 74 49 T +49 721 6809-181 E [email protected] F +49 721 6809-176 www.technopolis-group.com www.isi.fraunhofer.de

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