2656 geog 176c kuhngood/176c/kuhn.pdf · • hydrological – river courses – cross sections –...
TRANSCRIPT
INSPIREDirective of the European Parliament and the
Council
establishing an
Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the
European Community
Werner Kuhn
University of Muenster
Geog 176C Class Slides
Based on JRC Inspire Documents
Thanks to Max Craglia et al.
What is a Spatial Data
Infrastructure• A framework of data, technology, policies, standards,
and human resources, necessary to facilitate the sharing
and using of geographic information.
• The term infrastructure is used to
emphasise not just hardware and data
(equivalent in the rail system to carriages,
power lines, rail tracks, stations) but also
the need for coordinating structures and
international standards and agreements
(on gauges, timetables, safety rules,
signalling, etc.) without which the system
cannot operate consistently and safely.http://europa.tiscali.it/futuro/speciali/quiz_giovani/374123859quiz.html
Why do we need such
infrastructure?
• Increasing shift from sector-based (silos)
policy making towards more integrated,
cross-sectoral approaches.T
ran
sp
ort
Ag
ric
ult
ure
Re
gio
na
l p
oli
cy
En
vir
on
me
nt
Re
se
arc
h
Impacts
• This new approach
particularly
important for
environmental
policy
• But very difficult to
get to work across
sectors and
boundaries
http://www.wintermantel-lagersysteme.de/uploads/pics/IndustrieSilos.jpg
State of the Environment in
Europe (and elsewhere)• Although Kyoto targets
achievable,projections up to 2030for the EU-15 show a14% rise ofgreenhouse gasemissions above 1990levels
• Energy production,and transport are themain contributors togreenhouse gasemission (30% and20%)
• IPCC has calculatedthat by the end of thiscentury, sea levelscould rise by up to 89centimetres andtemperatures couldrise by between 1.4°Cand 5.8°C.
Source: IPCC
Departures in temperature in 0C from 1990
Visible consequencesCoastal ErosionSource: EUROSION Project
Sea Level trends in mm/y
Source: Marcos & Tsimplis, as quoted in JRC/IES
Forest Fire RiskSource: JRC/IES
Source: JRC/IES
Source: JRC/IES
Less visible but equally important:
Environment and Health• 20 million Europeans suffer from respiratory problems
every day
• 10% of European children suffer from asthma
• In the EU in 2000, about 350,000 were seriouslyaffected due to air pollution caused by fine particulatematter.• Current levels of ground-
level ozone cause more
than 20,000 premature
deaths each year and
dangerous levels of 'smog',
linked with high summer
temperatures and nitrous
oxide emissions, are on the
rise. Source: eea_technical_report_5_2007.pdf
Nature and Biodiversity
• Since the 1950s, Europe has lost more than half of itswetlands and high-nature-value farmland.
• At the species level, 42% of Europe's native mammals,43% of birds, 45% of butterflies, 30% of amphibians,45% of reptiles and 52% of freshwater fish arethreatened with extinction.
• Most major marine fish stocks are below safe biologicallimits for their survival. In 2003, 22% of total catcheswere outside safe biological limits, marking a substantialworsening compared to 2002 (8%).
• Some 800 plant species in Europe are at risk of globalextinction.
Impacts of Flooding
• In the period 1998-2002 floods comprised 43% of alldisaster events in Europe
– 100 major floods
– 700 dead
– Half a million displaced people
– 25 billion Euros uninsured economic loss
• Along the Rhine, 10 m people live in areas liable toextreme flooding, potential damage estimated at 165 bn.Euros
• 101,000 km of coastline, population doubled in last 50years. Assets within 500 meters of coast = 500-1000 bneuros.
Environmental phenomena do not
stop at national borders• 20% of the EU citizens (110 billion) live
within 50 km from a border.
• 60 million EU citizens live less than half anhour (25 km) from a border
Near - boundary population importance
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How to address these issues
• Comprehensive set of policies covering surface
and ground water quality, flood assessment,
marine and coastal areas, soil, etc.
• Right geographical scale i.e. river basin for water
quality and floods
• Sound knowledge based on timely, accurate,
easily accessed geospatial and environmental
information, shared across European, national,
and local jurisdictions.
Current GI Situation in Europe
• A lot of data but difficult to find because they arepoorly documented
• Even if you find data, it is often not possible toaccess because of policy restrictions
• Lack of co-ordination across borders andbetween levels of government
• Lack of standards and incompatible informationand information systems
• Even if these barriers are overcome, the data isoften not re-usable or difficult to integrate withother data
Fact: A bridge collapsed !
Where: Town of Laufenburg in the canton of
Aargau located along the river Rhine
Why: The already completed bridge on the
Swiss side has a difference in altitude (level)
of 0,54 meters compared to the German
counterpart
How: The two neighbouring countries use
varying (different) measuring methods
Source:http://www.laufenburg.ch
Differences in sea-level across EuropeDifferences in sea-level across Europe
and within a country (in cm)and within a country (in cm)
14.01.2004
Source: BKG
Good policy must be based on
sound knowledgeInformation needs for flood and drought forecasting:• Meteorological
– Rainfall
– Temperature
– evapotranspiration
• Hydrological
– river courses
– cross sections
– observed discharges and water levels
– location of lakes, incl. size & water levels
– hydropower reservoirs, polders
• soil data
– texture and depth to bedrock
– soil hydraulic parameters
• land use data
– type
– coverage during the year
– Population
– Economic value of properties
• topographical data
– elevation
– location and height of dykes
– critical infrastructure (hospitals,
power stations, elderly homes)70% of all fresh water bodies in Europe70% of all fresh water bodies in Europe
are part of a trans-boundary river basin !!are part of a trans-boundary river basin !!
Real information problems
• Data sets exist either at European level (soil data (ESB), land usedata (CORINE), river courses) or at national levels
• Typical problems:– finding the right contact person is difficult, due to frequent staff &
political changes;
– the technical responsible is not the political responsible
– no clear data access and pricing policy
– data are not documented: knowledge is with a limited number oftechnical persons
• If one obtains the data, it may be fit for the purpose, but requiressubstantial work to convert in formats and semantics– it took 2.5 years to get 70% of the data for the Danube, but the
remaining part is still extremely difficult to get even if one is prepared topay for it
– this does not yet include the time to harmonize the data!
Why we need data for analysis
Acquiring remotely sensed data Modelling it with in-situ data Mapping it by Census zone
Calculating mortality rates
Limitations of Past Approaches
• CORINE “Coordination of Information on theEnvironment” Council Decision of 1985– Experimental project for gathering, coordinating and ensuring
the consistency of information on the state of the environmentand natural resources in the Community
• Problems:
– Variable data access policy
– Lack of consistency with other data
– Semantic heterogeneities
– Irregular updating
– No long term perspective
– Lack of quality/reliability
– Lack of synchronization with other data
NATURA 2000• 1990’s directive on
the conservation ofnatural habitatsand of wild faunaand flora– SCI (Sites of
communityimportance)
– SAC (SpecialAreas ofConservation)
• Directive on theconservation of wildbirds– SPA (Special
Protection Areas)
Natura 200022.500 areas, 12-15% of the EU15
Different quality and
different types of attribute information
• Data compiled byMember States:– Paper map / site
– Descriptive database
– Digital spatial data
• Data get validatedand integrated atEuropean level
• Data sources:– In general 1/100.000,
on topographic maps
– Exceptionally1/250.000 (very largesites)
– Often 1/25.000–1/1.500 (cadastre)
Activities
•Agricultural structures
•Landfill, land reclamation and drying out
•Professional fishing
•Modification of cultivation practices
•Continuous urbanisation
Area = 67 ha
Species
•Falco Subbuteo
•Rhinolophus Hipposideros
•Lycaena Dispar
•Bombina Variegata
Data utilization problems
Natura2000 – TypicalQuestions
• In which administrativeregion is the site?
• Major roads runningthrough the area?
• Variation of altitude andslope?
• Location of nearestvillages and cities?
• How are the land coverand land use distributed?
• Where are potentiallypolluting nucleus’situated?
• Is there an area eligiblefor Community funding?
Only data of poor quality are available
to
answer those questions….
EC Proposal for a Directive establishing an
infrastructure for spatial information in the
Community – INSPIRE
In SummaryEnvironmental Needs• Better information needed to
support policies [6EAP]
• Improvement of existing informationflows
• Diversity across regions to beconsidered
• Revision of approach to reportingand monitoring, moving to concept ofsharing of information
Situation in Europe• Data policy restrictions
• Lack of co-ordination across bordersand between levels of government
• Lack of standards incompatibleinformation and information systems
• Existing data not re-usablefragmentation of information,redundancy, inability to integrate
Environmental data• 90% of is linked to geography
• Out of 58 data components neededfor environmental policy :
– 32 are multi-sectoral
– 16 are environmental only
– 10 are related to other sectors
• These 32 components allow to:– link different ENV themes together:
policy coherence
– link with other sectors: integrationsource EEA
• INSPIRE lays down general rules to establish aninfrastructure for spatial information in Europefor the purposes of Community environmentalpolicies and policies or activities which mayhave an impact on the environment.
– This infrastructure shall build upon infrastructures forspatial information established and operated by theMember States.
• INSPIRE does not require collection of newspatial data
• INSPIRE does not affect Intellectual PropertyRights
INSPIRE DirectiveINSPIRE Directive
General ProvisionsGeneral Provisions
What Kind of Spatial Data ?
• Whose ? - Spatial data held by or onbehalf of a public authority operating downto the lowest level of government whenlaws or regulations require their collectionor dissemination
• Which data ? - INSPIRE covers 34 SpatialData Themes laid down in 3 Annexes –(required to successfully buildenvironmental information systems)
INSPIRE Components
• Metadata
• Interoperability of spatial data sets and services
• Network services (discover, view, download, invoke)
• Data and Service sharing (policy)
• Coordination and measures for Monitoring & Reporting
INSPIRE is a Framework Directive
Detailed technical provisions for the issues above will belaid down in Implementing Rules (IR)
INSPIRE Spatial Data Scope
Annex I
1. Coordinate reference
systems
2. Geographical grid systems
3. Geographical names
4. Administrative units
5. Addresses
6. Cadastral parcels
7. Transport networks
8. Hydrography
9. Protected sites
Annex II
1. Elevation
2. Land cover
3. Ortho-imagery
4. Geology
Harmonised spatial data specifications more
stringent for Annex I and II than for Annex III
Annex III
1. Statistical units
2. Buildings
3. Soil
4. Land use
5. Human health andsafety
6. Utility andgovernmental services
7. Environmentalmonitoring facilities
8. Production andindustrial facilities
9. Agricultural andaquaculture facilities
10.Population distribution– demography
11. Areamanagement/restriction/regulation zones &reporting units
12. Natural risk zones
13. Atmospheric conditions
14. Meteorologicalgeographical features
15. Oceanographicgeographical features
16. Sea regions
17. Bio-geographical regions
18. Habitats and biotopes
19. Species distribution
20. Energy Resources
21. Mineral resources
INSPIRE Thematic Scope
INSPIRE Data Sharing Policy• Member States shall adopt measures for the sharing of
data and services between public authorities for publictasks relating to the environment without restrictionsoccurring at the point of use.
• Public authorities may charge, license each other andCommunity institutions provided this does not create anobstacle to sharing.
• When spatial data or services are provided toCommunity institutions for reporting obligations underCommunity law relating to the environment then this willnot be subject to charging.
• Member States shall provide the institutions and bodiesof the Community with access to spatial data sets andservices in accordance with harmonised conditions.
From Commission proposal
to Community Directive
implementation• Preparatory phase (2004-2006)
– Co-decision procedure
– Preparation of Implementing Rules 2005 – 2008…
• Transposition phase (2007-2008)– Directive enters into force
– Transposition into national legislation
– INSPIRE Committee starts its activities
– Adoption of Implementation Rules by Comitology
• Implementation phase (2009-2013)– implementation and monitoring of measures
Metadata
Member States shall create metadata and keep them up to date
• Metadata shall include:
– Conformity with rules on interoperability
– Conditions for access and use
– Quality and validity
– The public authorities responsible
– Limitations on public access
• Once Implementing Rules adopted:
– Created within 2 years for Annex I, II
– Created within 5 years for Annex III
Interoperability of spatial data sets
and services
• Harmonised data specifications– Annex I, II, III:
• definition and classification of spatial objects
• geo-referencing
– Annex I, II:• common system of unique identifiers for spatial objects;
• relationship between spatial objects;
• key attributes and corresponding multilingual thesauri;
• how to exchange the temporal dimension of the data;
• how to exchange updates of the data.
• 3rd parties shall have access to thesespecifications at conditions not restricting theiruse
• Cross-border issues shall be agreed on
Implementing Rules shall be adopted for interoperability and wherepractical for harmonisation of spatial data sets and services
Network Services
Member States shall operate a network of the following services
available to the public for data sets and services for which metadata
has been created:
• Discovery services No charge
• Viewing services No charge (exceptions)
• Download services
• Transformation services
• Services allowing spatial data services to be invoked
- Access to services may be restricted
- Services shall be available on request to 3rd parties under conditions
- Implementing Rules will be adopted for which cost-benefit
considerations are to be taken into account
- INSPIRE Geo-portal shall be established – Member States geo-
portals
Implementing INSPIRE• Needs to consider the broader context of
existing initiatives which could contribute
• Interfaces with initiatives GMES, GEO/GEOSS,GALILEO, global developments of spatial datainfrastructures
• Bottom-up implementation by Spatial DataInterest Communities, SDIC
• SDIC bundle the human expertise of users,producers and transformers of spatialinformation, technical competence, financialresources and policies. Many SDIC exist today,generally organised by region, thematic issue orsector (industry).
Commission Services co-ordinate
Spatial Data Interest Communities participate
Projects
contribute
Drafting
Teams
Consolid
ation T
eam
Proto-typestest
Pilotsvalidate
CEN, ISO, OGCcontribute
INSPIRE Expert Group
advises
INSPIRECommittee
votes
ECadopts
Publicreviews
Im
ple
menting R
ule
s
Dra
ft
Imple
menting R
ule
s
Form
al In
tern
et
Consultation
Revie
w
Call
for
Inte
rest
Exis
ting R
efe
rence M
ate
rial
Experts are
proposed
Association phase Drafting phase Review phase
LMOs
review
MSapply
INSPIRE process 2005-2009
The role of SDIC
Spatial Data Interest Communities
• To collect and describe user requirements,
• To submit/develop reference materials
• To allocate experts to the drafting teams,
• To participate in the review process,
• To implement pilot projects
– to test/revise/develop the draft Implementing Rules,
• To contribute to cost/benefit analysis
– to assess costs of the draft Implementing Rules,
• To contribute to awareness raising and training
The role of
Drafting Teams (DT)
• To analyse and review the reference
material
• To write draft INSPIRE Implementing
Rules
• To provide recommendations to the
Consolidation Team, CT (EC) - in case of
conflicting technical specifications
• To provide suggestions to the CT for
testing any proposed specification
The role of projects,
pilots and prototypes
• To develop representative use-case scenarios
• To develop/test specifications for IR
development
• To demonstrate the feasibility and advantages of
interoperability-based solutions
• To acquire experience in implementing
interoperability-based solutions
• To determine cost and benefit of interoperability
based solutions on the basis of real cases
Conclusions
• INSPIRE is a framework Directive with top-downImplementing Rules developed
But…
• Bottom-up development of Implementing Rulesthrough stakeholder participation - the “Spatial DataInterest Communities”
• Open and transparent drafting and review ofImplementing Rules
• Pilots and Projects play a key role to define andvalidate the Implementing Rules
• INSPIRE is a pillar of GMES
• INSPIRE is a major EU contribution to GEO/GEOSS
Thank you for your attentionhttp://www.ec-gis.org/inspire/
And now for something completely
different…