26.2 a new kind of war objective: we will explore the new warfare tactics used, and the effects this...
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26.2 A New Kind of War• Objective: We will explore the new
warfare tactics used, and the effects this had on populations of the world.
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Western Front•Germans sweep through France towards Paris. •First Battle of the Marne drives Germans back.
•Schleiffen Plan no longer an option. Russia now invades and Germany fighting 2 fronts.
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http://www.diggerhistory.info/images/trenches/turks-trench-anzac.jpg
noviomagus.tripod.com
TRENCH WARFARE
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Trench Warfare• Started along Western Front for
protection and because they were outnumbered. W/ modern tech. Small numbers could hold out.
• “Race to the Sea”• Life in trenches• What was “No Man’s Land”? • Casualties
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Tanks• First used during the Battle of the
Somme (British Mark 1 Tank) 1916• Designed to break stalemates and
cross “no man’s land”
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http://www.pilotfriend.com/century-of-flight/Aviation%20history/airplane%20at%20war/images/17a.jpg
WAR IN THE AIR: Zeppelins & Biplanes
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GAS
•Germans first use chlorine gas at Ypres in 1915•Allies retaliate•Delivered by artillery
TYPES:Chlorine Gas (Phosgene)Mustard Gas
http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/Heller/images/hellerp81.jpg
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http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/machineguns.htm
MACHINE GUN
http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/gabrmetz/wwi_tank.gif
Machine Guns - European
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Naval Warfare
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Eastern Front•German/Russian border•Nationalistic fighting w/Russians and Serbs vs. Austria, Germany, Ottoman Empire. •Repeated offensives by both sides led to massive casualties.•Tannenberg is example.
•10,000 of 150,000 escaped
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Russia• Continuous lack of supplies for
troops• Germans/Ottomans blocked naval
support.• What did Russia do for the allies?
• Didn’t allow Germany to use full force in the West.
• Lost massive amounts of men, continued to recruit and lose more. Leads to domestic problems.
• World War spreads to Africa and Asia.
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Global War•Japan and Italy join Allies, widening conflict. •Gallipoli campaign looked to take the Dardanelles (1915-1916).
•Allies suffered over 250,000 casualties, disaster.
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Japanese Expansion
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Around the World
• T.E. Lawrence and Britain topple Ottoman cities.
• Allies took German colonies in Africa• Colonial subjects fighting for allies.
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The U.S. Enters•Unrestricted submarine warfare bc of blockade and Lusitania. •Last straw was Zimmerman note. •April 2, 1917 Wilson and Congress declare war.•Doughboys bring new energy/money/resources to the fight.
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Unterseeboot
http://www.vth.de/modellbau/werft/Wer08_02/32.htm
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Lusitania warningThough New York newspapers carried warnings from the German embassy about the dangers of transatlantic travel, the passengers who boarded the Lusitania on May 1, 1915, probably did not imagine themselves in serious danger from submarine attack. The ship was sunk on May 7. Of the 1,959 passengers and crewmembers, 1,198 died, including 128 Americans. (Cobb Heritage Centre, England; photo by Larry O. Nighswander/NGS)
Lusitania warning
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
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Great War Sacrifices•Government responsibilities increase in desperate times:
•“Total War” for European governments. •Economy revolved around war needs. Led to rationing. Government control of press=Propaganda.
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Turning the Tide of War
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Demise of Central Powers•German “Ludendorff Offensive” fails at 2nd Marne. Why?
•Fresh American, French, Moroccan forces
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THE COLLAPSE OF GERMANY• Nov. 3, 1918: German sailors mutiny• Nov. 9. 1918: Berlin rebels• The Kaiser flees to the NetherlandsCEASEFIRE: 11th hour, 11th day, 11th
month
FINAL TOLL: 4 years of fighting, involving 30
nations26 million dead ( half are civilians)20 million wounded10 million refugeesCOST= $350,000,000,000
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/worldwarone/hq/wfront1_02.shtml
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/worldwarone/hq/wfront1_02.shtml