251PHG 251PHG

Cell ContentCont.

Lab(2)

Cell Content

Cell Content:I-Stomata

II-Ca-Oxalate Crystals

III-Trichomas (hair)

IV-Pollen Grain

Cont.

What is Calcium Oxalate Crystals?It is formed in plant to get rid of excess calcium salts,where it reacts with oxalic acid formed by metabolism of carbohydrates. Calcium oxalate precipitates in different shapes & sizes .Calcium oxalate is of great importance in identification & differentiation of different plants.

II-Ca-Oxalate Crystals

II-Ca-Oxalate Crystals

Mount :

Powder + Chloral hydrate

II-Ca-Oxalate Crystals

Calcium oxalate precipitates in different

shapes & sizes .1.Prisms: ex: Quillaia

2. Clusters: ex : Rhubarb

3. Raphides: ex : Squill

II-Ca-Oxalate Crystals

Calcium oxalate precipitates in different

shapes & sizes .

4. Crystal sheath: ex:Senna

5. Rosettes: ex:Datura stramonium

6. Microsphenoidal ( Sandy crystals ): ex:Atropa belladonna

7. Twins: ex:Hyoscymous

Cont.

III-Trichomes(Hair)

Types of Hair

a)Non glandular hair

1)Simple hair

2)Multicellular hair

b)Glandular hair

1)Unicellular stalk,unicellular head

2)Unicellular stalk,multicellular head

3)Multicellular head multicellular stalk

4)Branched hair

III-Trichomes(Hair)

Types of Hair:

A) Non glanduler hair:

1) Simple hair:

a- Warty Cuticle hair (senna)

b-Cystolyth hair (Cannabis)

III-Trichomes(Hair)

Types of Hair:

A) Non glanduler hair:

2) Multicellular:

Uniseriate: (formed one row of cells)

* Conical shaped hair (Datura Strammonium)

* T-shape hair (Pyrethrium)

* Collapsed hair (Digitalis)

Cont.

III-Trichomes(Hair)

Types of Hair:

B) Glanduler hair:

1) Unicellular stalk,Unicellular head (Digitalis)

2) Unicellular stalk,Multicellular head

a) Digitalis

b) Mentha”Labiaceous hair”

Cont.

III-Trichomes(Hair)

Types of Hair:

B) Glanduler hair:

4) Multicellular stalk,Multicellular head”Shagy hair” (Cannabis)

3) Branched hair (Hyocymus)

Cont.

IV-Pollen Grains

Types of Pollen grain:

1) Spiny pollen grain: (Pyrethrium)

2)Triangular pollen grain: (Clove)

IV-Pollen Grains

Stomata: Each stomata consists of two

guard cells which guards the osteole.

IV-Pollen Grains

Types of Stomata:1.Anisocytic stomata: Stomata is surrounded by three or four

epidermal cells one of which is smaller than the others ex : solanaceae

2.Anomocytic stomata : Stomata is surrounded by the same

epidermal cells ex : digitalis leaf

IV-Pollen Grains

Types of Stomata:3. Paracytic stomata : Stomata is surrounded by two

epidermal cells with their long axis parallel to that of the osteole ex : Senna

4. Diacytic stomata : Stomata is surrounded by two

epidermal cells with their long axis at right angle to that of the osteole ex : peppermint

I)Types of Stomata:

1-Paracytic Stomata: 2- Diacytic Stomata:

3-Aisocytic Stomata: 4-Anomocytic Stomata:

III-Trichomes(Hair)

1) Senna (Paracytic stomata,warty cuticle hair and Crystal sheath of Ca oxalate)

2) Mentha (Labiaceous hair and Diacytic stomata)

3) Datura Strammonium (cluster layer of Ca oxalate, non glandular hair and Anisocytic stomata)

4) Digitalis (glandular & non glandular hair,Anomocytic stomata)

5) Pyrethrium (pollen grain and T-shaped hair)

6) Quillaia (prism)

III-Trichomes(Hair)

7) Squill (raphides)

8) Hyoscymus (Branched hair,twin prism & anisocytic stomata)

9) Rhubarb (Cluster of Ca oxalate)

10) Atropa Belladona (sandy crystal & anisocytic stomata)

11) Clove (Triangular pollen grain)

Natural Drugs Containing

Alkaloids

Lab(3)

Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids

•Atropa belladonna •Datura stramonium•Hyoscyamous muticus•Cinchona•Nuxvomica

Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids

General Chemical Tests For Alkaloids : Wagner,s reagent brown ppt.

Mayer,s reagent white ppt. Dragendorff,s reagent orange ppt.

Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids

1) Atropa belladonna:Name : Atropa belladonna

Origin : dried leaf of Atropa belladonna

Family : Solanaceae

Odour : not characteristic

Taste : bitter

Color : green

Active constituents : Atropine

Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids

Microscopical Examination : ( mount : KOH )

a) Ca oxalate : microsphenoidal ( sandy crystals )

b) Anisocytic stomata :

C ) Glandular trichome: (Unicellular head,Multicellular stalk)

Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids

2)Datura stramonium:

Name : Datura stramonium

Origin : dried leaf of Datura stramonium

Family : Solanaceae

Odour : not characteristic

Taste : bitter

Color : green

Active constituents : Atropine

Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids

Microscopical Examination:( mount : KOH )

a)Ca oxalate: Clusters ( Rossettes )

b)Anisocytic stomata :

C)Non Glandular trichome : covering hair, conical shape

Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids

Specific test for Atropine:

Vital’s Test:

pd in porcelain dish + 5 drops fuming nitric acid

yellow residue + few drops 3% KOH in methanol

violet color.

Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids

3) Hyoscyamous muticusName : Hyoscyamous muticus

Origin : dried leaf of Hyoscyamous niger

Family : Solanaceae

Odour : not characteristic

Taste : bitter

Color : pale yellowish brown

Active constituents : Hyoscine , Hyoscyamine

Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids

Microscopical Examination :( mount : KOH )

a) Ca oxalate : Twin prism

b) Anisocytic stomata :

C) Glandular trichome : branched hair

Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids

4. Nux vomica Name : Nux vomica

Origin : dried seeds of Nux vomica

Family : Loganiaceae

Odour : not characteristic

Taste : bitter

Color : grey

Active constituents : Strychnine, Brucine

Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids

Microscopical Examination ( mount : conc HCL + phoroglucinol )

a) lignified ribs :

b ) epidermal cells with lignified ribs :

c ) endosperm:

Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids

Spesific tests for strychnine & brucine :• Strychnine + Mandalin’s reagent violet

color

• Brucine + nitric acid reddish orange

Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids

5) Cinchona:Name : Cinchona

Origin : dried bark of Cinchona

Family : Rubiaceae

Odour : not characteristic

Taste : bitter

Color : reddish brown

Active constituents : Quinine + Quinidine

Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids

Microscopical Examination ( mount : conc HCL + phoroglucinol )

a) lignified fiber: highly pitted , funnel shape

b ) parenchmatus cork cells

c ) oval starch granules

Spesific test: dried test red vapors

Drugs Containing . Glycosides

Lab(4)

Drugs Containing . Glycosides

RhubarbSenna LiquoriceDigitalis

Drugs Containing . Glycosides

On hydrolysis

• Glycosides Glycone + Aglycoene.

(Sugar part)+(Non sugar part).

Drugs Containing . Glycosides

1) Senna

• Name: Senna leaf

• Origin:Dried leaf of Cassia acutifolia

• Family: Leguminosae

• Odour: Not characteristic

• Taste: First sweet, then bitter

• Color: yellowish green

• Active constituent: Sennoside A&B

I-Anthracene (Anthraquinone)

Drugs Containing . Glycosides

I-Anthracene (Anthraquinone)

1)Senna:

• Microscopical examination: Mount: Chloral hydrate why not KOH?

a) Paracytic stomata:

b) Ca Oxalate: Crystal Sheath

c) Simple hair (non glandular)

Drugs Containing . Glycosides

2) Rhubarb

• Name: Rhubarb Rhizomes

• Origin: Rheum Palmatum

• Family: Polygonaceae

• Odour: Characteristic

• Taste: Aromatic bitter

• Color: yellowish brown

I-Anthracene (Anthraquinone)

Drugs Containing . Glycosides

I-Anthracene (Anthraquinone)

1)Rhubarb:

• Microscopical examination: (Mount: H2O)

a) Starch granules,rounded simple & compound:

b) Mount in Chloralhydrate:

Clusters of Ca-Oxalate (Prisms)

c) Fragments of Vesseles

Drugs Containing . Glycosides

I-Anthracene (Anthraquinone)

• Test for combined Anthracene• Modified Borntrager’s test

+ alc.KOH (WB.10min) Dil. HCl + H2O + CH3Cl

CH3Cl layer contains free anthraquine + dil.NH3

(shake)------ 2 layers, upper rose pink lower CH3Cl colorless

Drugs Containing . Glycosides

I-Anthracene (Anthraquinone)• Specific test for Anthracene:• Rhubarb: (Borntrager’s test)

+ H2O (WB.10min) CH3Cl layer contains free anthraquine

+ dil.NH3

(shake)------ 2 layers, upper rose pink lower CH3Cl colorless

Drugs Containing . Glycosides

II- Cardiac Glycoside:

3) Digitalis:

• Name:Digitalis

• Origin:Dried leaf of Digitalis purpurea

• Family:Scrophulariaceae

• Odour: Weak not characteristic

• Taste: not characteristic

• Color: Green

• Active constituents: Digoxin,Digitoxin

Drugs Containing . Glycosides

II- Cardiac Glycoside:

3) Digitalis:

• Microscopical examination:

a) Collapsed hair (multicellular,non glandular)

b) Digit hair(Unicellular stalk,Unicellular head)

(Unicellular stalk,Multicellular head)

c) Anomocytic Stomata:

Drugs Containing . Glycosides

II- Cardiac Glycoside:

3) Digitalis:

• N.B.

No starch, No Ca-Oxalate, No fibers, No stone cells

• Specific Test:

1) Killer Killani

2) Baljet test

3) Kedde test

Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils

Lab(5)

Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils

What is Volatile Oils?

They are odorousprinciples found in plants

evaporate when exposed to air at ordinary

tempreature.

Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils

How to Prepare Volatile Oil?

1) Cold Exoression (e.g.Citrus Oils)

Sponge Method Scarification Method

2) Extraction Method:

Solid Extraction

(flowers)

Liquid Extraction

Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils

3) Steam Distillation:

a-Direct

(Using Clevenger apparatus)

b-In Direct

(for sensitive V.O.)

Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils

1) Mentha:

• Name: Mentha piperita

• Origin:Dried leaf of Mentha pipaita

• Family: Lamiacea

• Odour: charactristic

• Taste: Charactristic

• Color: Green menthol

Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils

1) Mentha: Mount KOH

• Microscopical examination:

a) Diacytic Stomata:

b) Glandular hair(unicellular stalk , multicellular head)[ Labiaceous Hair]:

Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils

2) Anise:

• Name: Anise

• Origin: Dried fruit of Pimpinella anisum

• Family: Apiaceae

• Odour: Charactristic

• Taste: Charactristic

• Color: Olive green

Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils

2) Anise: Mount KOH

• Microscopical examination

a) Non Glandular warty cuticle:

b) Branched Vittae:

c) Endocarp cells:

Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils

3) Clove:

• Name: Clove

• Origin: dried flower bud of Eugenia caryophyllus

• Family: Myrtaceae

• Colour: reddish brown

• Odour: aromatic

• Taste: Spice aromatic

Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils

3) Clove:

• Microscopical examinations:

a- Oil gland

b-Fiber

c-Anthec

d- Triangular pollen grain

Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils

4) Cinnamon:

• Name:Cinnamon

• Origin: dried bark of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum

• Family: Lauraceae

• Colour: reddish brown

• Odour: Characteristic Cinnamaldehyde

• Taste: Characteristic

Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils

4) Cinnamon:

• Microscopical examinations: (Mount KOH)

a-Oil Cell

a-Pericycle fiber

C- Stone Cells