2500% excess heat 65-el-boher

8/10/2019 2500% excess heat 65-El-Boher

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EXCESS HEAT IN ELECTROLYSIS EXPERIMENTS AT

ENERGETICS TECHNOLOGIES

I. Dardik, T. Zilov, H. Branover, A. El-Boher, E. Greenspan,B. Khachatorov, V. Krakov, S. Lesin, and M. Tsirlin

Energetics Technologies Ltd.

Omer, [email protected]

Presented at the11 th

International Conference on Cold Fusion, ICCF-11Marseilles, France

November 1 - 6, 2004
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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CONTENTS1. Presentation objective

2. SuperWaves

used for driving the cell3. Review of glow discharge experiments

4. Description of ET electrolytic cells5. Pd Cathode and its pretreatment

6. Excess heat obtained7. Excess tritium

8. Material analysis


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PRESENTATION OBJECTIVES

1. Review of SuperWave

principles2. Review of Glow Discharge Experiments

3. Description of 3 ET electrolytic cell experimentsthat resulted in significant excess heat generation:

Experiment #

56

64a

64b

Cycle

4 1 2

Loading time (s)

80

5

16

Excess heat (EH) (%)

80

2500

1500Duration of EH (h)

300

17

80

Excess energy (EE) (MJ)

3.1

1.1

4.6

Specific* EH (W/g Pd)

11

71

62

Specific* EE (KeV/Pd atom)

13.5

4.8

20 (24.8)

* - pertaining to effective part of cathode ( 6 x 0.7 cm )


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Operator

Parameters

set up

Superwave

form signalgeneration usingLabView

software

Current amplifierExperimental

system

Lowcurrent

EC are driving by SuperWaves


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))](sinA1)((sinAt)[1(sin)(F 22

212

102

02 t t At ++=

)))](sinA1)((sinA1)((sinAt)[1(sin)(F 32

322

212

102

03 t t t At +++=


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Glow Discharge CellCooling WaterOutput

Cooling Water Input

+

Ground

Tungsten Wire

Palladium Layer

D+

Plasma

100 mm

20 mm

StainlessSteel Body

Conceptual Design


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Cell Assembly


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ETG-1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Time,h

E n e r g y

, k J

Ein Eout Ex ( Excess Energy = Eout - Ein )

Experimental Results with thin Palladium film (about1 m) on Stainless Steel Body

ETG-1

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Time, h

P o w e r , W

Pin Pout

DC

WavesWaves

Shut Down

Maximum Excess Power = 3.7 x Input Power

Total Excess Energy = 6.7 x Input Energy


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Experimental Results with thick Palladium foil (100 m)

ETG-2

-20

0

20

40

60

80100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240260

280

10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52

Time,h

E

n e r g y , k J

Ein Eout Ex(Excess Energy=Eout-Ein)

ETG-2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52

Time,h

P o w e r , W

Pin Pout

Maximum Excess Power = 0.8 x Input Power

Total Excess Energy = 0.8 x Input Energy


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Glow Discharge Experiment Cell ETG-2-18

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460

Time, h

P o w e r ,

W

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

C O P E

, %

Pin Pout COPE=(Pout-Pin):Pin x 100%

Excess Heat Generation during 20 days


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Energy Production from Cell ETG-2-18

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460

Time,h

E n e r g y , k

J

Ein Eout Eex

Excess Energy during 20 days


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Energy Output after shutting down of GD Cel l ETG-3-22

0

1020

30

4050

60

7080

90

0 2 4 6 8Time, hr

E , k

J

Heat After Death

Thermal Energy Stored in GD Cell SS body (m*c p

* T)

Eout


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A AC

T4T5

Teflon

AluminaAluminum

Recombiner

Electrolyte

ET Electrolytic Cell

EC is inside a Teflon beaker that is placed inside an isoperibolic calorimeter

0.1M LiOD

in low tritium content D 2

O (230 ml)


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17

Cathode & Pre-treatment

50 m Pd foil, prepared by

Dr. Vittorio Violante (ENEA Frascatti, Italy)

Annealed at 870o

C in vacuum for 1h

Etched:

-

in Nitric Acid 65-67%; 1 min

-

in Aqua Regia

1:1 water solution; 1 min

Rinsed:

- D 2

O four times

-

Ethanol 95% twice-

Ethanol Absolute once

Dried:

in vacuum at ambient temperature for 24 h

6 0 m m

7 mm


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18

05

10152025

30354045505560657075

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

Delta T

P o w e r

Typical Calibration Curve for Electrolytic Cell Calorimeter


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Block diagramPC

Analyzing,displaying, printout

LCR

Amplifier Temperatures (5)Current,Voltage

Cathode resistance

Wave form

Current Superwave

Cell

Water bath

Temperature

Data Logger

Measured Parameters:

-

Input Current

- Input Voltage

- Wall Temperatures

T 4

and T 5

-

Resistance of cathode

for monitoring loading(four probe AC method)


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Study of Influence of Modulations on Loading

1st level of modulation Constant parametersChangeableparameters


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212nd

level of modulationChangeableparameters Constant parameters



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223rd

level of modulationChangeableparameters Constant parameters



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1st

levelof modulation

2nd

level of modulation

3rd

level of modulation

Of-line RR 0 versus time for Foil N056 (Dr.Violante)

1.



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Of-line RR 0 versus time for Foil N056 (Dr.Violante)

2.



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25Of-line RR 0 versus time for Foil N056 (Dr.Violante)

3.



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Diagram loading versus level of modulation

1.6

1.65

1.7

1.75

1.8

1.85

1 2 3 3 2 1 1 2 3 3 2 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 3

Level of modulation

C u r r e n

t d e n s i

t y , m

A / c m

2

010

20

30

40

50

60

R R 0

RR0 j

Foil N056 (Dr.Violante )



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Diagram loading versus level of modulation

1.7

1.75

1.8

1.85

1.9

1.95

2

1 2 3 3 2 1 1 2 3 3 2 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 3 3 3

Level of Modulation

R R

0

0

10

20

30

4050

60

70

80

90

100

C u r r e n

t d e n s

i t y , m

A / c m

2RR0 j

Foil N051 (Dr.Violante )



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Excess Power; Exp. # 56

Excess Power of up to ~3.5 watts; Average ~2.7 watts for ~300 h

300 h

Average Pout ~6.9 watts

Average Pinet

~3.9 watts

COPE=(Pout-Pinet):Pinet

(6.9-3.9):3.9

0.8


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Excess Energy; Exp. # 56

Excess energy of ~3.1 MJ


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Excess Power; Exp. # 64a

Pout=K T

Pinet=Iin*Vin

P dis

Excess Power of up to 34 watts; Average ~20 watts for 17 h

17 h

Average Pinet

~0.74 watts

Average Pout ~20 watts


(20-0.74):0.74

25


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Temperature Evolution Exp # 64a


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Temperature Evolution, Exp. # 64a

A AC

T 4T 5

T 1

T 2

T 3

T4

T5Tbath


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T=T 4

-T5

Average Current Density = 7.09 mA/cm 2

Cell Voltage, V

Current & Voltage; EXP. # 64a


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34Loading is relatively low (~0.8)

R/Ro & Power; EXP. # 64a


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Excess Power; Exp. # 64b

Excess Power of up to 32 watts; Average ~12 watts for 80 h


(12-0.72):0.72

15

Average Pout ~12 watts

Average Pinet

~0.72 watts

80 h


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36Excess energy of ~4.6 MJ

Excess Energy; Exp. # 64b

Energy production from Cell ETE-4-64, second run

0.00E+00

5.00E+05

1.00E+06

1.50E+06

2.00E+06

2.50E+06

3.00E+06

3.50E+06

4.00E+06

4.50E+06

5.00E+06

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Time, h

E n e r g y ,

J o u

l e

Ein Eout Ex=Eout-Ein

T t E l ti E # 64b


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A AC

T 4T

5

T 1

T 2

T 3

Temperature Evolution, Exp. # 64b

T4T5

Tbath


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T, Current Density & Voltage ; EXP. # 64b

T=T 4

-T5

Average Current Density = 8.37 mA/cm 2

Cell Voltage, V


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R/Ro & Power; Exp. # 64b

Loading relatively low (~0.8)


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Excess Tritium in # 64

Tritium concentration measured at end of #64 analysis ~ 250% of

reference

~625 cm 3

of D 2

O has been added to make-up for evaporation; initial

inventory was 230 cm 3

Assuming TDO/D 2

O evaporation rate ~ 1.0 Estimated T effective concentration ~ 750%

This amount of tritium corresponds to


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Material Analysis

Diagnostics:

Auger Electron Spectrometry

Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive

Spectrometry SEM-EDS

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)


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Material Analysis # 64 vs. 63; SEM-EDS

Surface of Pd foil after rolling and annealing at 870 0C:

sample #64 sample #63

f l l k d


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View of Typical Black Spot on # 64 and its composition

SEM-EDS

Element Wt % At % ____________________________ C 35.77 52.48O 26.19 28.84

Na 4.92 3.77Al 0.43 0.28Si 1.05 0.66Pt 0.39 0.04S 1.44 0.79

Cl 10.68 5.31Pd 2.55 0.42K 11.07 4.99Ca 5.52 2.43Total 100.00 100.00

_____________________________


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AES profiles of Pd, C, O and Cl

of Pd foils #63 and # 64

0 20 40 60 80

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Cl-64

C-64

Pd-64

O-63

Cl-63

C-63

Pd-63

A t . p a r t s

Depth, A 0

After etching in Aqua Regia


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Sample 64. SIMS depth profiling.

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

102

103

104

105

Pd

C

Pt

CNO

S

D

H

Total

C o u n t s

Depth, A 0

Sp ti l distrib tion of selected isotopes me s red b SIMS in #64


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Spatial distribution of selected isotopes measured by SIMS in #64 a

D, b -

32S, c -

total isotopes content, d -

195Pt.Scale bar -

30 m.

ab

c d


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The dislocations in Pd foils after annealing.

#63 #643x1010 , cm -2 6x1010 , cm -2

Dislocation density

TEM


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Plastic deformation of Pd foil caused by D2 absorption.Planes of sliding (111) are visible.

Sample #64


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The area that is shown in the previous picture by an arrow.


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Sample #56

Contact area Working area


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Brittle destruction of Pt Wire Sample #64


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Summary of Material Analysis

Pd surface is covered at least with two types of impurities. The

first

one is a lubricant used at a rolling process with Pd during plasticdeformation of the metal. The second one is a result of adsorption of

air components by Pd surface.

The lubricant stains are of various sizes and configurations andpresent on surface of all samples before and after the electrolysis.

Annealing at 850 0

does not fully remove the lubricant's componentsfrom Pd surface.

The density of dislocations and the average size of grains in sample #64 are twice higher, than in the reference sample.

Nuclear reaction product can not be detected on surface zone due tohigh concentration of impurities. No He measurement has been

attempted.


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SUMMARY

Significant amount of excess heat has been generated in 3 experimentsusing 2 Pd foils.

Dardiks modified SuperWaves have been used for current drive in all thethree experiments.

The average current density was relatively low:

< 10 mA/cm 2

The maximum excess power was

2500% . This range of excess power issuitable for commercial applications (although the operating temperatureswere too low for such applications).

The maximum excess energy generated with a single Pd foil is

5.7 MJ .

This corresponds to a specific energy of

24.8 KeV

per Pd atom.

The highest average power density obtained is

~70 W/g Pd (versus 20 to 50W/g U in commercial fission reactors).

SUMMARY ( t )


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SUMMARY (cont.)

Significant increase in the tritium concentration in the electrolyte has beenobserved. However, the amount of tritium produced is negligible ascompared with the excess energy generated.

No measurement of He has been attempted.

The Pd cathode surface was contaminated by what appears to be lubricantfrom the roller used for pre-treatment as well as impurities adsorbed from

the air.

2500% excess heat 65-el-boher

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