Product TypeSmall MoleculescGMP Small MoleculesPeptidesAptamersChemogenetics Controlled SubstancesCompound LibrariesFluorescent ImagingLigand SetsOptopharmacologyTargeted Protein DegradationReagentsToxins

Research AreaCancerCardiovascular SystemCell and Gene TherapyEndocrinologyImmunologyNeurosciencePain & InflammationRespiratory System

Pharmacology7-TM ReceptorsEnzyme-Linked ReceptorsEnzymesIon ChannelsNuclear ReceptorsTransporters

Cell BiologyAngiogenesisCell CycleCell MetabolismCytoskeleton & Motor ProteinsECM & Adhesion MoleculesEpigeneticsRegulated Cell DeathSignal TransductionStem Cells

For more details on each discovery and to request or download your free poster visit Tocris.com/25-years

Tyr

Tyr

Gly

Gly

Gly

Glu

Glu

Lys

Lys LysCOOH

Lys

LysSer

Gln

Asn

Asn

Ala

Ala

lle

lle

ThrProLeu

LeuValThr

Phe

Phe

Met ThrSer

NH2

hPSCsSomatic cells

What’s next?

Screening

Leadenzyme

Mutagenesis

1927Big Bang Theory

Lemaître

1929 Discoveryof PenicillinFleming

1933+X Ray Crystallography of Biological Molecules AdvancesHodgkin

1951Protein Amino Acid Sequence

Sanger

1859 Theory of EvolutionDarwin and Wallace

1869Periodic TableMendeleev

1861 Germ TheoryPasteur

2003 HumanGenome Project

Completed

2006 Adult Human Cells are Reprogrammed into PSCsTakahashi and Yamanaka 2012 Immune Checkpoint Therapy

Allison and Honjo

2014 Robotic Limb Controlled by the BrainOrtiz-Catalan et al.

2012Discovery of

CRISPRDoudna andCharpentier

2012 Higgs BosondiscoveredATLAS and CMScollaboration

1952 Polio Vaccine Salk

1953DNA Structure Resolved

Watson, Crick, Wilkins and Franklin

1971Discovery of Place Cells

Moser, Moser and O’Keefe

1985 PCR InventedMullis

1985 DNA ProfilingJeffrey et al.

1990Cryo-Electron Microscopy

Dubochet, Frank and Henderson

1993 The Directed Evolutionof Enzymes Arnold

1996Dolly the Sheep Cloned

Campbell et al.

1998 RNA InterferenceFire and Mello

1977MRI Used on First Live Person

1954First Kidney

TransplantMurray

1898Discovery of RadiumCurie

1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940

1950196019701980

1990 2000 2010 2020

25 years ago Tocris Neuramin and Cookson Chemicals merged to become Tocris Cookson, and ever since then we have been supplying researchers with high quality innovative life science reagents to help them make new discoveries. To celebrate our quarter century we have selected our 25 favorite scientific breakthroughs. How do they compare with yours? Did we miss your favorite? Let us know on social media.

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25 Major Scientific Breakthroughs