25-hour Cycles

Cyclical Bodily Functions• Sleep and Wake Up Preferences

• Temperature, Blood Pressure• Hormone Levels

Early Riser? Late Sleeper? Night Owl?

Alteration of the natural 25-hour cycle to fit a 24-hour day

Infants wake to be fed every 2 hours until they entrain their rhythms to sleep through the night.

Problems with Circadian Rhythms:• Shift Work (day, evening, night)

• Jet Lag

3 Reasons for Sleeping:1. Physical and Mental Recuperation

new cell production at highest ratechemicals replenished

2. Consolidated thoughts and experienceshigh level of mental activity; nerve cells fire 5-10X more quickly than when awake

3. Adaptationancestors were quiet, not roaming, when predators were out

SLEEPSTAGES• 4 NREM, 1 REM

• defined based on differences in electrical activity in brain

• 90 minute cycle for all 5 stages (5-6X/night)

NREM Stages

STAGE 1• Heart rate slows further and muscle tension decreases.• Light sleep, still in a transition phase. Sometimes associated with increased imagery.

STAGE 2• Body relaxes further. Stages 1 and 2 together last about 30 minutes.• During this period a person may talk in his or her sleep.

STAGE 3• Transition into deep sleep. Stages 3 and 4 last about 30 minutes and occur during the first 2 to 3 sleep cycles of the night.• Complete sleep. Somewhat difficult to awaken.

STAGE 4• Considerable movement. Little perception of external sounds.• Deeply asleep; most difficult to awaken in this stage.

90 minutes into sleep cycle return quickly to stage 1 and then begin REM sleep. People appear paralyzed, except for movement of the eyes

When awakened from REM sleep 85-90% of people report that they were dreaming

and can recall contents of the dream. Periods of REM are longest during the last

sleep cycles of the night.

SLEEP APNEA• sudden, regular breathing stoppages during sleep• associated with snoring

SLEEP WALKING• may interact, talk with people• occurs during NREM sleep• no memory when awake

INSOMNIA• difficulty falling/staying asleep• unrefreshed even after sufficient sleep• causes include: diet, exercise, sleep environment, worry/concern

HYPERSOMNIA• chronic, excessive sleeping• irresistible drowsiness, daytime napping• difficult to wake

SIDS• death under 1 year unexplained after investigation• usually occurs during infant’s sleep

REM BEHAVIOR DISORDER• act out dream activity• can endanger self

NARCOLEPSY• falling asleep: sudden, unpredictable, uncontrollable• sudden loss of muscle control• possible biological basis

NIGHT TERRORS• NREM stage 4; terrified, eyes open but not awake• when awakened still afraid but don’t know why

NIGHTMARES• during REM sleep• long, movie-like frightening dreams

Sleep-Smart Tips

Sleep is food for the brain: Get enough of it, and get it when you need it. Even mild sleepiness can hurt your performance -- from taking school exams to playing sports or video games. Lack of sleep can make you look tired and feel depressed, irritable, and angry.

Establish a regular bed and wake time schedule, and maintain it during weekends and vacations. Don't stray from your schedule frequently, and never do so for two or more consecutive nights. Avoid delaying your bedtime by more than one hour, awaken the next day within two hours of your regular schedule; if you are sleepy during the day, take an early afternoon nap.

Learn how much sleep you need to function at your best. You should awaken refreshed, not tired. Most adolescents need between 8.5 and 9.25 hours of sleep each night.

Get into bright light as soon as possible in the morning, but avoid it in the evening. The light helps to signal to the brain when it should wake up and when it should prepare to sleep.

Understand your circadian rhythm and maximize your schedule throughout the day according to your internal clock. Compensate for your sleepy times by participating in stimulating activities or classes that are interactive, and avoid lecture classes or potentially unsafe activities, including driving.

After noon, stay away from coffee, caffeinated cola, and nicotine, which are all stimulants. Also avoid alcohol, which disrupts sleep.

Relax before going to bed. Avoid heavy reading, studying, and computer games within one hour of going to bed. Don't fall asleep with the television on -- flickering light and stimulating content can inhibit restful sleep. If you work during the week, try to avoid working night hours. If you work until 9:30 pm, for example, you will need to plan time to "chill out" before going to sleep.

HAPPY SLEEPING…Pleasant Dreams!

DREAMS:Our repressed desires, fears, conflictsin symbolic or disguised form

MANIFEST CONTENT: actual dream events

LATENT CONTENT: hidden symbolic meaning

Must be interpreted in context of individual dreamer or conflict

First, the fun ones:

Driving Cars, Riding Horses, Crossing Bridges, Steps, Ladders, Staircases:SEX (what else, this is Freud, after all.)

Candles, Snakes, Tree Trunks and other elongated objects:You guessed it, the PENIS

Boxes, Balconies, Doors and any enclosed spaces:Another big surprise, the VAGINA

Smooth-Fronted Houses:the MALE BODY

House with Ledges and Balconies:the FEMALE BODY

Don’t you think these interpretations say as much about Freud as they do about the Dreamer?

King and Queen: Parents

Small Animals: Children

Playing with Children: Masturbation

Baldness and Tooth Extraction: Castration

Falling: Desiring to return to a satisfying/protected state (e.g. childhood)

Bathing: Birth

Beginning a Journey: Dying

Naked in a Crowd: Wanting to be Noticed

Flying: Wanting to be Admired

Dreams Are More Than Unconscious Wishes

2 Functions of Dreams:

PROSPECTIVE: help prepare for experiences or events anticipated in near future

COMPENSATORY: balance opposites in psyche, compensate for over-development in psychic structure

Dream Analysisin Series:

uncover themes, issues and

problems from persistent dream

material

AMPLIFICATION vs. FREE-ASSOCIATIONAMPLIFICATION vs. FREE-ASSOCIATION

Repeated association

with responses to initial element

until theme emerges

Repeated association

with responses to initial element

until theme emerges

Develops string of

associations leading

from original dream

element

Develops string of

associations leading

from original dream

element

He may have the CIGAR but he’s

no FREUD!

Dream Analysis

Our dreams reveal how we feel about current life problems in order to help solve those problems

Dreams are oriented toward the PRESENT and FUTURE, not unresolved,

past conflicts

Adler on Dreams:• Unique to individuals; manifestation of lifestyle• Analysis requires information about dreamer’s life

Common Interpretations:Falling: afraid of losing self-esteem or prestige

Flying: upward striving, ambitious, wants to be above others

Both: fear of being too ambitious and failing

Chased: fear of weakness in relation to others

Naked: fear of giving self away