NIGERIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES A J o u d Published by the Fssfieries W&y d Nigeria (FISON)

Editor - in - Chief EBINIMI j. ANfA

NlGERlAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES OFFICtAL PU0LICbTION OF THE FISHERIES SQCIEIT QF NiGERlA

ww.fim.org.ng ,

Dr. Abba Y. Abdullah F f s N ~ t i o ~ l R-egidenl

Dr. W. S. Omorinkoba 1st nca Presfm

Chief Ekaete Udong kd Ha? hesided

n. Bahasola 0. Senbanjo 3rd Mee Presidant

r, {Mrs.) Nene A. Jamah 4th \Jm Pwsickrrt I

Mr. Ohnmwaju Badmua kdmI M a h i t Wetary I

Mr. Bebabml Ajala BJatlrrnal T r w m r

Mr. Paul A. Akinbobsla PuMc Rams Officer I Mr. Yusuf 8. Ahmed

Rnandai w h y I IMrsJ Ehloimi J. Ansa

bJalhd Editor I Dr. (Mrs.) C, Oche ExaaltivE S ~ r n k Q I

Life Pabm Chief tar.) M. lhm I

Grand Patron 'manaror) Haliru Onntoro

Pauons Mr. Femi Akande Alhaji S. S. Oaffa

E Gen. Paul Omu [kd)

TO WEEOM IT MAY CONCERN

This is to notify all pers~ns m$ eippropriate ofT-icid authorities concerned hat the article titled "Evdrtatibn of the different dietary oil sotmes on the grow11 performance and nutrient Uli l idon of Cl~r im garieplnus j uvenilcs" published in Voluma. 8 (1) of the Nigerian Jomd of Fisheries omitted €be am- of two authors of the co-d~ors:

Consequently. the citation of the report shodd rea&

Oluku~de, 0.; Oshdn, 32: qjsyi,'~.l. (201 1 ). Evaluation of the different dietary oil sources on rhe growth performance and nutrient Utilization of Cktrin~ gmfepinrcs juveGlcs. Nigrim J o u m l of Fisheries 8 (1): IW - 196,

We are sorry for any embarrarsmllt this Mlission IORY have caused.

Y o m sincerely,

Cc: Oshobte, J. Deparrment of w il$life and F'iheuies Matiagenlcn t University of badan. Ibadan. Nigeria

f2e Ajayi, A, I. Deptn~ent of Chemistry UniverfiiQ d Ibadan, Ibadan. Fligaia.

Bdirm- i I 1 - CMeJ Dr. Eblnimi .I. h s a

NriEM Regi(mal A q d h r r e Cenh I Insdlure Iw € % m m and litarkre

[ A W D M R ) , P . U 0 . 5 ? 2 2 . M H ~ ~ Fcrq.-L ..-. .- I.

CONTENTS

ASHERS AND FBKERIES: ISSUES OF S U S T ~ N A B ~ RESOURCE &LOITATION. A CASE STUDY OF BONNY ARJIA m NIGERIA ABONWEERE P. 0,. A. 0, Ah'YANWU. L 0. J I M H , rA= ABIOIA. RH.OGUhBADEI0, T A U A J I , A. 8, WIUIAm G.N. BEWANE. 0. A. ADEOGVN, A. GBOLACCllY & R 0. AROlVoDE

P~PULAT~OM STRUCTURE AND BIOMETRIC RELATIONSHIPS OF Cdfimeda ~~ PROM THE CROSS RlVERkSTUABY, NIGERIA r n H , ,S. P, iYoIZU7mER XI. EiaNEBd, S. 8.

EFFECTS OF EbWDLlNG STIRESS ON IMMUNE FUNCTIONS OF BILACKJAW T W I A S a m k d b n melandheron M N R r n * OA.. I. Y. OPARA & l.l&6MmE

SHELF LIFE OF GRAPE FRULT PEEL PRESERVED CATFISH (clarim'gaIiq3inu8) &ADCATUdJAH, RN., O U r n U , O.P. dr C.T. AIAM

0'

TOXICITY OF UREA F E R P K E R TO FWGERLIGS OF CIurhga&phs AND ASSOCIATED BEHAVIORAL C H A N ~ S RDAKots,IA.RNDS U W A N

PROTIEIN SPARING E m s OF CARBOHYDRATE IN THE PRACTICAL DIETS OF Omdrumis tddkus OR&?& AM & S.0& SRDAWU

UCIAL STUDY AND CHELIPED FLUCTUATluYG ASYMMETRY OF BLUE 176 CRABS FROM OLlGOHALINE AND MEWHALINE ESTUARIES OF NIGER DELTA, NIGIERIA UWH. 32. & U. lYZeWADIY

EVALUATION OF D- DIETARY OIL SOURCES ON GROWTH PERPORMANCE AND NUTRIENT UTILIZATIQN OF CAWmgartephp~~~ JUVENILES

7 OLUKCUts, 0.

CHARACTERKGTION OF THE ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OFPOLLIJTED mUVEtI STRMM,BEMN ClTY, NIGERIA IA~OOBE, T. a 3:

EVALUATION OF SEASONAL OCCURRENCE 08 CAT FISH FAMILIES IN EWNYI RIVER, NIGERIA urn 4% F,

GROWTH FERPORMANCE. PROXIMATE COMPOSITIQN AND PROFI"rA3ILITY 214 OF Helerob~nchus l o ~ f & G R O W - O ~ ~ U ~ ~ pv!%py FOMMERCUL FEEDS O F o R C O.&P-COlVCWHA -

I , , % d * * : r . . EMIGRATION OF JUVENILE BONG& ~thmuhm f m b r i ~ i r r & ~ TEE CROSS RlVER ESTUARY, NIGERIA AM-AEASI. D. & ER ARP#

THE BLACKCHIN TILAPIA: BASIC CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES ANWA-UWmIAH, G P.

SOME ASPECXS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF H$pwopisrrs bebe o c c i d ~ (GUNTHER) IN ZARIA DAM, NIGERIA OMYE 0, & H.U. OHlMW

NIGERIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES JOURNAL OF THE FISHERIES SOCIETY OF NIGERIA

The Fisheries Society of Nigeria (FISON) was founded in 1976 to promote the development of the fisheries profession and related dkipbes in Nigeria, Africa and internationally. Today the membership of the Society has expanded; cutting across related disciplina and incorporates fisheries scientists, fishing companies, industrial fish farmers, fish farming enthusiasts and entrepreneurs. The Nigerian Journal of Fisheiies is aimed at encouraging needed research into multivariate fisheries development options for national and international benefits and also provides a forum for dissemination of s&mW findings in all aspects of fisheries for progressive deveIopment.

EDITORIAL oma African RegionaI Aqdaculture Centre (ARAC), PMB 5122, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS Old College, NTOMR, Wilmot Point h a d , Off Ahmadu MO Way, Victoria k d , 10l241, '

Lagos, Nigeria. www.fison.com.ng fison20ll@ahoo.com

EDlTORfAL BOARD Prof. A.E. Falaye Chabmm (University-oi badan, Nigeria) Prof. Monge Najera Member (Univemidad De Costa Rim Am* Cakral) *

Dr E.A. Ajao hhIdm p o w Lap) Prof. EA. Pasakin M e m b e z @ m m ] Prof F.D. Sikoki M e m k (UN&ORT) . Dr LT. Omonioniyi M e m k W A A B , Abeokuta) Prof. MX. Abekoe Member (University of G h LRgon) Dr. F.G. Ogk Member (University of-A@tdturet Makurdi) Prof. S.L. Zaaai n P . E . Anyanwu .

-w-1 Member (NIOMR, lagus)

Prof. S.O. 0ttrbuih Member (UNAAB, Abeohta) Prof. GA.0. kawomo' Membex [OAU, Ue-Be) Dr. Y. A.-IIS m b a (UNAABI Abeokuta) Rof. MA. ' ~~ (LASIJ, L a p ) &. ~ ~ g w u r n ~ M e m w ( U n i v ~ 9 of ~ b a h f i igi i i~ Prof. DapoFagbemo Member (FUTAkme) Dr. S.B. Ekanem Member (Uni- of CaIabar, Calabar) Rof S.J. Oniye . - h h . ~ h ( A B U , m ) Prof. J.K BaIegun M e d x ~ (ABU Zaria) Dx- P A &mye Member (Benue State University, Mdmdi) Dr. MU. Ibwn -- h h a k New Bussa) Dr. (Mrs) u l a r i ~ Oche secretarytarypmN, hd-)

EVALUATION OF DXlFlFERENT DIETARY OIL SOURCES ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND NU-NT UTILIZATION OF Clarias'

ga&pinus JUVENILES

OLUKUNILE, 0. Department of Wildlife and FisheIies Management

University of Ib- madrur, Nigeria -+2348023443 I I28

ABSTRACT Ilke reported &reme in wiidfih sto& hcrs made the repiaceittent ofFish Mi @WI/mdIiver oil m aqudtwe a prioriv. me we of wgdabIe oils (VOs), with lower wst, larger and w k k supplies m q be a goodsubstiiwefbr FO. The Mats of mrol mpiacemmt of cod liver oil (CLO) with VOs. oil palm seed (OPS), Ugwu seed oil (USO}&mpkin seed oil. soya bean oil (SBO), almond s d oil (ASO)) und a comp&te of all the VOs m&md to as C& on growth pe@onnanm and nukfent wtiikah'on of Clarim gmm?epinw juveniles w s ht igardJbr 12- we&. Each diki conra id 45% CP fed to triplicate pip of I5 j m i l m , with initial mean wight 22.82 * 0.30 g and mm length 15.45 * 0.08 cm. Fhhfed OPS based did had sign@cant& (P < 0.05) the high& b& w&hC gain (126.34 25.27 gJ, followed by US0 (110.63 * 15.48). The highest suntival rates of (IOos5) were in USO and C h but (97.77) in AS0 and CLO {ControI) b e d diets. Sign@cunt wewtcm at (P 5 0.05) were o h w e d in carcw CP of@h fed OPS bmed dk& (48d9 * 1.40 gl compared with the a ' s (44.86 & 0.35 m b shows M e n e e that OPS and U . crm efecrtvely rqtace FO in die& of C. gmiepimu. Keywords Aquaculture, fish d t i o n , afiimal pro* lipid,

r n 0 D U r n O N With global popula!ibn expamh,

tbdemmdforbighqudityanimalprotein tqccially &om aquatic 80- has rim

. - -IY. - - production is clearly needed to met this demaadinthewmilIenninm,becaw capture Mwries is showing precipitous decline due to over fishing, M t a t dcstwtiwmd pIlution. Furtherimcase in captnre hheriw is not anti- under the current global oondition @dm el a/., 2001). Fish farming is Wing adopted rapidly ia Nigeria-*. I f I f dedopdevelopment is sustained, aquaculture will mate a great impact w the economy aud provide prowhous rich fwd which can be as high as WO on dry matter h is . However, lack of

g o d quality feed for economic prodraetion of in Nigeria a$ve~~ely affects p w t h rate, d v d rate, d k s e m m m c e end total harvest The success of a q d t u r u pdwtion depends on adequacy of g d d t i ~ n . Therefore, tbe main Wenge in aquaculture nubition in Nigeria is the developmeat of economic and adFqutc rations for adture of the main famed fisb species. Fish diets must provide & p t M energy, protein, v i m and minerals in proper proportions for MI efficient ~ 4 t h 'mi the maintemnce of health. Choosing the right fcea plays an important role in . . -g the P;.audvity of aquaculture Opmti011.

~ ~ h w ~ a ~ i n c o m m a r c i a l %h feed fbmdation to increase dietary

lipid level inclusion thus h e w e feed utilktion a d proauetion m v e l y . Lipid is a major source of metabolic mergy in fish. Being highly digestible, it t a greater spring action on dietary carbohydrate, thereby playing r W t e role in fed utikattia~ Howeverthehmdfor

oil by the aqua faad industry has k e n predicted to exceed tbe available mmum within the next decade (3arlow and Fib, 1999).

P-tly, ,aquatic feeds have dqmdedhvilyoafishmdandfishoil 'as the source of protein and lipid Howwer, t h e f e a d i n d u m y i s e n # u n ~ ~ in ?he availability of &we bgrdem bemuse of a d d h hhtbe rurmber offit& eaptwd in the wild aad the hmsing human demand for some of the p i & cmcntly being usad for WI mad and oil prodwh. E m are being dircmd in different parb of the world to ~ v e q a a i i t y ~ ~ * i d e a l t y are h txpemive and d y available for use in p m t i d 6~41 diem. Heme, this d y Y looked at the possibility of imrpomthg alternative dietary oil mums guch as pafm oil, lllmooB d oil, Ugwdpu@h seed oil into &E diet d C h b gariqfmra and tb efCactdrese~dietatyoilswrccshave on the growth aad nutrient dW&n of tbE juveniles of C gariq~inus is relevaut at this point-

MATERIALS AND METEODS FEsh, DleCs and Eqerhmtal Ddgn

TIsG m h vnas conducted in h e University of l bdq Dqmmmt of Wiidfife and F i s k k Wmgemmt laboratory. Each of tbe six treatments was m tripti- using circular plastic tanb. J u d e # of the man c8dM, CImfaP gmiepinw were obtained b m a 1 0 4 fish ~ h a y ~ t r e n s p o r t e d i n ~ ~ ~ b ~ the I-. me ml were thea d i m a t e d to lahatory codions and fed

with a commercial MI feed (35% CP) for I4 dap. After a d m h t i o n , p u p s of. fifteen Cldm goriep- j u W a (mean ' weight 22.82 & 0.311 g) were rmdomly*

into. eighteen 451 capcity circular tanks which were fiM with 30 litrea of water each. Expmhmml tanks were well aerated using air (hwson, 1995) thought the period of tfie experka t

T h e d i e t s w m e f e d f O t b ~ a t 5 % ' body weight twice d d y @etweea 8.30 am - 9.00 am, d 5.30 p q - 6.00 pm) for 84 days. The weight of each group of fish was taken forbi&ly using wlsitive top 10- balauce a d tbe feed s d j d aocordingly.

The w a k ~ quality pmnmtm of dissoIvad oxygen, temperatur* aad pH were monitored an altmwte daya early in tfme morning (7.00 - 8.00 am) on days yhm the water quality pzwmtas were Eaken, Digital dissolved oxygen meter (m8n- by ~ ~ I n c . ) w a s ~ t o t a k e t b e dhmved oxygen, white the water te- aod pH Val= of tbe e x p r k d tanka were mawred wing Digitallelactronic tempmm probe (waber proof) and a pH meter mpecti\PelyY The feeding trial was ~~ for twelve w*.

Fish meal, mimdMmb premix, !soya bean md, yellow maize, salt and binderusedinthisstudywereobtniudhm a n a g r i ~ U l W ~ s t o r e i n ~ T h e Ugwu [Te l fah d m i a l h ) s d s wela ~thmOjoomarlr&t,lbadanandtheoiI h m tbe d was eximckd using d-80* uhmtim ? & d p e with hexaaa Tk al$md seeds (Tmtnaiia cuhppa) were picked 6-om trees withia the campus of the University of ibadaa, Nigeria. The ireeas were shelled. 'Ik kernels were groundtopowderinahammetmillandthe oil firrnn tbe wmacted using the continuou8 soxhlet d o n te&nique with hexme. The pahi mdrs w m bouat h m OjoommktmIbadandtheoil h m h

seeds extiacted l W y . Tba soya bean oil ,and d-kr oil was bought from the . univmiiy P W k

A u d l e m i d ~ e n t s e x o e p t t h e liquids, the mnmm salt, v h m h and ~ p r e m i x w e r e m i l l e d t o ~ e r w i t h hammer milhg machine to OM h p m h b m , T h e d ~ m o f t i i t diets were, kept d y at tBe 45% CP fevci 8ince dk3 was d&mmid as the ~ r a b t of j d k ca&h hybrid @yo aud Fafayi 1999), aad clml4p garigphs ih H o m s t d tmb, (Olukt& 20011). &I& diet was ih t m i d , dry aad ~~justenwgbwarmwatertoobfa ia h-w U P - khugh) p e w Using the i n g d h & , six p m h l diets captaining 45% cmde protein, 4 ha* difhmt lipid murlxs was formulated xesptkly pable 1). The p e b were sun dried at ambient wmpdwe af 30 O C fm three days and smed m u i r ~ p ~ c at26OC.

sampmg ~~ and A d y i m T h e ~ ~ m o ~ d i e t s

a n d i i s h ~ e i s w e r e a d y d a e ~ ~ r d i u g t o the mehds b h e d in AOAC (2000). On completiwofth8feediagtrial.dfdlwae ~ e d f o r 2 4 h r ~ ( t o e 1 q t y t h e ~ v e tract). Liver h two ml per tank were usea fiw ~ o g i c a l imwigatio~~~ For histology, M 4 % bumEd formaldehydu) liver pinmu were p m d mamdy aad embedded in p a r d 5 wax. S 4 o m (5 p) wwe art and mured on g h s l i h before scainiag with M a y e r s ~ ~ d ~ . ~ wctiom wkm emmid and phobgmphed lmaer Eght trio & (Olympus BX50) rnicmqy Vahshiua mul Efibiya, 1995). F o r ~ ~ a n a l y s i s a t t b e e t a d o f t h e study, two fish wtm pooled for each replica& t a d bomogenkd in a blends .and the proximate camposition determined'Mohre was determ'med by

o v a r Y m g at 105 *C over Pigbt and until constant weight is obtained. Csude lipid h determined .by d m using petroleum dm for three ham on a axhlet apparatus; ash wasdetermined f r o m W e i g h e d m 0 ~ - h e dlsmplm in a porurAain cruciile placed inamufnefurnaceat55SOCfwthm hua.

Fish, from which blood for hmatolq3y was oollecbod, yere

with 150 I@I solution of t r k b methaae sutphonate (MS-222, S i p Chemical co. St. LA~ljg, MO, USA) (Wegnar et at., 1997). B i d -la were ' ~ w i d l 2 m l ~ ~ a n d 2 1 m g needles from the caudal vein of s fisb hmeachtreatmentandputsqmatdyin 2ml b q m i u b d tubes and talcen to tlw labommy for d h , & e o n of hammtd t W), -glob m), * sdhdal ion rate p R ) , white b b d d

aadredblood~ll ~ C ) u s i n g t h e nwhi of Svobodova et dl. 099 1).

T b e ~ r o g i c a l ~ o f m e a a cell ~ b ' i c o ~ o n (MCHC), mwm oeU haemglobin (MCHJ and mean cell volrrme 0 were calculrmted wing ttae mud red b l d cell comrt 0, Immghbin w d o n (lib) and hematwit @acie and IRWis, 2001). GTo$B-andmierosoopi rrpptataneeof t l a e l i ~ e r ~ a l s o ~ .

growth^, to log id, carcass 8081yEh data C o H e C w from tbe expehmt were subjected to one way d y & of variance (ANOVA) to #st the sigifi- ~ ~ o l l s bctwcen tbe means o f g r o w t h i a d i o e s d m l ~ ~ ~ ~ E w ~ f e e d v a t i ~ u s lipids. hast Sign5cance diffemce (LSD) was used to determine the level of signifimce among treatments. k g r d o n d ~ w a s c a r r i e d w t t o ~ ~ relatiaimhip &ween the keatmmh, growth and nutrient util- pawnems using

SPSS swktical package (Versionl5.0, SPSS Inc. Chicago IL) Wiadow 2000.

RESULTS Thedietawedintbfeediagtri&the

hgylients mqwitiw as WBU as prommate composition are pmemd m Table I. The proximate analysis shows that the d u e of c d e protein was miform k all the dim. The etha extram v d u ~ ranged from 5.64 g in AS0 to 6.87 #I 00 g CLO basi$ diet which had the high& value. The value of a i d e i i k m g d from 3.55

gliOOgto3.92gllOO gmdfor ashit mqd from. 15.89 to 17.23 g(100g. The cost analyses of expimend diets are highlighted in Table 2. Water quality condition in the e-td tanks showed very little vaiation throughout the duration of the trial (Table 3). The perfomanbe in terms of d v d of fish on & i t &diets is shown Table 4.

Table 3 M m BI-WeMy Wmtw PuuHetemdth E-tai Tanks 4

Tm- - W&2 W d l Wek6 Wek8 We& I0 Wtek 12 1. - T-eC) 26.M;bO.M 25.03a.45 26.03 G.00 2&58+0.01 2520a.16 26.00M.01

. DO (&) 6.60 zk 0.0 6.48 + 0.01 6.70 + 0.05 5.70 h 0.00 . 6.60 +0.03 6.60 + 0.00 F'H 720 * 0.05 6.88 t 0.01 720 * 0.02 6.93 t 0.07 6.90 t 0.06 7.10 * 0.03

L TcmpeC) 25.8&0.01 2S.lWl.08 26.01a.01 25.10a.W 2537M.12 26.00ta.02 DO (&) 6.M+ Om 6.56 + LM 655 + 0.02 6.70 + 050 6.61 * 0.01 652 + 0.01 PH 6.95 t 0.M 6.84 + 0.03 7.10 + 091 6.95 + 0.05 6.510 + 0.01 7.10 + 0.02

3. T-eC) 25.70~,01 24.03a0.05 2S.W.01 25W.01 2 4 S . 7 5 ' 25.7W.03 W (rng/L) 6.46+0.02 6.55+0.02 6.47k0.01 6.70+0.01 639zfzO.W 6.47 +O.M PIL 6.W + OM 6.84 + 0.01 7.02 * 041 . 6 s +OM 6.78 * 0.01 6.95 + 0.05

4. Tomp eC) 26-0-00 24.27a.38 26BWln 25.8a+0.03 25.17+0.00 26.05 M.01 W(W) 651*om 6.48*~0;1 6 ~ 1 a o m 6.4g*o.m ~.M-+o.os 6ss55a0.05 PH 6.95+0.01 6.8Q80+0.W 7.10+0.0f 6.95+0.08 6.90zk0.02 7.10=k0.02

5. Tmp (X) 25.60 a.01 2420 M.16 2581 a.00 2527 H.02 24.20 a.05 26.01&9 W (mgI.1 6.45 + 0.02 6-12 f 0.04 6.44 0.01 6.42 + 0.01 6.04 0.02 a52 *O.w PK 6.84 %4+ 0.01 7.10 * 0.21 6.901t 0-M 6.84 + 0.03 6.90 1 OM 6.88 * 0.01

6. Tempm 25.7M0.01 24.90*0.08 25.80.02 24.9M0.00 25.10+aOS 25.80M.01 XK) (&) 6.48 4 0.02 6.82* 0.03 6.49 + 0.02 6.82 + 0.04 6.59 3 0.02 6.49 *0.01 PI4 7.00 * 0.0s 6.87 +0.03 7.00 + 0.03 6.95 * 0.05 6.89 89+ 0.01 7.01 + 0.01

0.62* 0.02 ass A om

C46- CrrdaFrucSm W 2 48.09+1.# 46.W*Zw 48.%*W' 4737+257' 452710.11 44.86+O.W m P n t 6.92 65110s 7.1- b-89 -78. S.M& 7 ~ & Cr&m 1.43 137s0.08 1.42AO.W 1.39+0.W I.JOi0.1Q. 1.29ZPaO.W' 1.37*0.lr A h 16.63 1 6 3 9 3 0 ~ ~ ' la99+0.09' t6.MkO.W 16.44* 1w 15.81 +0.91* 15,56+ lam MoOlhac 5.32 5.36*05T 5A363+1.48. . S . O S * X O S " , 7Az*221' 4.77tl.W NFR P.18 XL29kl.~9 2216+32Sb 21.38*= 222112.3$ 24J3*11Ig 26.39+2@ KEY: Valucogktmmean*staadarddsviat ioaoft fwt~. NOTE: F I in tht m row hriviog rn #pt am not ~ g n i f i d y W c m p.> 0.05)

I

Stwival rate. of fish on diets US0 a d COs showed gimilar result (100%) M e diets based on OPS, AS0 and SBO d 97.T70/0 survival across board with rhe h t value of 93.33% recorded m CLO b a d diet. The grow& r#ponm in dl the hatmnts are pfcsenaed in Table 4. There was no gtatistical d&mm (F < 0.05) in the iniw lrsean weight of the juveniles. However, M i were obsewed in the final mean weight of the juv& where diot OPS m r d d tbe him h d mean Wei&t of 149,19 * - 24.96 which was statistidy @&cant (F < O.OS).There was s si*cant dBmxm (P c 0.05) in

'

the percentage weight gain and aIso in tk length i n m t anmng the diets. Diet OPS (553.10 117.58) end SBO (414.40 * 125.12) are not s i g d i d y ~ ~ h i g b t w e i g h t g a i n ~ in fishes fd diel OPS compared with US0 (1 10.63 k 15-48), SBO (93.8 1 A 3-50 j, AS0 (105.35 * 4.86); COs (9130 * 9.88) and CLO. (83.75 h 10.43) The FCR was lo- in diet OPS (P c 0.05) which i d a t e more e s e n t utibfion of the diet by the fingerlings. The S G R ~ h i g k t i n d i e t 2 and this was s i g n i f i d y &fka from that of the cmml dbt (P < 0.05). The SpeCSc Growth Rate (SGR) with highest value of 0.97 * 0.10 w a recorded in diet OPS and the loww value of 0.81 k 0.07 was reGordedthefishfeedmdietCLO.Therewereno

significant between diet OPS, and CU).

Protein efficiency ratio was higbest in diet OPS (2.70 & 0.54).

The crude proreinofthe e x p r h m i d M i n all the bdmmts was significantly difkmat h m the d u e OM in the initial 6&. The Crude fibre aad moisture amtent of the initial h h (prior to the feeding tiial) was not signifhdy diffkent from the vahu.s for all the 0th treatments. Tbe ash content of h h f e d d i e t C L O w a o i ~ d y l o w e r t h a n ~ fish fed other diets (Table 5). Results of analysis of the hemambid pammekr of CImias gmiepktus in this study (Table 6) showed dmt there wzd w signikmt difhmce (P c 0.05) in the values of RBC, WBC, ESR, MCV, MCH and Platelet Wwmm dl the ixc&nm& but the values of Hb, MCWC s h o d si&cant dZhwes between the trea-

R e s u l t f o r t I l e ~ l k e f a t t y a c i d , t o t d cho1esml 4 triglyceride of the f u h fed the expmkmtd d i e is premkd in Table 7 whih the bistapettaOlogical&# on the are shown in PMm 1-6, W d n g nwkd diffuse (fatty

' c h p ) yacwMon of hepatocyta among fish h m the different tmatmcnu after the experiment (Plate I- 6)-

Table 6: khmatuloglcal prim e f A 5 - I ~ Crtash Ckvkrtgruhphwlunnllmled with tktxperlmauul dl- ~nrrrrwnr' INITIAL OPS U6a SBO AS0 - CIA

(9C) 2l.W mt2.65" #153+35IR l8.67t1.1Si 2l .B*4.W 2LO*26W 24.WG.61' HC&I*%J 729 7-07 10.81' 3.00133Ie 537diO.38. 6.90+ 131' 7.4+ 1.M' 7.67il.M' RBC (XI# L> 1.84 1.7910.46' 1959+0.11P 1.45+0& 1.9M.5B I&iO.W WBC(*lOk) 16,SW 171iLbT 19.1Ws I W k 19%6$P 19SM.OlY 1993333.

*1n3,n 975.96 4850.78 ~~~ +7mm -t1m~3 eSn(mm5r) 0.20 ZODi1.W 1.33+09 1931058: 1.6T*O.Sr l.67*058' l.67+1.19 MWW) tl4.l l 125.Mt 129.15 i 131301 lI5.15* l a h M + I P S lU.86&O.t4'

16.61' 2?dP U 2 r 29.61' MCEl(Pg) 39.13 4053 *6.03* S 8 3 + 9.53' 39.19 S 73F 3657 +9SF 41AIH4.W 39-79 1935' Mac(%) M29 9a14*0.W 2 U l * h0.W 31.S3*0.4l' 3 3 m . 1 8 31.91 M-37'

I <1W

Tale 7: Carcss~ Free Fm#y Add, Totrl-l and MaZvcerida in tbe E m Ftll

Plate '1 : Liver

j $

I # I

- i I I,-

~lnte 2; ~ e r t i m e ofm w-iiuwnta~fih fed ASO - i Z h a v G G g e a e r a ~ diffuse bepatic a d s , and mononuclear cell Milhtloa

Plate 3: t l v a r t i m e of an erpedmenhl fib fed CLX) bawd diet having diffuse fatQ degeneralioa (mild)

Phte 5: Liver tiasue of no e+, -,- tdsb Ted SBO based dIet ha+,, g e n e d b d diffuge hepatic necresls, and mononuclear en Iafllttation

Plate 6: Liver h e of ss experimental fish fed OPS based diet having genedhd d i s e kptk necrosis, and moaonuefear eell MItmlhn

DISCUSSION Ugwu geed oil (USQ) d Oil Palm Seed

(OPS) are promising inclwim in replacing FO in f i d s of tbt Aii5mu m6S4 sinaa go* perfomw~ wae similar among lish M the different diets, except those fed diet CLA based diet w h t grow& prfonnance was siflcantly poorer th dl otlm heahnents, Tabh 4. Fish ~~ thmugbwt t&c feeding trial was reh lh ly high for diets US0 and COs (100%) but Iw&t for those fed diet SBO (93.33%), and 97.77% for OPS, ASO, and CLO tbis could likely be that the n-3 PUPA in the $80 significantly the white b i d eels d 0th W d pmnmers, hmby oomprombbg the immune system. The survival rats of fishes fed 0 3 s based diet could k due to dw n-3: u4 PUFA-bhce obtakd k m h e combiiw of e l e oil and animal oil which seems critical in the diet of the Ajiiw catM. From the human Wsitional point of view, it is c m d m d important that a balance in n-3 aad nd PUFA be p t in the diet to be consumed (Tichelm, 1993). Fisb fed diet OPS p e r f d better in weight gain than fish fed diet CLO. This oMlldbcduetothcaddit ionatn-6PuFA~ia OPS based diet. This results agcees with thaw of previous d e a o wbicb have shown that pdm oil is a suitable dim Iipid atld energy swrce for some tropical catfish s w i m ( Urn el al., 2001, blg et a/., 2003) aad for tba red hybrid tilapia, O n m h m i s sp. (?4g etd, 2001). Lim e t d . P I ) repwted- u p t o 8 % o f ~ e d , b l e s l e h e d , d e o d o ~ ~ olein (RBDPO) or sMde palm oil (CW) caa be included in diets of the. African cstfish with ~ p e r f o r m a w a , p r o t e i n ~ o ~ a a d f i 1 1 e t vitamin E c m c e a ~ o n of this fish. Ng et al.

.(2WW)~hrepoatedthatupto9o%ofdietaryfish oil could be replaced dciently in the diet of a h p i d cat f& A d j w t ~ n m m . The weight g& of f i s h fed wi#h (USO) (484.88 3: 68.46) closely followed those fed with OPS based diet 553.10 * 117.58), AS0 (47520 k 30.30 g), SBO (414.40 k 125.12 $), COs (410.73 * 51-13), and least in CLO (380.71 * 59.46). The weight gain of W fed CU) baged diet i.e. the control diet, shovlFed the towest growth. Tbis migbt be due to the higher cmcmtmion of n-3 PUFA f o d in wd liver oit. This Tesult a- with the f5ndhg~ of Ng et 01. (2001) wbo f d slight depression in gmwth of hybrid tilapia and a b in the A f r i w mtfish (Ng et a!., 2003). Fishes fed with a mixture of oila (COB), based diet was oh& to have lower weight gab The repoa of De Fmmsco el al. (2007) on feed d n g th mixam of vegetabk oils mwd a reduction in the level of plasma cholesterol a d circulation of 19L (Low denkty lipoprotein, transport prokin) of rainbow trout.

S@6c growth rate with highat vdw of 0.87 & 0.10 was o w in diet OPS based diet

and + lowet value of 0.81 0.07 in diet CLO. The non significant differwrce &ween diet OPS, C O s ~ d C U ) i n d i c a t e d ~ f t & ~ a b l e t o d@stthediff;arentdiecsdcmvertttaedi&into body tissuwr with the same * ofefficiw.

Protein efficimcy ratio was bi&d in OPS b a d diet (2.70 0.54) which indicated bet& utiWon of proteia for growth in juveniles fed his diet.

The result of the experiment showed tbt .

diet OPS had the bigbest value €or Protein pdwtion value, protein efficimq ratio, food

&a, and p d intake of 9.75 k 2.98, . 2.70 * 00,54,3.18 0.34, 2.96 * 0.59 res@ivtiy. E l a g e d o n t h e g e ~ , t h s d i e t w i t h t h e k t growthperfmnnnc~is OPSbaseddietwhi&cuutd be ~~ to the hi& content of d d s , mcophaol, vitamin E and n-6 PUPA fouad in palm oil (S- er af., 2000).

Tba ~ ' O D m t e n t of the arcws w&tiom did not show sipifmint diffema b e t w e e n ~ O P S , us0,ASO andcos (F> 0.05) Fable 6), but tbwe was a significant diffemme behwm trea- SBO and CLO. Tbc lipid contents of tbe fed with OPS, SBO, AS0 aud~wrefapmdtobelowmthanthwefed with tbe control did (CL.0). TEk could k a result of lipid accum~tim in viscera tbsn WCM

(Murai et al., 1985) ad might be a t h i i to poor uIdMio11 of OPS, SBO, AS0 and COs ~ompared to the fish fed h l ~ oil (CL.0). The fish fed US0 (1.42 * 0.08) had ths highest nrtmmical d u e of crude l h r while the teast value w a ~ obtain4 fmm COs (1 2 9 * 0.04). The valw of tbe NFB show4 bat t k e were signifbut dB- between fiah fed uso, SBO, As0 d c m basad dicts.

R d t of aaalysis of the humatolopical ptamtm of Clark g a ~ @ h m this study showed siguificant Memice between the ~ ~ ~ u e s a r d ~ P C V v a l u e o b t a i u e d f o r ~coa tro l (CU) ) wbd t h c h i ~ ~ H b value of 720 g dl for the initial (p-1 ClorCM gmfepinrrs and tbc mean valw of 7.67 + 1.23 an8 7.07 & 0.81 obhhd for fish r a i d on diet (CU)agdPSO)werosimiiartofbemeaaHb v a l w of 7.44% obtaiaed by Btim el al. (1999) for Ckryakhtw nigmdigit- showing tbe oxygem abilities of the b l d of thsse two mtfisbGgaresimilar.Tlmdifftxusumybeduet0 tbo d i m speejes wed by the two authors a d the ability to ucilk n 4 fatty acids present in vegetable oils which differs from s p i e s to spies . The value obtained in this shrdy was within t h mmmedeci range of 4.1- '10.3 by B W and Daisley, 1973 for heaftby fish.

There wsrm no &*ant differme0 in ESR RBC, WBC @ 2 0.05) among the lmtmsnb. The d u e of the RBC r a n p h m 2.30 t 0.68 x 10'' L ' to 1.45 0.22 x lo1 L ' which are aimilar to t h e

193

obiaed by Osuigwe d d. (2003) for CIarim gariqhus. The . mcm cell haemglobin concenhation (MCHC) differed between treatnwts sud did not follow a c l d y defraed trend Fish fed on diet US0 showed sigdicatltly lower MCHC tban kh raised on all the other -Ls. Lie et aL (1989) mjmrted that an in- m M M C and MCH values refleet a pmewhg meelmism in d n b w trout &wed at reduEed water kmI@m-. There was IU) temperature variation in this study, hence no increase relative to the initial MCHC d MCH values were obsewed.

Ttse mutt for the fatty aid, total c4ola(erol and triglycaide of the fisb fed on the txperhtntal diets shows that AS0 bad bigheat d u e for free fatty acid, wbile COB had the least valrpe. C o d y , ttbe muscle protein content- wap.

sigpificady h i g k in the fish fed OPS (48.09 ;t; 1 .a) 4 SBO (48.56 * 2.53) cumpad with other '

tmimmta wbile botb having very low -free fatty acid value (4.75% fw PSO and 5.03 for SBO). This datioastrip bctwwn muscle protein d lipid ~ t h a s ~ o b m v e d i n p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s w i t h 9almonids (Rdnitz and Hitzel, 1980). Shepherd and Bmmge (1992), aud et at. (1995) who a & d that fish u t i l k bpi& for enetgy, for PelluEar s t m t m sad fbr maintenance of the m e of biomembranes and neutral fat are far tbe most important members of the lipid group in nutritior: and ceUular physiojogy in fish. -tan (1991) waled t b t hmeothermic aDimals bave dieiary requirements for w m t i a ? fatty acids i.e. fatty acids with a double bond (msahmkd) in the d position, counting from the melbyl d o f t h e fatty-acid chaia.

-bas bave also found that dietary ~ f a t t y a c i d s t u r d t o b e m o O r p o d i n t D fish filetp within mmwly dehed phyaiologicat lweis (Groesle lrad Sehmwbkk, I*, Bell e$ al., m21 whi& t ~ p - t ~ WII f~ ~ p i d EOU- such as palm oil. Muscle WFA concentdona are imwcw m ~ r e labile aad bave been shown to be @vely correlated to d k h q PUFA profiles (Greene.d S e l i d c k 1990). In tfiIs regard, palm oil bas the advantage ovm other vegetable oils such as USO, ASO, and CU) when used in tilapia feeds. The s i g n i b t i y lower PUFA content in the

Wets of fisir fkd palm oil-- d i e can min iah mcepi'b'iity to lipid ptmdatioa.

Tissue cholesterol cancentrations are faown to vary depending upon the nuuitiowl stam of fish

ei ai., 1992; K a d i k et d, 1995). H m t b e ~ ~ o n i n ~ s ~ i s i a l i a e w i t b ~ two authom Fi& fed AS0 b a d diet fiad the highest amount of free fatty acid, while the fish fed with COs had the least. From the standpoint of p & a l &b culture, dietary lipids are ~ o f e n e r g y a n d ~ o n l y ~ l u r c e o f e s g e n t i a l fatly acids @FA) in fit41 aad my from speck to

~pecies, ags to age and size to size [Shepherd and Bmmgq 1992).

Th0 d t of the emmmic d y a i s of e x p r i m diets fed Mean d k b {W& gmkpirsw) for 84 days was dane Imed on the price of each raw m a t e a h &noun$ requhd to m a k e t h e d i b t d i & a n d c a l c d a t e d a s t b e c a s U Q o f e a & d i e t . ' I h p r i o ~ s u s e d f b r ~ m ~ mterhl were' averas price8 duhg th tltperiuuentd perid, due to ha kt that there may be significant &ges thoughout t l ~ y w . The economic analysis rwded that ASO, OF& USO, SBO and CU) basad diet had betar h & t wgt mtio over CCh based diat, AS0 s d s w m haadpicked fiaely on the University cmpus, thus r e d u c i a g ~ ~ t i v e m s t ~ f w h f a m e m can effectively replam fEsh oil (CK.0) with vegetable oils (AS0 land OM) withwt adverse effect O I l ~ w t l l p w r f ~ .

Thedt '0f thiS SMy remaled tm k was a mmbd {fatty c h p l vacuolatiq of ~ a m n g ~ ' t r e a t m e a t $ a f t m t b ex@dmmL Buttiis was notdue to anti-rmtritiooal -IS - ' - t b i s ~ ' ~ ~bgexved in dl h treatments OP& 1350, SBO, Am* COs and w. E n ~ & e s s m a y ~ ~ ~ ~ c i m g m m o t l h I l a r -on that dtaedm &ys&iogy of o m systems in the fish as'mki&Zi by'Vmywm et d. (19%) wbich is simihr'to the '@I of Adwgua (1994) who to#^ c h p Iiks intense vaeuok degdddi~n of hepa- PetipOztai hepatic d a n d fibrosis in h g d h g ~ of ciaria5 gmfephxv aped to sub I d mnwmtion ~~~~ part of h i t s of Raphia h d e F f L i v e r r e c e i ~ ~ 3% of tha aT- tia it is susceptible tD &emid p m $ 9 6 a m i c cimblation @ridges, 1990). Ah , l i d &w tile most importaat tarpt orpa h u * bxiwbgkal point of view

o f ; & ' 'hb'h dctoxstioa, ~~b~ ' m a l l of x e w w a (Hawwin &'d.@%). '

w i d W&datbm in ihe fish livas w e a ' ~ ~ . F m m ttae P W it show wfishfeddtEt~;SSBO,usod~~~had d i W d f a a a : b l e a r cell infiltration. This could be & hf Wt o'f fat accumulation which d t s in hc&afd~ c$opfapm in tkeeils, bdbg t4 h--.of some of the d a Fish- fed diet COs M 6 Eatty h&lhtiow, this ~ u l t a m with W 6 r o et al, 0004) whp w e d that the dwtiofi:of the diemy fatty wid8 due to the inch of ve@ble o h in &diets f e d b prom& fat ammulation in the fish liver. Fa fed did CLO had diffusad htty d-on Plate 3 which is milder.

CONCLUSICI N In c~leIusio& the d t s obtained in this

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