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Personality

The pattern of enduringcharacteristics that

differentiate people those behaviors thatmake each of us unique

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Psychodynamic

Approaches to Personality


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Psychoanalytic Approaches

Psychoanalytic theory

Freuds theory that our behavior is triggered by forces withinpersonality of which we are not aware

nconsc ous A part of the personality of which a person is not aware


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Structuring Personality

Id Raw, unorganized, inborn part

of the personality

Libido

primitive drives

Pleasure principle

Immediate reduction oftension and themaximization of satisfaction

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Structuring Personality

Ego Strives to balance the desires of the

id and the realities of the objective,outside world

Reality principle

Instinctual energy is restrained in orderto maintain the safety of the individualand help integrate the person intosociety

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Developing Personality

Fixation Refers to conflicts or concerns that persist

beyond developmental period in which they first


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Defense Mechanisms

Unconscious strategies

reduce anxiety byconcealing the source

from themselves andothers


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The Neo-Freudian Psychoanalyst

Jungs Collective Unconscious A set of influences we inherit from our

own relatives, the whole human race,and even nonhuman animal ancestors

Adlers inferiority complex Situations in which adults have not

been able to overcome the feelings ofinferiority that they developed aschildren


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Trait Approaches

Trait theory Assumption that all

people possess certaintraits

Traits Enduring dimensions of

personality

characteristics alongwith which people differ


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Allports Trait Theory

Cardinal trait A single characteristic that directs most of a

persons activities

Central trait

The major characteristic of an individual Secondary trait Characteristics that affect behavior in fewer

situations and are less influential than central orcardinal traits


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Trait Approaches

Cattell

Factor analysis A method of summarizing

the relationships among a

large number of variablesinto fewer, more generalpatterns

Source traits Represent the basic

dimensions of personality


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Trait Approaches

Hans Eysenck Extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism

The Big Five

Openness to experience Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness Neuroticism


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Learning Approaches

Social cognitive approaches Emphasizes the influence of a persons cognitions

thoughts, feelings, expectations, and values indetermining personality

Self-efficacy Belief in ones personal capabilities

Self-esteem Component of personality that encompasses our

positive and negative evaluations


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Biological and Evolutionary Approaches

Suggest that importantcomponents of

Temperament A basic, innate disposition


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Humanistic Approaches

Emphasize peoples basic goodness and theirtendency to grow to higher levels of functioning

Unconditional positive regard

An attitude of acceptance and respect on the part ofan observer, no matter what a person says or does

Self-actualization A state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their

highest potential


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Psychosocial Development Eriksons Theory

Psychosocial Development - Involves changes in our

interactions and understanding of one another as well as inour knowledge and understanding of ourselves asmembers of society

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Psychosocial Stages

Trust versus mistrust Birth to 1 years

Autonomy versus shameand doubt

Initiative versus guilt 3 to 6 years

Industry versus inferiority 6 to 12 years


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Psychosocial Development Eriksons

Theory

Identity versus role

confusion Time of major testing, asadolescents try to determine

what is unique and specialabout themselves

Intimacy versus isolation Developing close

relationships


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Psychosocial Development Eriksons

Theory

Generativity versus

stagnation Contributions to ones family,community, work, and society,

assisting the development ofthe younger generation

Ego-integrity versus despair Reviewing lifes successes and

failures


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Midlife transition People may begin to question

their lives during their earlyforties as the idea that theirlife will end becomes

prominent Midlife crisis

Feeling of dissatisfaction withyour life in the face of physicalaging


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Assessing Personality


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Assessing Personality

Psychological tests Standard measures devised to assess

behavior objectively

Self-report measures

MMPI-2 A test used to differentiate people

with specific sorts of psychological

difficulties as well as predicting avariety of other behaviors


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Projective Methods

Projective personalitytest A test in which a person

is shown an ambiguousstimulus and asked to

describe it or tell astory about it

Rorschach test

TAT (ThematicApperception Test)


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Behavioral Assessment

Direct measures of anindividuals behavior usedto describecharacteristics indicative


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