23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 25.5 26.0 26.5 jan febmar apr may jun jul augsep octnov dec mean monthly...
TRANSCRIPT
23.5
24.0
24.5
25.0
25.5
26.0
26.5
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May Ju
n
Jul
Aug
Sep Oct
Nov
Dec
Mea
n M
onth
ly T
empe
ratu
re (C
)
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Mon
thly
Pre
cipi
tatio
n (m
m)
Temperature Precipitation
Figure 6.1Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
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May Ju
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)
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Pre
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n (m
m)
Temperature Precipitation
Figure 6.2Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Jan
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Apr
May Ju
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Jul
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Sep Oct
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Dec
-5
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Mea
n M
onth
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)
0.0
12.5
25.0
37.5
50.0
62.5
75.0
Mon
thly
Pre
cipi
tatio
n (m
m)
Temperature Precipitation
Figure 6.3Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
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35
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May Ju
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Sep Oct
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)
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Pre
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m)
Temperature Precipitation
Figure 6.4Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
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)
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m)
Temperature Precipitation
Figure 6.5Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
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)
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thly
Pre
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n (m
m)
Temperature Precipitation
Figure 6.6Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
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)
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Pre
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m)
Temperature Precipitation
Figure 6.7Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
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)
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thly
Pre
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m)
Temperature Precipitation
Figure 6.8Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
-15
-10
-5
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Jan
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May Ju
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Sep Oct
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Dec
Mea
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)
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Pre
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m)
Temperature Precipitation
Figure 6.9Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
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-10
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10
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Jan
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May Ju
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)
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m)
Temperature Precipitation
Figure 6.10Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
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)
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Pre
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Temperature Precipitation
Figure 6.11Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
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Apr
May Ju
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Dec
-30
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-5
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Mea
n M
onth
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)
Temperature
Figure 6.12Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Steep hillslope
Shallow, rocky soils
Dry, compacted soil
Urban Park
Urban Canyon Lake CornfieldForest
Forest Clearing GrasslandForest
Deep, moist, loamy soil
Dry, clay soil
Urban Canyon
RiverFloodplain
Wet, sandy soil
Plains MesoclimateMountain Mesoclimate
FallowField
Figure 6.13
Ridgetop
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Altitude Angle
Horizontal Surface
Perpendicular To Surface
Sun
Zenith Angle, Z Incidence Angle, i
Sloped Surface
Slope Angle, s
Altitude Angle
Horizontal Surface
Per
pend
icul
ar T
o
Slo
ped
Sur
face
Sun
Zenith Angle, Z
Figure 6.14Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
EastWest
South
Horizontal
South-Facing Slope
East-Facing Wall
South North
South North
West East
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Slope Angle, s
Vie
w F
act
or
sky
terrain sky
s
[ cos( )] /1 2
1
Terrain
Sky
Slope Angle, s
Slope Angle, s
Figure 6.15Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Perpe
ndicu
lar
To S
lope
Direct Beam = 1.00 SDiffuse: 95% Of Sky
27 South Slope 27 North Slope
IncidenceAngle, 54
45 South Slope 45 North SlopeDirect Beam = 0.95 SDiffuse: 85% Of Sky
Incidence Angle, 72
Direct Beam = 0.31 SDiffuse: 85% Of Sky
Direct Beam = 0.59 SDiffuse: 95% Of Sky
Per
pend
icul
arTo
Slo
pe
Alti
tude
Ang
le, 6
3
Slope, 27
Zenith Angle, 27
Perpendicular
To Slope
Altitude Angle, 63
Slope, 27
Zenith Angle, 27
18
Slope, 45
Altitude Angle, 63
Zenith Angle, 27
Slope, 45
Altitude Angle, 63
Perpendicular
To Slope
Zenith Angle, 27
Sky Is Blocked Sky Is Blocked
Sky Is BlockedSky Is Blocked
Figure 6.16Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Figure 6.17Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
7:00
June 21, Direct Radiation
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4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00
Time Of Day
Sol
ar R
adia
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(W m
-2)
June 21, Global Radiation
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4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00
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Sol
ar R
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-2)
Horizontal North Wall East Wall South Wall West Wall
December 21, Direct Radiation
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Sol
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(W m
-2)
December 21, Global Radiation
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9:00 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00Time Of Day
Sol
ar R
adia
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(W m
-2)
Figure 6.18Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
21.5
22.0 21.0
21.0 20.5
20.5
19.5
19.0
22.5
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340
460
340
Elevation from 340 m to 540 m by 40 m
380
420
420
420
460
460
500
540
20.0
20.0
Temperature from 19.0 oC to 22.5 oC by 0.5 oC
200 mNorth
scale
Figure 6.19Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
15oC
300 m
900 m
1200 m
30oC
27oC
24oC
21oC
18oC 18oC
21oC
24oC
27oC
30oC
600 m
dry adiabatic lapse rate1oC/100 m (5.5oF/1000 ft)
dry adiabatic lapse rate1oC/100 m (5.5oF/1000 ft)
dry adiabatic lapse rate1oC/100 m (5.5oF/1000 ft)
300 m
900 m
1200 m
30oC
27oC
18oC
24oC
21oC
19.5oC 21oC
24oC
27oC
30oC
33oC
600 m
dry adiabatic lapse rate1oC/100 m (5.5oF/1000 ft)
moist adiabatic lapse rate0.5oC/100 m (3oF/1000 ft)
Figure 6.20Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
10
Elevation Of Warmest Temperature (meters)
0
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Fre
quen
cy
Elevation (meters)
Tem
pera
ture
(o C
)0
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4
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600 800 1000 1200 1400
0600 hours
1200 hours
1800 hours
2400 hours
Figure 6.21Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Figure 6.22
100 150 200 250 300 350
Day of year
400100 150 200 250 300 350
Day of year
400
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Day of year
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Day of year
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0
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Cum
ulat
ive
Flu
x (M
J m
-2)
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G
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ive
Flu
x (M
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-2)
Cum
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Flu
x (M
J m
-2)
UplandSmall lakeMedium lakeLarge lake
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May
1
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10
0
De
pth
(m
ete
rs)
Temperature (C)Ice Cover
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4
3
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14
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8
6
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6
Figure 6.23Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Onshore At Surface
Warm Land Cool Water
Sensible HeatingOf Air Column
L
H
Offshore AloftH
L
Sensible HeatingOf Air Column
Warm WaterCool Land
Offshore At Surface
Onshore AloftH
L
H
L
Figure 6.24Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
0
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4
6
8
10
18 19 20 21 22 23
Temperature (oC)
Hei
ght (
met
ers)
Figure 6.25Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
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5
6
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Clearing Diameter (meters)
Tem
pera
ture
Diff
eren
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oC
)
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-25 0 25 50 75 100
Distance From Forest Edge (meters)
Tem
pera
ture
(o C
)
Day
Night
Figure 6.26Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Figure 6.27
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0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ratio Of Clearing Diameter To Forest Height (D/H)
Net
Rad
iatio
n (W
m-2)
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
10-5 0-10 15 20 25 3050
20
40
60
80
100
Pe
rce
nt
Of
Win
d I
n O
pe
nDistance In Proportion To Height (Distance/Height)
60%
100%100%
90%80%
70%40% 50%
110%
110%
90%
80%
70%
wind
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Distance In Proportion To Height (Distance/Height)
Medium Density Plan View (percent of wind in open)
60%
High density
Medium densityLow densityW
indb
reak
Figure 6.28Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan