231109 rm-r.j.-research question
TRANSCRIPT
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DEVELOPMENT OF DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH QUESTION, RESEARCH QUESTION,
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND RESEARCH HYPOTHESESRESEARCH HYPOTHESES
Mrs. Rosaline JayakaranMrs. Rosaline JayakaranProfessorProfessor
Community Health NursingCommunity Health Nursing
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WHAT IS A RESEARCH WHAT IS A RESEARCH QUESTION?QUESTION?
AN EXPLICIT QUERY ABOUT A PROBLEM OR ISSUE AN EXPLICIT QUERY ABOUT A PROBLEM OR ISSUE THAT CAN BE CHALLENGED, EXAMINED AND THAT CAN BE CHALLENGED, EXAMINED AND ANALYZED AND THAT WILL YIELD USEFUL NEW ANALYZED AND THAT WILL YIELD USEFUL NEW INFORMATIONS.INFORMATIONS.
IN SOME CASES , DIRECT WORDINGS OF IN SOME CASES , DIRECT WORDINGS OF STATEMENT OF PURPOSE PHRASED IN THE STATEMENT OF PURPOSE PHRASED IN THE QUESTION FORM RATHER THAN AS A STATEMENT.QUESTION FORM RATHER THAN AS A STATEMENT.
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RESEARCH QUESTIONRESEARCH QUESTION
Definition
Research question is a concise interrogative
statement that is worded in the present tense
and it include one or more variables or
concepts.
Research questions are queries about
relationships between variables.
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MAIN FOCUS OF RESEARCH MAIN FOCUS OF RESEARCH QUESTIONQUESTION
Description of Variable (s)Description of Variable (s) Examination of relationships among Examination of relationships among
variables.variables. Determinations of differences between 2 or Determinations of differences between 2 or
more groups regarding selected variablesmore groups regarding selected variables
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SOURCES OF RESEARCH SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS/QUESTIONSPROBLEMS/QUESTIONS
EXPERIENCE AND CLINICAL FIELD WORKEXPERIENCE AND CLINICAL FIELD WORK
NURSING LITERATURENURSING LITERATURE
SOCIAL ISSUESSOCIAL ISSUES
THEORYTHEORY
IDEAS FROM EXTERNAL SOURCESIDEAS FROM EXTERNAL SOURCES
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CONSIDERATIONS IN CONSIDERATIONS IN SELECTING A QUESTIONSELECTING A QUESTION
SIGNIFICANCE AND RELEVANCESIGNIFICANCE AND RELEVANCE
RESEARCHABILITYRESEARCHABILITY
FEASIBILITYFEASIBILITY
PERSONAL CURIOSITYPERSONAL CURIOSITY
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ADVANTAGES OF RESEARCH ADVANTAGES OF RESEARCH QUESTIONQUESTION
MAKES STUDY SIMPLEMAKES STUDY SIMPLE
GIVES DIRECTION TO STUDYGIVES DIRECTION TO STUDY
INVITES AN ANSWERINVITES AN ANSWER
HELPS FOCUS ATTENTION OF RESEARCHER AND HELPS FOCUS ATTENTION OF RESEARCHER AND READER ON KIND OF DATA TO BE COLLECTEDREADER ON KIND OF DATA TO BE COLLECTED
ANSWERS ADD TO OUR GENERAL KNOWLEDGEANSWERS ADD TO OUR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
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LEVELS OF RESEARCH LEVELS OF RESEARCH QUESTIONSQUESTIONS
LEVEL I - WHEN VERY LITTLE KNOWLEDGE IS LEVEL I - WHEN VERY LITTLE KNOWLEDGE IS AVAILABLE.AVAILABLE.
LEVEL II -TO LOOK FOR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEVEL II -TO LOOK FOR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIABLESVARIABLES
LEVEL III -ASSUMES RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEVEL III -ASSUMES RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIABLES AND ASKS ‘WHY?’VARIABLES AND ASKS ‘WHY?’
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LEVEL ILEVEL IEXAMPLEEXAMPLE
WHAT ARE THE EXPERIENCES OF FATHERS WHO WHAT ARE THE EXPERIENCES OF FATHERS WHO ARE IN THE DELIVERY ROOM WITH THEIR WIVES? ARE IN THE DELIVERY ROOM WITH THEIR WIVES?
ONE VARIABLE -EXPERIENCES ONE VARIABLE -EXPERIENCES
POPULATION - FATHERS IN THE DELIVERY ROOM POPULATION - FATHERS IN THE DELIVERY ROOM
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LEVEL IILEVEL IIEXAMPLEEXAMPLE
WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP OF PATIENT WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP OF PATIENT EDUCATION TO PATIENT COMPLIANCE IN EDUCATION TO PATIENT COMPLIANCE IN CARDIAC REHABILITATION PROGRAM? CARDIAC REHABILITATION PROGRAM?
VARIABLES - PATIENT EDUCATIONVARIABLES - PATIENT EDUCATION
PATIENT COMPLIANCEPATIENT COMPLIANCE
POPULATION –CARDIAC REHABILITATION POPULATION –CARDIAC REHABILITATION PATIENTS PATIENTS
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LEVEL IIILEVEL IIIEXAMPLEEXAMPLE
WHY DO SELF CARE BEHAVIOURS INCREASE THE WHY DO SELF CARE BEHAVIOURS INCREASE THE FEELINGS OF WELLBEING IN PATIENTS WITH FEELINGS OF WELLBEING IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC ILLNESS? CHRONIC ILLNESS?
VARIABLES- CAUSE -SELF CARE BEHAVIOURS VARIABLES- CAUSE -SELF CARE BEHAVIOURS EFFECT–FEELINGS OF WELLBEING EFFECT–FEELINGS OF WELLBEING
POPULATION - PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC ILLNESSPOPULATION - PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC ILLNESS
DIRECTION - INCREASEDIRECTION - INCREASE
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TYPES OF RESEARCH TYPES OF RESEARCH QUESTIONSQUESTIONS
DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONSDESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS ABOUT QUESTIONS ABOUT PREVALENCE,FREQUENCIES,AVERAGE VALUES ETC.PREVALENCE,FREQUENCIES,AVERAGE VALUES ETC.
MULTIVARIATE QUESTIONSMULTIVARIATE QUESTIONS QUESTIONS ABOUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIABLES QUESTIONS ABOUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIABLES
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MULTIVARIATE QUESTIONSMULTIVARIATE QUESTIONS
EXISTENCE OF RELATIONSHIP: IS THERE A EXISTENCE OF RELATIONSHIP: IS THERE A RELATIONSHIP?RELATIONSHIP?
DIRECTION OF RELATIONSHIP: WHETHER THERE IS DIRECTION OF RELATIONSHIP: WHETHER THERE IS AN INCREASE OR A DECREASE?AN INCREASE OR A DECREASE?
STRENGTH OF RELATIONSHIP: HOW STRONG?STRENGTH OF RELATIONSHIP: HOW STRONG? NATURE OF RELATIONSHIP : DOES IT CONTRIBUTE?NATURE OF RELATIONSHIP : DOES IT CONTRIBUTE? MODERATED RELATIONSHIP : IS THERE A MODERATED RELATIONSHIP : IS THERE A
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN?DIFFERENCE BETWEEN? MEDIATED RELATIONSHIP: DOES IT DIRECTLY HAVE MEDIATED RELATIONSHIP: DOES IT DIRECTLY HAVE
AN EFFECT?AN EFFECT?
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FORMULATION OF QUESTIONFORMULATION OF QUESTION
SELECT TOPICSELECT TOPIC
NARROW TOPIC BY ASKING QUESTIONS –WHAT? NARROW TOPIC BY ASKING QUESTIONS –WHAT? WHEN? WHY? HOW? WHO?WHEN? WHY? HOW? WHO?
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DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH QUESTIONQUESTION
Steps :Steps :Idea emerges Idea emerges
Brain Storming Brain Storming
Literature Review Literature Review
Identifying variables Identifying variables
Research question formulationResearch question formulation
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CHARATERISTICS OF FULLY CHARATERISTICS OF FULLY DEVELOPED RESEARCH DEVELOPED RESEARCH
QUESTIONQUESTION
Identifies variables Identifies variables
Specific population Specific population
Implies possibility of empirical testingImplies possibility of empirical testing
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EXAMPLEEXAMPLE
PURPOSE :TO STUDY THE EFFECTS OF INFERTILITY PURPOSE :TO STUDY THE EFFECTS OF INFERTILITY ON PSYCHOSOCIAL FUNCTIONING OF MARRIED ON PSYCHOSOCIAL FUNCTIONING OF MARRIED COUPLES.COUPLES.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS:RESEARCH QUESTIONS: WHAT PERCENTAGE OF HUSBANDS AND WIVES IN WHAT PERCENTAGE OF HUSBANDS AND WIVES IN
INFERTILE COUPLES SUFFER FROM DEPRESSION?INFERTILE COUPLES SUFFER FROM DEPRESSION? DO HUSBANDS IN INFERTILE COUPLES DIFFER FROM DO HUSBANDS IN INFERTILE COUPLES DIFFER FROM
WIVES WITH RESPECT TO THEIR LEVELS OF WIVES WITH RESPECT TO THEIR LEVELS OF DEPRESSION?DEPRESSION?
WHAT ARE THE COPING STRATERGIES USED BY WHAT ARE THE COPING STRATERGIES USED BY HUSBANDS AND WIVES TO DEAL WITH THEIR HUSBANDS AND WIVES TO DEAL WITH THEIR INFERTILITY?INFERTILITY?
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RESEARCH OBJECTIVESRESEARCH OBJECTIVES
DefinitionDefinitionResearch objectives is a clean, concise,Research objectives is a clean, concise, declarative statement that is expressed in thedeclarative statement that is expressed in the present tense.present tense. Focuses on one or two variables and indicates Focuses on one or two variables and indicates
whether they are to be identified or described.whether they are to be identified or described. Identifies relationships among variables.Identifies relationships among variables. Determines differences between two groups Determines differences between two groups
regarding selected variables.regarding selected variables.
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1 . To describe the incidence of cocaine use 1 . To describe the incidence of cocaine use in 18-40 year old persons seen in a hospital in 18-40 year old persons seen in a hospital emergency department with complaints of emergency department with complaints of chest pain.chest pain.
To determine the relationship between the To determine the relationship between the demographic data of patient and cocaine demographic data of patient and cocaine use.use.
EXAMPLESEXAMPLES
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RESEARCH HYPOTHESESRESEARCH HYPOTHESES
DefinitionDefinition
A hypotheses is a formal statement of the A hypotheses is a formal statement of the expected relationships between two or more expected relationships between two or more variables in a specified population.variables in a specified population.
Hypotheses are proposed solutions or Hypotheses are proposed solutions or answers to research queries. answers to research queries.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF A CHARACTERISTICS OF A HYPOTHESISHYPOTHESIS
1.1. It is a declarative statement that It is a declarative statement that identifies relationshipidentifies relationship
2.2. TestabilityTestability
3.3. Consistent with an existing body of Consistent with an existing body of theory and research findings.theory and research findings.
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FUNCTIONS OF HYPOTHESESFUNCTIONS OF HYPOTHESES
Translates research problem and purpose into Translates research problem and purpose into clear explanations or predictionsclear explanations or predictions
Includes variables to be manipulated or measuredIncludes variables to be manipulated or measured Identifies the population to be examinedIdentifies the population to be examined Indicates the proposed outcomes for the study Indicates the proposed outcomes for the study Influences study design ,sampling technique, data Influences study design ,sampling technique, data
collection and analysis methods ,and collection and analysis methods ,and interpretations of findingsinterpretations of findings
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TYPES OR CATEGORIESTYPES OR CATEGORIES
Associative versus causalAssociative versus causal
Simple versus complexSimple versus complex
Non directional versus directionalNon directional versus directional
Null versus researchNull versus research
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PREDICTION PHRASEPREDICTION PHRASE
Less thanLess than More thanMore than Greater thanGreater than Different fromDifferent from Related toRelated to Associated withAssociated with Positively relatedPositively related Negatively relatedNegatively related
Hypotheses, ideally should be on sound justifiable Hypotheses, ideally should be on sound justifiable rationalsrationals..
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OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONOPERATIONAL DEFINITION
Operational Definition is the definition of aOperational Definition is the definition of a
concept or variable in terms of the proceduresconcept or variable in terms of the procedures
by which it is to be measuredby which it is to be measured
It specifies how the concept will be measuredIt specifies how the concept will be measured
that is, what instruments will be used tothat is, what instruments will be used to
capture the concept.capture the concept.
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ASSUMPTIONS ASSUMPTIONS Definition :Definition :
Assumptions are statements that are taken for Assumptions are statements that are taken for granted or are considered true, even though they granted or are considered true, even though they have not been scientifically tested.have not been scientifically tested.
Sources :Sources :
Universally accepted truthsUniversally accepted truths Theories Theories Previous Research Previous Research Nursing PracticeNursing Practice
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LIMITATIONLIMITATION
Definition :Definition :
Limitations are restrictions or problems in a Limitations are restrictions or problems in a study that may decrease the generalizability of study that may decrease the generalizability of the findingsthe findings
Types of LimitationsTypes of Limitations
Theoritical LimitationsTheoritical Limitations
Methodological LimitationsMethodological Limitations
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CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
Properly formulated research question, Properly formulated research question, research objectives and research research objectives and research hypothesis and properly stated operational hypothesis and properly stated operational definition are essential for the success of a definition are essential for the success of a studystudy
Identification of assumptions and limitations Identification of assumptions and limitations helps in smooth conduction of the studyhelps in smooth conduction of the study