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Alor Setar2.3 2.3.1 Demography

A vast majority of Alor Setar citizens are made up of Kedahan Malay while the minority ethnics are followed by Chinese, Indian, Thai and other malays including Pattani Malay.

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MEASURED DRAWING 2017 (ARC60305) | KEDAH ROYAL MUSEUM

2.3.2 Geography

Alor Setar is situated in the north-western piece of Peninsular Malaysia. The Kota Setar district includes the city of Alor Setar and borders between the districts of Kubang Pasu, Pokok Sena and Pendang. It is located at the edge of the Straits of Malacca which separates Malaysia from Indonesia. Besides, Alor Setar is surrounded by important rivers systems, for example, the Kedah River, River Langgar, Tajar River, Anak Bukit River, Alor Malai and Alor Merah.

Figure 2.15 Ethnicity of Kedah (Singh, 2015)

Figure 2.16 Map of Alor Setar boundary with river (Google Maps)

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2.3.3 Climate

The climate in Alor Setar is influenced by the tropical monsoon climate. It is classified under the Koppen climate classification. The city experiences a lengthy wet season. The precipitation is seen during the short dry season. Temperatures are moderately predictable over the span of the year. The highest temperature is around 32 degrees while the lowest temperature is about 23 degrees Celsius. The annual precipitation of the city is around 2300mm.

Figure 2.17 Tropical Monsoon Climate in Alor Setar (Climate-Data.org)

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2.3.4 History

Alor Setar was established in 1735 by Kedah's nineteenth Ruler, Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin Mu'azzam Shah and is the state's eighth regulatory focus since the foundation of the Kedah Sultanate in 1136. It has been an administrative center that was located early in the district of Kota Bukit Meriam, Kota Siputeh, Kota Naga, Kota Indera Kayangan and Kota Sungai Emas. “Alor” or all the more accurately, “alur” is Malay for a depression, wrinkle or standard of a channel. In Tamil “alur” implies deplete. “Setar” is a tree with little, sharp organic product (Bouea macrophylla) otherwise called either “kundang” or “remia” in Malay. The uniqueness of these organic products is that when you split the seed, every part is purple in shading.

The city had been sacked twice when Kedah was assaulted by the Bugis in 1770 and the Siamese in 1821.

A major event happen here was the Siamese return the city of Perlis and Satun to Kedah during May 1897. On June 1904, a 90-day celebration of royal wedding was held to celebrate the five children of Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah at the Istana Pelamin. Alor Setar had been authoritatively as a city on 21 December 2003 which the city name was formally changed from Alor Setar to Alor Star. The declaration of Kedah as a city was held at Dataran Tunku, Alor Setar. The ceremony was witnessed by citizens and voyagers.

Figure 2.18 The Royal marriage couple. (Chia, 2017)

Figure 2.19 The guard of honour being inspected by His Royal Highness(Chia, 2017)

Figure 2.20 Servants are waiting at the corridor to salute the marriage couple (Chia, 2017)

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SULTANATE OF KEDAH3.1 3.1.1 Descendants of the Sultans

The Sultanate of Kedah was the earliest sultanate in the Malay Peninsula and considered the oldest established Sultanate in the world. Kedah was once a Hindu empire established by Maharaja Derbar Raja of Gemeron around 630 CE. During the reign of the ninth maharaja, Phra Ong Mahawangsa, converted to Islam and subsequently managed the country as Sultan Mudzafar Shah. The Kedah Sultanate began with this first sultan and remained ruling for more than 8 centuries.

Sultan Muadzam Shah(Kedah’s first King to embrace Islam and called ‘Sultan’)

Tunku Muadzam Shah

Tunku Sulaiman,Laksamana

Tunku Mohamad Shah

Tunku Puteri

Tunku Mahmud,Raja Muda

Tunku Maheran

Tunku Muzzil Shah Tunku Noraishah

Tunku Mahmud I married to Tunku Aishah

Tunku Ahmad,Raja Muda

Tunku Sulaiman Tunku Abdul Rahman

Tunku Azun,Raja Bendahara

Tunku Ibrahim married to Tunku Mala

Tunku Puteri Tunku Mohamad Jiwa I married to Tunku Mariam

Che Puan

Tunku Pok

Tunku Mansor,Raja Muda

Tunku Attaullah

Tunku Mahmud II married to Che Larasari

Tunku Kutam married to Tunku Mohamad Sa’ad Bin Tunku Osman

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Tunku Muazafar Shah II married to Che Tempawan

Tunku Sulaiman II married to Che Ra’namala

Tunku Noraishah married to Tunku Ismail

Tunku Jahara

Tunku Rijaluddin married to Wan Timah

Tunku Sofiah

Tunku Mahayuddin Mansor Shah married to Wan Sara

Tunku Pengiran, Raja Muda

Tunku Rahimah married to Tunku Mohamad Akib Bendahara

Tunku ZamzamTunku Dhiaudin Tunku Sulaiaman Tunku Jahara

Wan Jinga Che Sepachendera

Tunku Attaullah Mohamad Shah married to Tunku

Maheran

Tunku Sepora married to Juang Tawa

Tunku Ngah Putra

Tunku Abdullah Mua’zam Shah

married Wan Nung

Tunku Ibrahim,Raja Muda

Tunku Latifah married Tunku Ishak

Tunku Mohamad Jiwa II Tunku Ahmad Tajudin Halim Shah

Tunku Long Putra

Tunku Aishah

Che Puan Tunku Puteri

Tunku Anjang

Tunku Rahimah Tunku Abdullah Mukaram Shah

Tunku Ahmad Tajudin Halim Shah II

Tunku Ya’akob Tunku Bisnu Tunku Zamzam

Tunku Anum Tunku Dhiaudin

Tunku Mohamad Tunku Midah

Tunku Zaleha

Tunku Ishak

Tunku Mohamad

Saman

Tunku Jahara

Wan Fatimah

Tunku Abdullah

Che Arshid

Tunku Zainal Rashid I

Tunku Aisyah

Tunku Aishah

Tunku Ahmad Tajudin

Syed Hussein Jamalulail

Tunku Puteri

Tunku Yusof

Tunku Mohamad

Tunku Sofiah

Tunku Ya’akob

Tunku Rahimah

Tunku Thiaudin

Tunku Yusof

Tunku Zamzam

Wan Hajar Binte Wan Ismail

Tunku Sofiah

Wan Jah Binte Luang Nik Abidin

Tunku Jahara

Tunku Zainal

Rashid II

Tunku Fatimah

Tunku Jahara

Tunku Kassim

Tunku Abdul

Tunku Abdul

Tunku Zainal Abidin

Tunku Azahari

Tunku Marodziah

Tunku Aminah

Tunku Rokiah

Tunku Abdul Hamid

Tunku Hafsah

Tunku Abdul Aziz

Tunku Asiah

Tunku Jiwa Tunku Mahmood

Tunku Asma Binte Al-Marhum Sultan Suleiman Terengganu

Tunku Sofiah Binte Tunku Mahmud

Tunku Badlishah


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Tunku Abdul Halim

Tunku Hamidah

Tunku Abdul Hamid

Sultanah Bahiyah Binte H.H Tengku

Abdul Rahman

Tunku Sakinah

Tunku Mansor

Tunku Intan Safinaz

Tunku Abdul Malik

Tunku Soraya

Tunku Sarina

Tunku Abdul Hamid Thani

Tunku Nafisah

Tunku Kamaliah

Tunku Badriyatul

Jamal

Tunku Bisharah

Tunku Thalahuddin

Tunku Anjar

Tunku Hosna

Sultans Who Occupied the Palace

1735-1778 Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin Mu'azam Shah

1778-1797 Sultan Abdullah Mukarram Shah II

1797-1843 Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II

1843-1854 Sultan Zainal Rashid Al-Mu'adzam Shah I

1854-1879 Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Mukarram Shah III

1879-1881 Sultan Zainal Rashid Mu’adzam Shah II

1882-1943 Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah

Diagram of the decendants obtained from the Kedah Royal Museum


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3.1.8 Sultan abdul hamid halim shah (1882-1943)

Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah was the 25 th Sultan of Kedah. He ruled the state for 61 years which his reign started from 1882-1943. The Sultan, his royal highness was responsible for the renovation of the Balai Besar due to several attacks from the Bugis and Siamese. He also built a new building which is the Balai Nobat.

In hopes to broaden his understanding of administration, the sultan visited countries such as Thailand, Burma, India, France, London and etc. He even ruled across the Siamese, English and Japanese‘s occupation. Bringing in some elements of the countries, the sultan was known as the Father of Modernism in Kedah.

Figure 2.25 Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah(Soszynski)


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Figure 2.23 Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Mukarram Shah III

(Geni.com)

3.1.6 Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Mukarram Shah iii (1854-1879)

Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Mukarram Shah was the 23rd Sultan of Kedah. His reign started from 1854-1879. During his reign, he built the new Balai Nobat which consist of a five-story building.

3.1.5 Sultan Zainal Rashid Al-Mu'adzam Shah I (1843-1854)

Sultan Zainal Rashid Al-Mu’adzam Shah I was the 22th Sultan of Kedah. His reign started from 1843-1854.

Figure 2.22 Sultan Zainal Rashid Al-Mu’adzam Shah I

(Soszynski)


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3.1.2 Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin Mu’azam Shah (1735-1778)

Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin Mu’azam Shah, also known as Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal II is widely known as the founder of Alor Setar. He is well known for reigning 68 years, the longest Malay ruler in Kedah. Sultan Muhammad Jiwa then built his palace, Istana Kota Setar which was made up of timber structures. The Balai Nobat, an octagonal tower to store the nobat, which consists of nine royal musical instrument was also one of his creation.

3.1.3 Sultan Abdullah Mukarram Shah II (1778-1797)

Sultan Abdullah Mukarram Shah was the 20th Sultan of Kedah. His reign started from 1778 to 1797. During his regime, he accepted the Siamese sovereignty and dispatched the first tribute payment, “Bunga Mas” in 1781.


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3.1.4 Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II (1797-1843)

Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II was the 21st Sultan of Kedah. His reign started from 1797-1843. The Sultan's rule was set apart by the Siamese’s control where its armed force attacked and possessed Kedah in the vicinity of 1821 and 1842. Kedahan Arab families upheld the Sultan's venture to lead resistant efforts against the Siamese. Middle Easterner pioneers utilized a two-dimensional approach of religious militancy and discretion to free Kedah from the Siamese ruling. Among which the Jamal Al-Layl family played a main part in these attempts and frequently arranged negotiations to convince the Siamese to recapture the state's autonomy. The Siamese later consented to reestablish the Sultan of Kedah to his position of royalty in 1842. The next year, Sayyid Hussein Jamal Al-Layl was introduced as the main Raja of Perlis, after Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin gave his approval for the development of Perlis state. Figure 2.21 Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Halim

Shah II(T,1970)


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Figure 2.24 Sultan Zainal Rashid Mu’adzam Shah II(PortaleStoria)

3.1.7 Sultan zainal rashid mu'adzam shah II (1879-1881)

Sultan Zainal Rashid Mu’adzam Shah II was the 24 th Sultan of Kedah. His reign started from 1879-1881. He was poisoned till death when he was kept detention at Ligor on 22 September 1881. Since then, further information about his death was kept disclosed from the royal family.

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