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EAM Master Programs in EAM Master Programs in Malaysia:Malaysia:An overviewAn overview

By:Dr. M. Rafee Majid

Senior Lecturer &Deputy Director

Centre for Innovative Planning and Development

Department of Urban & Regional PlanningUniversiti Teknologi Malaysia

81310 JOHOR BAHRUJohor, Malaysia

The

Fina

l Con

fere

nce

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o Important Malaysian environmental regulations

o Malaysian environmental education policies

o Higher education in Malaysia

o EAM related HE in Malaysia

o Issues & Opportunities/Conclusions

Outline

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iaLaws related to EAM

The Environmental Quality Act (EQA) of 1974…THE Legislation.

Prior to EQA of 1974o Many sectoral acts …..for early management response to environmental problems.o Not designed to address environmental problems but to promote sound practices in

sectors.

The EQA of 1974o Aim - the prevention, abatement, control of pollution and enhancement of the

environment.o Most comprehensive legislation concerning environment in Malaysia (Sham, 1997).o BUT control oriented rather than geared towards prevention …vis-à-vis license

mechanism (Heng, 2002).

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iaLaws related to EAPM

Brief Overview of Environmental Law in Malaysia

EQA Amendment of 1985o EIA made a requirement for prescribed projects.o Shifting of approach from CONTROL to PLANNING.

EQA Amendment of 1996o Introduction of Research Cess Fund & Environmental Auditing o Emphasis more on Environmental Management and Monitoring.

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iaLaws related to EAPM

Impact Assessment (EIA, TIA, SIA, SEA) in MalaysiaE & T & S IA carried out separately.

EIA voluntarily partially practiced in government projects beginning early 1980’s. Becomes mandatory in 1988.

Activities subject to EIA are prescribed under Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities)(EIA) Order, 1987. Currently 19 Prescribed Activities.

SIA and TIA are still an administrative requirement to be decided case by case basis by DOE & relevant technical depts.

SEA is still emerging. Only Dept of Town & Country Planning is beginning to look into its possible implementation.

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iaEnv Education & Malaysia’s Plans

The strategic thrust in Eighth Malaysia Plan (2000-2005) includes:– Reducing energy, materials, pollution and waste intensity of urban-

industrial activity to address air pollution, mitigate deterioration in water quality and waste disposal.

– Increase fiscal policy and promote market-based instruments and self-regulatory among industries.

– Promote environmental performance measure and database.– Empowering local authorities and engaging local communities.– Enhancing land use planning, intensify biodiversity conservation and

sustainable forest management and maritime affairs.

Aims of the National Environmental Policy of 2002:o Integrate environmental consideration into development activities and in all

related decision making processes.o Sets out the principles and strategies necessary to ensure that the environment

remains productive both ecologically and economically.

One of the key areas outlined in the policy - Education and Awareness

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iaHigher Education in Malaysia

Brief Overview

Public Universities (IPTA)– 20 Universities

Private Universities (IPTS)– 21 Universities– 22 College Universities– 5 Branch campuses of foreign universities

Focus of presentation is on public universities

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iaHigher Education in Malaysia

TOTAL ENROLMENT AT HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONSYEAR 2002 - 2007

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iaHigher Education in Malaysia

TOTAL MASTERS ENROLMENT AT HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONSYEAR 2002 - 2007

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iaHigher Education in Malaysia

TOTAL PhD ENROLMENT AT HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONSYEAR 2002 - 2007

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~ 22,500 students

~ 24,000 students

~ 21,000 students

~ 29,000 students

~ 21,500 students

~ 19,000 students

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iaEAM Master Programmes at Public Universities

• At what level are EAM-related subjects taught?

A. Undergraduate• Introductory level classes concerning EIA and Env Planning & Mgmt for engineering

& planning students.• More extensive coverage in Env Science or Env Studies curricula (such as at UPM, UM

& UKM).

B. Graduate • Offered by coursework masters programmes.• Extensive coverage by environmentally-focused masters programmes (Env Mgmt,

Env Planning, Env Studies)• Electives for environmental-related masters programmes (engineering, planning)• Electives for PhD in some programmes.• More than 500 students currently enrolled nation-wide.

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iaEAM Master Programmes at Public Universities

• Ms. Programmes requiring EAM-related subjects

University Masters Programme

UTM (Universiti Teknologi Malaysia)

M. Engineering (Env)MSc (Safety, Health & Environment)MSc (Planning – Env. & Resource Mgmt)Master of Urban Planning

UKM (Universiti Kebangsaan

Malaysia)

M.Eng (Environmental)M.Eng (Civil)M.Eng (Chemical)MSc (Conservation Biology)MSc (Plant Genetic Resource Mgmt)MSc (Engineering Geology)MSc (Env. Assessment & Monitoring)MSc (Marine Science)MSc (Engineering and Env. Geophysics)MSc (Industrial Minerals)

UPM (Universiti Putra Malaysia

Master of Environment

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• Ms. Programmes requiring EAPM-related subjects

University Graduate

UM (University of Malaya)

MSc (Science & Env. Mgmt)MSc’s offered by Inst. of Postgraduate Studies

USM (Universiti Sains Malaysia)

MSc (Housing)MSc (Landscape Architecture)MSc (Chemical Engineering)MSc (Environmental Engineering)MSc (Sust. River Mgmt)

UIA (Universiti Islam Antarabangsa)

Master of Urban and Regional Planning

EAM Master Programmes at Public Universities

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University Engineering Faculties/Schools Non-engineering Faculties/Schools

UTM (Universiti Teknologi Malaysia)

Civil EngineeringChemical Engineering

Urban & Regional Planning

UKM (Universiti Kebangsaan

Malaysia)

Civil Engineering Environmental Science and Natural Resources

UM (University of Malaya)

Civil EngineeringChemical EngineeringEnvironmental Engineering

Urban StudiesBiological SciencesEconomicsLaw

USM (Universiti Sains Malaysia)

Civil EngineeringChemical Engineering

Urban PlanningLandscape Architecture

UPM (Universiti Putra Malaysia

Civil Engineering Environmental Sciences and Management

UIA (Universiti Islam Antarabangsa)

Urban Planning

Faculties/schools:• Engineering (Civil/Chemical/Environmental)• Urban Planning/Studies• Environmental Sciences/Studies

Where are they offered?

EAM Master Programmes at Public Universities

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iaHow are they taught?How are they taught?

• Subjects with various names & contents.• Can be classified into:

o Engineering-biased remedial based/approach.

o Systemic planning and management based/approach.

o Economic based/approach.o Institutional (acts & laws) based/approach.

Engineering Faculties/Schools Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Solid Waste Management & EIA Environmental Engineering and Management Safety Engineering and Environmental

Management Environmental Monitoring and Assessment

Technologies Management of Environmental Risk Safety, Health and Environmental

Management

Non-engineering Faculties/Schools Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Environmental Planning & Management Environmental Management Systems Environmental Health and Safety Environment and Sustainable Development Urbanization and Environment Environmental Economics Environmental Law Ethics and Environmental Conservation Environmental Ethics Impact Assessment and Environmental Management

Plan Environmental Policy and Governance Land Use and Environmental Planning Environmental Sustainability and Management Project Impact Assessment Disaster Management and Planning

EAM Master Programmes at Public Universities

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..Some Subject Lists

Subject Matter

Subject Credit Hours

Course/Program

Management • Environmental Management • Solid and Hazardous Waste Management • Water Quality Management • Sludge Management

3 credits3 credits3 credits 3 credits

M.Eng (Env)

• Safety, Health and Environmental Management • Crisis Management & Legal Aspects in SHE • Occupational Health and Disease Management

3 credits3 credits3 credits

MSc (Safety, Health &

Environment)• Urban & Regional management Finance 3 credits MSc (URP), FAB

Planning/ Design

• Planning of Wastewater Treatment System • Wastewater Treatment Plant Design • Sewerage System: Design, Construction, Commissioning and

Operation

3 credits 3 credits 3 credits

M.Eng (Env)

• Environmental Resource Planning 3 credits MSc (URP)

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)

EAM Master Programmes at Public Universities

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Subject Matter

Subject Credit Hours

Course/Program

Assessment • Environmental Monitoring and Sampling • Environmental Quality Analysis • Environmental Modelling • Environmental Assessment, Risk and Sustainability

3 credits 3 credits 3 credits 3 credits

M.Eng (Env)

Engineering/ Technology/

Science

• Environmental Control Technology • Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse • Cleaner Technology • Principles of Environmental Engineering • River Rehabilitation • Non-Point Source Pollution

3 credits3 credits3 credits3 credits3 credits3 credits

M.Eng (Env)

• Industrial Hygiene • Resources Engineering • Pollution Control

3 credits3 credits3 credits

MSc (Safety, Health &

Environment)

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)..Some Subject Lists

EAM Master Programmes at Public Universities

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iaUniversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)

Subject Matter

Subject Credit Hours

Course/Program

Management • Environmental Management: Ecology, Audit & Environmental Impacts

• Waste Audit, Minimization and Management• Municipal Solid Waste Management• Environmental Risk Management

3 credits3 credits3 credits 3 credits

M.Eng (Env)

• Environmental Management &Energy Ecology, Environmental Audit and Impact Assessment

3 credits M.Eng (Civil)

• Waste Minimisation & Management 3 credits M.Eng (Chem)• Environmental Management System 3 credits All Courses in FS&T• Environmental and Natural Resources Economics 3 credits MSc (Conservation Biology);

MSc (Env. Assessment & Monitoring)

• Environmental Ethics 2 credits MSc (Env. Assessment & Monitoring),

MSc (Industrial Minerals)Planning/

Design• Design of Wastewater Treatment Plant• Pollution Control Equipment Design

3 credits 3 credits

M.Eng (Env)

• Sustainable Urban Design 3 credits M.Eng (Civil)

..Some Subject Lists

EAM Master Programmes at Public Universities

Assessment Environmental and Risk Impact Assessment 3 credits M.Eng (Civil) Geohazards Inspection 3 credits MSc (Geology Eng.) Environmental Impact Analysis Technique and

Procedures 3 creditsMSc (Env. Assessment &

Monitoring);

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Subject Matter

Subject Credit Hours

Course/Program

Management Environmental Law Impact Assessment and Environmental

Management Plan Trade, Finance, and Sustainable Development Industrial Environmental Management Solid and Toxic Waste Management

3 credits3 credits

3 credits3 credits3 credits

Master of Environment (M.Env)

Planning/ Design

- -

Assessment Research Design and Methodology for Environmental Sciences

Environmental Impact Assessment Techniques Environmental Research Project

3 credits

3 credits6 credits

Engineering/ Technology/

Science

Man and Ecosystem Environmental Pollution and Treatment

Technology Urban Climate and Air Pollution Water Pollution Control Technology

3 credits3 credits3 credits3 credits

Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM)Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM)..Some Subject Lists

EAM Master Programmes at Public Universities

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Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)

Subject Matter

Subject Credit Hours

Course

Management • Solid and Hazardous Waste Management 4 credits MSc (Env. Engineering)• River Management• Urban Drainage Management

4 credits4 credits

MSc (Sust. River Management)

• Safety Engineering and Environmental Management

4 credits MSc (Chemical Engineering)

• Planning Law and Administration• Urban and Regional Economics

3 credits MSc (Planning)

Planning/ Design

• Theory and Philosophy of Landscape Design • Principles and Theories of Design

3 credits MSc (Landscape Architecture)

..Some Subject Lists

EAM Master Programmes at Public Universities

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Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)Subject Matter

Subject Credit Hours

Course

Assessment Environmental Impact Assessment 4 credits MSc (Env. Engineering); MSc (Housing);MSc (Planning)

MSc (Landscape Architecture)

Hydroinformatics 4 credits MSc (Env. Engineering) GIS for Landscape Design 3 credits MSc (Landscape

Architecture) Methods of Planning Analysis 3 credits MSc (Planning)

Engineering/ Technology/

Science

Water Supply Engineering Waste Water Engineering Sustainable Drainage System Air and Noise Pollution Control

4 creditsMSc (Env. Engineering)

River Ecosystems Hydraulic Stsructure

4 credits MSc (Sust. River Management)

Hydrology and Watershed Management Landscape Resource Management 3 credits MSc (Landscape

Architecture) Infrastructure Technology 3 credits MSc (Planning)

..Some Subject Lists

EAM Master Programmes at Public Universities

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Universiti Islam Antarabangsa (UIA)Universiti Islam Antarabangsa (UIA)

Subject Matter

Subject Credit Hours

Course

Management Values, Ethics and Built Environment Planning Practice and Management Planning and Sustainability Environmental Law and Policy

n/a

Master of Urban and Regional Planning

(MURP)

Planning/ Design

Environmental and Resource Planning Tourism Planning and Development Park and Recreational Planning

n/a

Assessment Planning Models and Techniques Planning and Decision Support System Modeling and Spatial Analysis

n/a

Engineering/ Technology/

Science

Traffic Engineering n/a

..Some Subject Lists

EAM Master Programmes at Public Universities

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A Brief LookA Brief Look

University Faculties/Schools Course/Program

NTU(Nanyang Technological

University, Singapore)

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering

MSc (Civil Eng.)MSc (Env. Eng.)MSc (Env. Science & Eng.)

NUS(National University of

Singapore)

Multi-faculty MSc (Environmental Management)

School of Design and Environment

MSc (Building Performance and Sustainability)MA (Urban Design)Master of Landscape Architecture (MLA)MSc (Integrated Sustainable Design)

Faculty of Engineering MSc (Civil Eng.)MSc (Env. Eng.)MSc (Safety, Health & Env. Tech.)

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University Faculties/Schools Course/Program

Mahidol University, Thailand

Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies

MSc (Natural Resource Management)MSc (Technology of Environmental Management)MSc (Information Management on Environments and Resources)MSc (Industrial Ecology and Environment)MSc (Sustainable Environment Planning)MSc (Technology of Environmental Management)MSc (Appropriate Technology for Resources and Environmental Development)

EAM in neighbouring countriesEAM in neighbouring countries

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University Faculties/Schools Course/Program

Universitas Gadjah Mada,

IndonesiaFaculty of Engineering MSc (Geological Eng.)

MSc (Civil Eng.)MSc (Natural Disaster Management)MSc (Waster Resource Management)MSc (Urban & Regional Planning)MSc (Transportation Engineering and System)

Faculty of Forestry MSc (Forestry)

Faculty of Geography MSc (Environmental Science)MSc (Geography)

EAM in neighbouring countriesEAM in neighbouring countries

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iaConclusions

1. Issues

i. EAM subjects contents are biased according to the faculties/schools offering them.

ii. Little evidence of interdisciplinary approach to the teaching of EAM at university level.

iii. Overall, more emphasis on EIA but limited coverage of SIA and SEA.

iv. Lacking in informal forms of EAM education/training.

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2. Challenges & opportunities

i. How to make EAM education/subjects more multidisciplinary?

ii. There are more to EAM than EIA. What about SIA, SEA and other approaches?

iii. How to increase informal EAM education/training to empower/engage local communities?

iv. How to cater for increasing number of international students?

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Tq