AJAY MOHAN and TAMILVANAN, MBA, PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY,

PONDICHERRY

Direction

PersistenceIntensity

“Always do what you are afraid to do." - Ralph Waldo Emerson

ROBBINS AND JUDGE

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IDEAL SITUATION NEEDS MOTIVATION

NEEDS TRAINING TERMINATE

WILLINGNESS

ABILITY

“Men are born to succeed, not fail.”

-Henry David Thoreau

AJAY MOHAN and TAMILVANAN, MBA, PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY

MOTIVATION PROCESS

NEED(DEPRIVATIO

N)

DRIVE(TENSIONS OR

DRIVES TO FULLFIL A NEED )

ACTIONS(GOAL-DIRECTED

BEHAVIOUR)

“Your life is in your hands, to make of it what you choose”

-John KehoePONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY

THEORY OF MOTIVATION Sama (counseling)Dana (offering of gifts)Danda (Punishments)Bheda (creating a split)

Management Practices from

‘KAUTILYA’S ARTHASHASTRA’

(Written by CHANAKYA,

The world’s first Management Guru)

“What you are is what you have been, and what you will be is what you do now.”

-Buddha

AJAY MOHAN and TAMILVANAN, MBA, PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY

THEORIES OF MOTIVATION

CONTENT THEORIES

– Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory

– Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y

– ERG Theory

– Frederick Herzberg’s Two- Factor Theory

– David C McClelland’s Theory of Needs

“If you don't risk anything, then you risk even more.”

-Erica JongPONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY

PROCESS THEORIES

– Victor H Vroom Expectancy Theory

– Equity Theory 

– Cognitive Evaluation Theory

– Self- Efficacy Theory

– Reinforcement Theory

“All that we are is the result of what we have thought.”

-BuddhaPONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY

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MASLOW’S NEED HIERARCHY

“Our greatest glory is not in never failing but in rising up every time we fail”

-Ralph Waldo EmersonPONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY

PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY

NEED HOME JOB

SELF- ACTULISATION

Education, Religion, Hobbies, Personal growth

Training, Advancement, Growth, Creativity

ESTEEM Approval of family, Friends, Community

Recognition, High status, Responsibilities

BELONGINGNESS Family, Friends, Clubs Teams, Departments, Coworkers, Clients, Supervisors, Subordinates

SAFETY Freedom from war, poison, violence

Work safety, job security, Health insurance

PHYSIOLOGICAL Food, Water, Sex Heat, Air, Basic salary

“Fortune favours the brave.”-Publius Terence

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“It is hard to fail, but it is worse never to have tried to succeed.”

-Theodore RooseveltPONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY

PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY

“The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams.”

-Eleanor RooseveltPONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY

PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY

“You must be the change you wish to see in the world.”

-Mahatma GandhiPONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY

PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY

MCCLELLAND’S THEORY OF NEEDS

NEED FORACHIEVEME

NT

NEED FOR POWER

NEED FOR AFFILIATIO

N

Friendship

Good relationship

drive to excelAchieve in relation to a set of standardsStrive to succeed

To control others

To get desired things done

“You will never possess what you are unwilling to pursue.”

-Mike MurdockPONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY

PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY

“They can because they think they can.”

-VirgilPONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY

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Equity theory

“Our strength grows out of our weakness.”-Ralph Waldo EmersonPONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY

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Cognitive Evaluation Theory

“The better part of happiness is to wish to be what you are.”

-Desiderius ErasmusPONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY

PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY

• Economists have found that offering to pay women for donating

blood decreases the number willing to donate by almost half, and

that letting them contribute the payment to charity reverses the

effect.

•When six day-care centers in Haifa, Israel, began fining parents

for late pickups, the number of tardy parents doubled. The fine

seems to have reduced their ethical obligation to avoid

inconveniencing the teachers and led them to think of lateness

as simply a commodity they could purchase.

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• Incentives affect what our actions signal, whether we’re being

self-interested or civic-minded, manipulated or trusted, and they

can imply—sometimes wrongly—what motivates us.

• Incentives also run into trouble when they signal that the

employer mistrusts the employee or is greedy. Close supervision

of workers coupled with pay for performance is textbook

economics—and a prescription for sullen employees.

“There are two rules for success: 1) Never tell everything you know…”

-Roger H. LincolnPONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY

PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY

GOAL SETTING

GoalsSpecific & Difficult

Accepted

Effects on PersonDirects attention

EnergisesEncourages persistency

New strategies developed

Feedback

Performance

“The secret of getting ahead is getting started”

-Mark TwainPONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY

PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY

Implementing Goal Setting:

Management By Objectives

Specific Goals

Participatively Set

Explicit Time Frame

Feedback on Goal

“He who controls others may be powerful, but he who has mastered himself is mightier still.”

-Lao-TzuPONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY

PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY

VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY

3. Rewards-Personal goals relationship = Valence

1. Effort-Performance relationship = Expectancy

2. Performance-Rewards relationship = Instrumentality

IndividualEffort

IndividualPerformance

PersonalGoals

OrganizationalRewards

1 2

3

“There is no such thing in anyone's life as an unimportant day.”

-Alexander WoollcottPONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY

PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY

Self- Efficacy Theory(social cognitive or social learning theory)

Enactive Mastery

Vicarious Modeling

Verbal Persuasion

Arousal

“No matter how hard the past, you can always begin again.”

-BuddhaPONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY

PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY

Reinforcement Theory

BEHAVIOUR

CONSEQUENCE

“ BEHAVIOUR IS A FUNCTION OF ITS CONSEQUENCES”

“Do not seek to follow in the footsteps of the wise. Seek what they sought.”

-BashoPONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY

PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY

“A day will never be anymore than what you make of it.”-Josh S. HindsPONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY

PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY

REFERENCE:

Books :Organizational Behavior 13th edition

-Stephen P. Robbins , Timothy A. Judge

Human Resource Management text and cases – 5th edition

-K. Aswathappa

Web:

http://hbr.harvardbusiness.org/2009/03/when-economic-incentives-backfire/ar/1http://changingminds.orghttp://www.google.comhttp://www.netmba.comhttp://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/index.htmlhttp://tutor2u.net/business/people/motivation_theory_maslow.asphttp://www.provenmodels.com/20/theory-x-&-y/douglas-mcgregor

http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/foundations_of_psychology/43811

http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/foundations_of_psychology/41616http://www.businessballs.com/leadership-management.htmhttp://www.ebookbillboard.com

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AJAY MOHAN and TAMILVANAN, MBA, PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY,

PONDICHERRY