21996731 lines sub station construction

8/8/2019 21996731 Lines Sub Station Construction

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/21996731-lines-sub-station-construction 1/103

LINES & SUB STATIONLINES & SUB STATION

CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTIONEr. K.V.Surya Prakasa RaoEr. K.V.Surya Prakasa Rao



Construction PracticeConstruction Practice

The basic param ete rs for s ele c t ion of ma te ria lsThe basic param ete rs for s ele c t ion of ma te ria lsand s t andards, onc e d e cid e d wi ll hel p in adop t ingand s t andards, onc e d e cid e d wi ll hel p in adop t ingsound cons t ruc t ion prac t ice s. Es t ima t ion of sound cons t ruc t ion prac t ice s. Es t ima t ion of ma te ria ls labour and t ranspor t faci lit ie s, h avingma te ria ls labour and t ranspor t faci lit ie s, h avingb ee n ass e ss e d the ma te ria ls s h ou ld b e mad e b ee n ass e ss e d the ma te ria ls s h ou ld b e mad e avai lab le a t si te , r eq uir e d working gangsavai lab le a t si te , r eq uir e d working gangs( eq uipp e d wi th t oo ls & t ack le s) s h ou ld b e form e d( eq uipp e d wi th t oo ls & t ack le s) s h ou ld b e form e das and w he n r eq uir e d.as and w he n r eq uir e d.The vo ltag e s of conc e rn ar e:The vo ltag e s of conc e rn ar e:a) 33 kV suba) 33 kV sub- - t ransmission lin e ,t ransmission lin e ,b) llkV Primary dis t ribu t ion lin eb) llkV Primary dis t ribu t ion lin ec) 415c) 415- -240Vo lt s S e condary dis t ribu t ion lin e 240Vo lt s S e condary dis t ribu t ion lin e



S urvey of the Proposed Route of S urvey of the Proposed Route of

LineLineTheThe firs tfirs t s te ps te p t ot o b eb e t ak e nt ak e n priorprior t ot o thethe d e signd e sign ororcons t ruc t ioncons t ruc t ion of of anyany lin elin e isis t ot o conduc tconduc t re connoi t rere connoi t resurv e ysurv e y of of thethe coun t rycoun t ry ov e rov e r w h ichwh ich thethe l in elin e isis t ot opasspass. . TopoTopo s heets heet mapmap of of thethe ar e aar e a w h ichwh ich wou ldwou ld

indica teindica te t ownst owns roads,roads, s t re ams/riv e r,s t re ams/riv e r, h ills,h ills, rai lwayrai lwaylin e s,lin e s, bridg e s,bridg e s, for e s tfor e s t ar e as,ar e as, tele p h on e stele p h on e s tele grap htele grap handand pow e rpow e r lin e slin e s maymay b eb e t ak e nt ak e n andand thetheapproxima teapproxima te rou terou te of of thethe l in elin e mark e dmark e d onon i tit ..Be for eBe for e fina lisingfina lising thethe rou te ,rou te , thethe fo llowingfo llowingparam ete rsparam ete rs s h ou lds h ou ld b eb e ke p tke p t inin mindmind ::

1. The s h or te s t rou te prac t icab le .1. The s h or te s t rou te prac t icab le .2.2. As As c los e as possib le t o the road for e asyc los e as possib le t o the road for e asy

main te nanc e and approac h during the main te nanc e and approac h during the cons t ruc t ion.cons t ruc t ion.

3. Rou te in dir e c t ion of possib le fu t ur e load.3. Rou te in dir e c t ion of possib le fu t ur e load.

4. Ang le poin t s s h ou ld b e le ss.4. Ang le poin t s s h ou ld b e le ss.



The areas to be avoided as far asThe areas to be avoided as far as

possible are:possible are:(a) Roug h and difficu lt coun t ry sid e .(a) Roug h and difficu lt coun t ry sid e .(b) Urban D e vel opm e n t ar e a.(b) Urban D e vel opm e n t ar e a.

(c) R e s t ric te d acc e ss for t ranspor t (c) R e s t ric te d acc e ss for t ranspor t veh ic le s.veh ic le s.(d) Abrup t ch ang e s in lin e rou te s.(d) Abrup t ch ang e s in lin e rou te s.( e ) Difficu lt crossing( e ) Difficu lt crossing - - riv e r, rai lway.riv e r, rai lway.

(f) Proximi t y t o a e rodrom e s.(f) Proximi t y t o a e rodrom e s.(g) Na t ura l h azards like s tee p va lle ys,(g) Na t ura l h azards like s tee p va lle ys,

h ills, lak e s, gard e ns, for e s t s,h ills, lak e s, gard e ns, for e s t s,



TheThe rou terou te s ele c te ds ele c te d forfor aa dis t ribu t iondis t ribu t ion lin elin e s h a lls h a ll b eb esuc hsuc h th a tth a t itit wi llwi ll giv egiv e thethe l ow e s tlow e s t cos tcos tconsid e re dconsid e re d ov e rov e r aa p e riodp e riod of of y e ars,ye ars, consis te n tconsis te n t wi thwi thacc e ssibi lit yacc e ssibi lit y forfor e asye asy main te nanc e ,main te nanc e , et cet c.. Th isTh isinc lud e sinc lud e s manymany consid e ra t ionsconsid e ra t ions suc hsuc h asas origina lorigina lcos t ,cos t , t reet ree t rimmingt rimming andand comp e nsa t ion,comp e nsa t ion, fr ee domfr ee domfromfrom v eh icu larveh icu lar damag e sdamag e s fu t ur efu t ur e d e vel opm e n td e vel opm e n t andandavai labi lit yavai labi lit y forfor s e rvic e ss e rvic e s..TheThe l in e slin e s s h ou lds h ou ld b eb e rou te drou te d w he re ve rwhe re ve r possib lepossib le t ot oavoidavoid na t ura lna t ura l obs t ac leobs t ac le suc hsuc h asas s tee ps tee p h illsh ills ororva lle ys',va lle ys', swamps,swamps, lak e s,lak e s, th ickth ick for e s t s,for e s t s, riv e rs,riv e rs, et cet c..Line sLine s s h ou lds h ou ld b eb e soso loca te dloca te d a ta t aa saf esaf e dis t anc edis t anc e fromfrombui ldingsbui ldings andand fromfrom possib lepossib le fir e ,fir e , proximi t yproximi t y t ot ot raffict raffic andand o the ro the r h azardsh azards.. Lin eLine s h a lls h a ll no tno t crosscrosssc h oo lsc h oo l p layp lay grounds,grounds, c e m ete ry,ce m ete ry, e xc e p te xc e p t und e rund e rsp e cia lsp e cia l circums t anc e scircums t anc e s.. Lin e sLine s s h ou lds h ou ld b eb e awayaway fromfromthethe bui ldingsbui ldings con t ainingcon t aining e xp losiv e se xp losiv e s..



Transpor t a t ionTranspor t a t ion con t ribu te scon t ribu te s aa majormajor por t ionpor t ion of of cons t ruc t ioncons t ruc t ion cos tcos t .. AsAs suc hsuc h wh ilewh ile fina lisingfina lising thetherou terou te a lignm e n t ,a lignm e n t , i tit maymay b eb e e nsur e de nsur e d th a tth a t du edu e t ot ot ranspor t a t iont ranspor t a t ion cos tcos t s h ou lds h ou ld b eb e asas lowlow asas possib lepossib le ..Transpor tTranspor t of of RCC/PCCRCC/PCC po le spo le s pos epos e gr e a te rgr e a te r prob le mprob le masas the ythe y ar ear e g e n e ra llyg e n e ra lly he avi e rhe avi e r th anth an o the ro the r t yp e st yp e s of of suppor t ssuppor t s forfor sam esam e du t ydu t y.. TheThe RCC/PCCRCC/PCC po le spo le s ar ear eg e n e ra llyg e n e ra lly s t rong e rs t rong e r onon thethe l ong e rlong e r axisaxis th anth an onon

s h or te rs h or te r axisaxis. . Car eCar e s h ou lds h ou ld b eb e t ak e nt ak e n onon th isth is asp e c tasp e c twh ilewh ile h and ling,h and ling, t ot o pr e ve n tpr e ve n t e xc e ssiv ee xc e ssiv e s t re ssings t re ssing of of thethe po lepo le a ta t thethe t im et im e of of t ranspor t ingt ranspor t ing.. TheTheun loadingun loading of of po le spo le s fromfrom t ruckt ruck oror t rai le rt rai le r s h ou lds h ou lda lsoa lso b eb e don edon e car e fu llycar e fu lly.. Sui t ab leSui t ab le skidskid boardsboards mus tmus tb eb e us e dus e d andand onon nono accoun t ,accoun t , thethe po le spo le s b eb e dropp e ddropp e d..

S e ve ra lS e ve ra l u t ilit ie su t ilit ie s h av eh av e sp e cia lsp e cia l truckst rucks mad emad e wi thwi thsid esid e loadingloading arrang e m e n tarrang e m e n t forfor po lepo le t ranspor t a t iont ranspor t a t ionoror us eus e t rai le rst rai le rs.. I tI t isis pr e f e rab lypr e f e rab ly t ot o provid eprovid e aa c h ainch ainpu lle ypu lle y b lockb lock wi thwi th aa b e amb e am arrang e m e n tarrang e m e n t inin thethemidd lemidd le of of thethe t ruckt ruck bodybody t ot o faci lit a tefaci lit a teun loading/ loadingun loading/ loading of of po le spo le s.. TheThe po le spo le s s h ou lds h ou ld no tno tb eb e dragg e ddragg e d onon roug hroug h surfac e ,surfac e , bu tbu t t ranspor te dt ranspor te d ininsma llsma ll handh and- -car tcar t



Detailed S urveyDetailed S urvey

(a) Pr el iminary Wa lk Ov e r surv e y(a) Pr el iminary Wa lk Ov e r surv e y(b) D et ai le d surv e y(b) D et ai le d surv e y



H aving provisiona lly fix e d the rou te , on the H aving provisiona lly fix e d the rou te , on the surv e y map, a pr el iminary Wa lk Ov e r1 surv e y issurv e y map, a pr el iminary Wa lk Ov e r1 surv e y iscarri e d ou t , b e for e conduc t ing the surv e y wi th carri e d ou t , b e for e conduc t ing the surv e y wi th ranging rods. As far as possib le , the lin e rou te isranging rods. As far as possib le , the lin e rou te ist ak e n th roug h ar e as wi th minimum t ree grow th .t ak e n th roug h ar e as wi th minimum t ree grow th .If the re ar e a lte rna t ive rou te s, a ll suc h rou te s ar e If the re ar e a lte rna t ive rou te s, a ll suc h rou te s ar e inv e s t iga te d for fina l e va lua t ion of the mos t inv e s t iga te d for fina l e va lua t ion of the mos t e conomic rou te .e conomic rou te .I t may b e m e n t ion e d he re th a t the d et ai le dI t may b e m e n t ion e d he re th a t the d et ai le dsurv e y can b e carri e d ou t by the odo lite and ang le surv e y can b e carri e d ou t by the odo lite and ang le poin t s can b e fix e d and mark e d wi th surv e ypoin t s can b e fix e d and mark e d wi th surv e ys t on e s. A rou te map t o a sca le of 1 cms t on e s. A rou te map t o a sca le of 1 cm² ² 0.5 km0.5 kmcan b e pr e par e d s h owing the various ang le scan b e pr e par e d s h owing the various ang le sapproac h roads, n e ar the lin e , rou te s d et ai l of approac h roads, n e ar the lin e , rou te s d et ai l of rai lways, communica t ion lin e s, E H T lin e crossing,rai lways, communica t ion lin e s, E H T lin e crossing,riv e r crossing,, et c. bu t th is is no t n e ce ssary inriv e r crossing,, et c. bu t th is is no t n e ce ssary incas e of sma ll lin e s as the loca l s t aff usua lly iscas e of sma ll lin e s as the loca l s t aff usua lly isconv e rsan t wi th the t opograp h y and the re for e conv e rsan t wi th the t opograp h y and the re for e marking of loca t ions a ligning the lin e wi th marking of loca t ions a ligning the lin e wi th



Right of WayRight of Way

(a)(a) Onc e the rou te of the lin e is fix e d approva l h asOnc e the rou te of the lin e is fix e d approva l h ast o b e ob t ain e d,t o b e ob t ain e d,F rom the rai lway au th ori t ie s for Rai lwayF rom the rai lway au th ori t ie s for Rai lwayCrossings.Crossings.F rom the comp ete n t F or e s t Au th ori t ie s forF rom the comp ete n t F or e s t Au th ori t ie s for

rou t ing of the lin e in F or e s t ar e as.rou t ing of the lin e in F or e s t ar e as.F rom the S t a te le vel Pow e r TeleF rom the S t a te le vel Pow e r Tele --communica t ioncommunica t ionCoordina t ion Commi ttee Coordina t ion Commi ttee (PTCC).(PTCC).

(b) In addi t ion if the re ar e urban d e vel opm e n t Air(b) In addi t ion if the re ar e urban d e vel opm e n t Air--por t and simi lar o the r ar e as fa lling in the rou te por t and simi lar o the r ar e as fa lling in the rou te of the lin e , p e rmission h as t o b e ob t ain e d.of the lin e , p e rmission h as t o b e ob t ain e d.

© Som et im e s priva te gard e ns/orc h ards may fa ll © Som et im e s priva te gard e ns/orc h ards may fa ll on the rou te and r eq uir e fr ee cu tt ing. The on the rou te and r eq uir e fr ee cu tt ing. The d et ai ls of t ree s ar e t o b e mark e d.d et ai ls of t ree s ar e t o b e mark e d.Comp e nsa t ion b e go t fix e d from R e ve nu e Comp e nsa t ion b e go t fix e d from R e ve nu e Au th ori t ie s and paid t o the own e rAu th ori t ie s and paid t o the own e r



Pole Locations :Pole Locations :

InIn loca t ingloca t ing po le spo le s onon lin e s,lin e s, thethe fo llowingfo llowing g e n e ra lg e n e ra l princip le sprincip le s ar ear et ot o b eb e ke p tke p t inin mindmind1.1. Kee pKee p spansspans uniformuniform inin le ng thle ng th asas farfar asas possib lepossib le ..2.2. Loca teLoca te t ot o h av eh av e h orizon t a lh orizon t a l grad egrad e3.3. ByBy loca t ingloca t ing thethe po le spo le s onon h ig hh ig h p lac e sp lac e s s h or ts h or t po le spo le s cancan b eb e

us e dus e d andand wi llwi ll main t ainmain t ain prop e rprop e r groundground c le aranc ec le aranc e a ta t thethe

midd lemidd le of of thethe spanspan. . InIn e x t re m el ye x t re m el y h illyh illy oror moun t ainousmoun t ainouscoun t ry,coun t ry, po le spo le s ar ear e l oca te dloca te d onon ridg e sridg e s the re bythe re by incr e asingincr e asing thethespansspans wi th ou twi th ou t gr e a tl ygr e a tl y incr e asingincr e asing thethe po llpo ll onon thethe conduc t orconduc t or..Th isTh is isis possib lepossib le b e caus eb e caus e thethe sagsag cancan b eb e mad emad e ve ryve ry larg elarg emain t ainingmain t aining thethe req uir e dreq uir e d groundground c le aranc ec le aranc e ..

4.4. Po le sPo le s s h ou lds h ou ld no tno t b eb e p lac e dp lac e d a longa long thethe e dg e se dg e s of of cu t scu t s orore mbankm e n te mbankm e n t oror a longa long thethe banksbanks of of cr ee kscr ee ks of of s t re amss t re ams

5.5. Cu tCu t --poin tpoin t forfor aa s e c t ions e c t ion cou ldcou ld b eb e a ta t 11..66 kmkm le ng thle ng th ( e xc e p t( e xc e p t ininsp e cia lsp e cia l cas e s),cas e s), w he rewhe re Doub leDoub le --po lepo le s t ruc tur e ss t ruc tur e s ar ear e t ot o b eb eprovid e dprovid e d t ot o tak etak e te nsionte nsion of of thethe conduc t orsconduc t ors. . I tI t maymay h av eh av eb ee nb ee n a lre adya lre ady e s t ima te de s t ima te d th a tth a t 1010 suppor t ssuppor t s ( loca t ions)( loca t ions) ar ear emos tl ymos tl y r eq uir e dreq uir e d inin on eon e kmkm.. le ng thle ng th of of HH .. TT.. lin e slin e s andand 1515suppor t ssuppor t s forfor LL.. TT.. lin elin e



ConstructionConstructionThe cons t ruc t ion ac t ivi t y of

H. T. lin e s may b& divid e d asThe cons t ruc t ion ac t ivi t y of

H. T. lin e s may b& divid e d asfo llowsfo llows

(1) Pi t marking, pi t digging.(1) Pi t marking, pi t digging.(2) Er e c t ion of suppor t s and concr et ing.(2) Er e c t ion of suppor t s and concr et ing.(3) Providing of guys t o suppor t s.(3) Providing of guys t o suppor t s.(4) Moun t ing cross(4) Moun t ing cross- -arms, p h i and insu la t ors, and pinarms, p h i and insu la t ors, and pin

binding.binding.(5) Paying and s t ringing of the conduc t or.(5) Paying and s t ringing of the conduc t or. . .(6) Join t ing of conduc t ors.(6) Join t ing of conduc t ors.(7) Sagging and te nsioning of conduc t ors.(7) Sagging and te nsioning of conduc t ors.(8) Crossings.(8) Crossings.(9) Guardings.(9) Guardings.(10) Ear th ings.(10) Ear th ings.(11) Te s t ing and commissioning(11) Te s t ing and commissioning

F or low te nsion lin e s the ac t ivi t ie s cou ld b e fo llow e d, wi th F or low te nsion lin e s the ac t ivi t ie s cou ld b e fo llow e d, wi th simp lifie d proc e dur e .simp lifie d proc e dur e .



Pit Marking and DiggingPit Marking and Digging

ProcedureProcedureAf te rAf te r surv e ying,surv e ying, thethe po lepo le loca t ionloca t ion s h ou lds h ou ld b eb emark e dmark e d wi thwi th thethe p e gp e g.. TheThe pi t spi t s s h ou lds h ou ld no tno t b eb e t oot oolarg elarg e th anth an n e ce ssary,n e ce ssary, asas o the rwis e ,o the rwis e , af te raf te r e re c t ione re c t ionof of thethe 'po le'po le andand fi lingfiling the rethe re re mainsre mains a a possibi lit ypossibi lit yof of t ilt ingt ilt ing of of po lepo le .. F orF or markingmarking thethe pi t s,pi t s, thethedim e nsionsdim e nsions of of thethe pi tpi t andand thethe ce n t rece n t re t ot o c e n t rece n t redis t anc edis t anc e of of pi t spi t s ar ear e req uir e dreq uir e d.. Pi t sPit s h avingh aving a adim e nsiondim e nsion of of abou tabou t 11..22 mm xx 00..66 mm s h ou lds h ou ld b eb ee xcava te de xcava te d wi thwi th it sit s long e rlong e r axisaxis inin thethe dir e c t iondir e c t ion of of thethe l in elin e .. TheThe p lan t ingp lan t ing d e p thd e p th s h ou lds h ou ld b eb e abou tabou t

11/ /66 le ng thle ng th of of thethe suppor tsuppor t ((15001500 mm)mm). . Excava t ionExcava t ionisis g e n e ra llyg e n e ra lly don edon e byby usingusing pickax epickax e crowcrow bars,bars,andand s h ov el ,s h ov el , v e ryve ry h ardh ard oror rockyrocky soi lsoi l maymay r eq uir ereq uir eb las t ingb las t ing of of rockrock byby sma llsma ll ch arg e sch arg e s of of gungunpow e r,pow e r, et cet c..



Erection of Poles and ConcretingErection of Poles and Concreting

Af te rAf te r e xcava t ione xcava t ion of of pi t spi t s isis comp lete d,comp lete d, thethe suppor t s/suppor t s/ po le spo le s t ot ob eb e e re c te de re c te d maymay b eb e broug htbroug ht t ot o thethe pi tpi t loca t ionloca t ion byby manua lmanua llabourlabour oror byby car tcar t .. The nThe n thethe po lepo le maymay b eb e e re c te de re c te d insid einsid e thethepi tpi t ..Er e ct ionEr e ct ion of of po le spo le s cancan b eb e don edon e byby usingusing Bipod/Bipod/ wood e nwood e n

h ors eh ors e mad emad e of of 1515 cmcm GG..II pip epip e andand 66 mm longlong. . TheThe spr e adspr e ad of of thethe le gsle gs s h ou lds h ou ld b eb e 1010mm.. TheThe t iet ie wir ewir e forfor a tt ac h m e n ta tt ac h m e n t of of bipodbipod t ot o thethe po lepo le isis abou tabou t 66 mm longlong andand isis mad emad e of of 77/ /1010SWGSWG.. ((33..1515 mm)mm) S tayS tay wir ewir e andand th isth is wir ewir e s h ou lds h ou ld b eb ea tt ac he da tt ac he d t ot o thethe po lepo le a ta t 88 mm.. TheThe po lepo le isis s lids lid a longa long thethe l in elin erou terou te .. TheThe po lepo le isis t ie dt ie d wi thwi th 33 rop e srop e s.. TheThe rop erop e a ta t thethe bo tt ombo tt ompr e ve n t spr e ve n t s thethe po lepo le fromfrom b e ingb e ing dragg e ddragg e d inin thethe dir e c t iondir e c t ion of of thethe

pu llpu ll.. ToTo pr e ve n tpr e ve n t thethe suppor tsuppor t fromfrom movingmoving sid esid e inin raising,raising,t wot wo guyguy rop e srop e s ar ear e fix e dfix e d onon bo thbo th sid e ssid e s andand a tt ac he da tt ac he d t ot ote mporaryte mporary anc h oranc h or..--F orF or smoo thsmoo th s lidings liding andand pr e f e c tpr e f e c t p lac e m e n tp lac e m e n t of of po lepo le inin thethe pi t ,pi t ,anan inc lin e dinc lin e d t re nc ht re nc h h avingh aving1515..22 cmcm ((66 inin..)) wid thwid th andand 1010..22 cmcm((44 inin..)) le ng thle ng th maymay b eb e dugdug adjac e n tadjac e n t t ot o thethe pi tpi t asas s h owns h own

b el owb el ow..AA pie cepi e ce of of MM..SS.. c h ann elch ann el maymay b eb e p lac e dp lac e d inin thethe inc lin e dinc lin e d

osi t ionosi t ion a ta t thethe o the ro the r e nde nd of of thethe itit forfor e nab line nab lin thethe o leo le t ot o



The trench would facilitate the pole to skid smoothly intoThe trench would facilitate the pole to skid smoothly intothe pit with jerks.the pit with jerks.

V3 V3 from t op of bipodfrom t op of bipod' '' ' --- - "'"' ;f»f y.| "V";f»f y.|"V" JJ '.""''.""'

PullyPully



TheThe bipodbipod isis p lac e dp lac e d inin posi t ionposi t ion andand a tt ac he da tt ac he d t ot o thethepo lepo le byby m e ansm e ans of of t iet ie wir ewir e .. TheThe pu llpu ll forfor lif t inglif t ing thethepo le spo le s isis provid e dprovid e d byby rop erop e pu lle ypu lle y.. W he nWhe n thethe po lepo leh ash as r e ac he dre ac he d a ta t anan ang leang le of of ((3535°° t ot o 4040°°)) thethebo tt ombo tt om h o ldingh o lding rop erop e isis s low lys low ly r ele as e drele as e d.. W he nWhe n thethepo lepo le assum e sassum e s thethe ve r t ica lve r t ica l posi t ion,posi t ion, thethe h o ldingh o lding

rop e srop e s s h ou lds h ou ld b eb e t ig hte n e dt ig hte n e d..I tI t s h ou lds h ou ld b eb e e nsur e de nsur e d th a tth a t thethe t im et im e of of e re c t ion,e re c t ion,fourfour m e nm e n ar ear e a ta t thethe rop e srop e s andand thethe sup e rvisorsup e rvisors h ou lds h ou ld b eb e a ta t aa dis tanc edis tanc e forfor guidingguiding corr e c tcorr e c t posi t ionposi t ionsoso th a tth a t h ih i thethe e ve n te ve n t of of br e akingbr e aking of of rop e ,rop e , if if po lepo lefa lls,fa lls, i tit wi llwi ll no tno t re su ltre su lt in toin to anan accid e n taccid e n t ..Be for eBe for e thethe po lepo le isis pu tpu t in t oin t o RCCRCC paddingpadding oror

a lte rna t ivel ya lte rna t ivel y sui t ab lesui t ab le bas ebas e p la tep la te maymay b eb e .. giv e ngiv e nb el owb el ow thethe po lepo le t ot o incr e as eincr e as e thethe surfac esurfac e con t ac tcon t ac tb et wee nb et wee n thethe po le spo le s andand thethe soi lsoi l.. TheThe paddingpadding wi llwi lldis t ribu tedis t ribu te thethe d e nsi t yd e nsi t y of of thethe pr e ssur epr e ssur e du edu e t ot ow e ig htw e ig ht of of thethe po lepo le onon thethe soi lsoi l..H avingH aving lif te dlif te d thethe po lepo le thethe sam esam e s h ou lds h ou ld b eb e ke p tke p t ininve r t ica lve r t ica l posi t ionposi t ion wi thwi th thethe hel phel p of of mani lamani la rop erop e of of 2020/ /2525 mmmm diadia..,, usingusing thethe rop erop e asas aa te mporaryte mporaryanc h oranc h or.. AsAs thethe po le spo le s ar ear e b e ingb e ing e re c te de re c te d saysay fromfromanan anc h oranc h or poin tpoin t t oto thethe n e x tn e x t ang leang le poin t ,poin t , thethea lignm e n ta lignm e n t of of thethe po le spo le s s h ou lds h ou ld D eDe che ck e dche ck e d andand s ets etrig htrig ht byby visua lvisua l che ckche ck.. TheThe ve r t ica lve r t ica l tie st ie s of of thethe po le spo le sar ear e t ot o b eb e che ck e dche ck e d wi thwi th aa spiri tspiri t le velle vel .. Af te rAf te r thethe po lepo lee re c t ione re c t ion h ash as b ee nb ee n comp lete d,comp lete d, andand h avingh aving sa t isfi e dsa t isfi e dth a tth a t thethe ve r t ica lit yve r t ica lit y andand a lignm e n t sa lignm e n t s ar ear e a lla ll rig ht ,rig ht ,e ar the ar th fillingfilling andand rammingramming is is toto b eb e don edon e ..InIn swampswamp andand sp e cia lsp e cia l loca t ions,loca t ions, b e for eb e for e e ar the ar thfilling,filling, thethe po le spo le s ar ear e t oto b eb e concr ete dconcr ete d upup t ot o thethe

roundround le velle vel of of thethe itit ..



E rection of DP S tructure for E rection of DP S tructure for

Angle LocationsAngle LocationsF or ang le s of d e via t ions mor e th an 10F or ang le s of d e via t ions mor e th an 10° °, DP, DPs t ruc t ur e may b e e re c te d. The pi t digging s h ou lds t ruc t ur e may b e e re c te d. The pi t digging s h ou ldb e don e a long the bis e c t ion of ang le of d e via t ion.b e don e a long the bis e c t ion of ang le of d e via t ion.Af te r the po le s ar e e re c te d, the h orizon t a l /crossAf te r the po le s ar e e re c te d, the h orizon t a l /cross

bracing s h ou ld b e fitte d and the suppor t s hel d h ibracing s h ou ld b e fitte d and the suppor t s hel d h ia v e r t ica l posi t ion wi th the hel p of te mporarya v e r t ica l posi t ion wi th the hel p of te mporaryguys of Mani la rop e 20/25 mm dia lguys of Mani la rop e 20/25 mm dia lEnsuring th a t the po le s ar e hel d in v e r t ica l Ensuring th a t the po le s ar e hel d in v e r t ica l posi t ion (by spiri t le vel ) the concr et ing of po le sposi t ion (by spiri t le vel ) the concr et ing of po le swi th 1 : 3 : 6 ra t io may b e don e from bo tt om of the wi th 1 : 3 : 6 ra t io may b e don e from bo tt om of the suppor t t o the ground le vel . B e for e lif t ing the suppor t t o the ground le vel . B e for e lif t ing the po le in the pi t , concr ete padding of no t le ss th anpo le in the pi t , concr ete padding of no t le ss th an75 mm th ickn e ss may b e pu t up for the 75 mm th ickn e ss may b e pu t up for the dis t ribu t ion of the loads of the suppor t ojn the dis t ribu t ion of the loads of the suppor t ojn the soi l or anc h or p la te cou ld b e us e d. .soi l or anc h or p la te cou ld b e us e d. .



33 KV Line33 KV Line(i)(i) ProvisionProvision a ta t DD..PP.. loca t ionsloca t ions isis forfor 66 guyguy--s et ss et s ((2020 mmmm RodRod of of

t urnt urn--buck lebuck le xx 77/ /44 s t ays t ay--wir e ,wir e , 88..55 kgkg inin w tw t forfor e ac he ac hloca t ion)loca t ion). . TheThe q uan t it yq uan t it y of of concr eteconcr ete a ta t thethe ra tera te of of 00..55 cumcumforfor DD..PP.. loca t ionsloca t ions andand 00..33 cumcum forfor s tays tay s et ss et s isis 22..88 cum,cum,irr e sp e c t iveirr e sp e c t ive whethe rwhethe r DD..PP.. loca t ionsloca t ions ar ear e of of PP..CC..CC.. po le spo le s ororRai lRai l po lepo le ..

(ii)(ii) ProvisionProvision forfor 88 tang e n ttang e n t loca t ionsloca t ions inin aa s e c t ions e c t ion of of 11 kmkm isis forfor33 GuyGuy--s et ss et s.. The s eThe s e wi llwi ll req uir ereq uir e 00..99 cm tcm t of of concr eteconcr ete @@ 00..33cumcum p e rp e r GuyGuy--s ets et .. AA pr e fabrica te dpr e fabrica te d bas ebas e p la tep la te isis t ot o b eb eprovid e dprovid e d a ta t thethe bo tt ombo tt om of of thethe PP ..CC..CC.. suppor tsuppor t forfor uniformuniformdis t ribu t iondis t ribu t ion of of loadload. . If If th isth is isis no tno t provid e dprovid e d the nthe n provisionprovision a ta tthethe ra tera te OX)OX)55..cm_of cm_of concr eteconcr ete p e rp e r loca t ionloca t ion forfor 88 loca t ionsloca t ionss h ou lds h ou ld b eb e mad emad e forfor cas t ingcas t ing thethe bas ebas e --padpad b e for eb e for e e re c t ione re c t ion of of

thethe PP..CC..CC.. suppor tsuppor t .. Th usTh us thethe t o ta lt o ta l quan t ityq uan t ity of of concr eteconcr etereq uir e dreq uir e d isis 11..33 cumcum. . Tang e n tTang e n t loca t ionsloca t ions ar ear e no tno t concr ete dconcr ete d inins e ve ra ls e ve ra l s t a te ss t a te s bu tbu t bou ld e rbou ld e r 11 fi llingfilling isis carri e dcarri e d ou tou t t ot oe conomi e se conomi e s.. If If PP..CC..CC.. po lepo le t ang e n ttang e n t loca t ionsloca t ions ar ear e t ot o b eb econcr ete dconcr ete d addi t iona laddi t iona l provisionprovision forfor concr eteconcr ete q uan t it yq uan t it y isis t ot o b eb emad emad e .. H ow e ve rH ow e ve r Rai lRai l po lepo le oror jois t jois t t ang e n ttang e n t loca t ionsloca t ions (if (if Rai lsRai lsoror jois t s jois t s ar ear e us e d)us e d) s h ou lds h ou ld b eb e concr ete dconcr ete d.. ProvisionProvision forfort ang e n tt ang e n t loca t ion'sloca t ion's concr et ingconcr et ing isis t ot o b eb e a ta t thethe ra tera te of of 00..55 cumcump e rp e r loca t ionloca t ion



llkVLinellkVLineTheThe guysguys ar ear e mad emad e wi thwi th 77/ /33..1515 s t ays t ay wir ewir e ((55..55kg)kg) t urnbuck let urnbuck le rodrod isis of of 1616 mmmm diadia.. 66 GuyGuy--s et ss et sar ear e req uir e dreq uir e d a ta t DD..PP.. loca t ionsloca t ions andand 44 addi t iona laddi t iona lGuyGuy--s et ss et s ar ear e req uir e dreq uir e d inin aa kmkm forfor 88 t ang e n tt ang e n t --loca t ionsloca t ions. . TheThe q uan t it yq uan t it y of of concr eteconcr ete forfor GuyGuy--s et ss et s isisprovid e dprovid e d a ta t thethe ra tera te of of 00..22 cumcum p e rp e r GuyGuy--s ets et .. DD..PP..loca t ionsloca t ions of of PP..CC..CC.. po le spo le s r eq uir ereq uir e 00..33 cumcum concr eteconcr etep e rp e r loca t ionloca t ion.. Bou ld e rBou ld e r fi llingfilling of of t ang e n tt ang e n t loca t ionsloca t ionscou ldcou ld b eb e adop te dadop te d.. If If concr et ingconcr et ing isis don edon e forfor

t ang e n tt ang e n t loca t ionsloca t ions addi t iona laddi t iona l provisionprovision a ta t thethe ra tera teof of 00..33 cumcum p e rp e r loca t ionloca t ion s h ou lds h ou ld b eb e mad emad e .. Bas eBas e --padpad isis t ot o b eb e us e dus e d if if no tno t addi t iona laddi t iona l provisionprovision forforbas e^ padbas e^ pad concr et ingconcr et ing s h ou lds h ou ld b eb e mad emad e



LTLineLTLine

1515 loca t ionsloca t ions ar ear e the rethe re inin 11 kmkm..ProvisionProvision forfor 99 guyguy--s et ss et s isis mad emad e wi thwi th77/ /33..1515 s t ays t ay--wir ewir e ((55..55 kg),kg), thethe t urnt urn--buck lebuck le MM..SS. . rodrod isis of of 1616 mmmm diadia..concr eteconcr ete q uan t it yq uan t it y a ta t thethe ra tera te of of 00..22cm tcm t p e rp e r s t ays t ay--s ets et s h ou lds h ou ld b eb e provid e dprovid e d..

Bas eBas e padpad s h ou lds h ou ld b eb e us e dus e d if if no tno taddi t iona laddi t iona l provisionprovision forfor bas ebas e padpad- -concr et ingconcr et ing isis t ot o b eb e mad e ,mad e ,



Providing of Guys to S upportsProviding of Guys to S upportsInIn spi tespi te of of car e fu lcar e fu l p lanningp lanning andand a lignm e n ta lignm e n t of of lin elin e rou te ,rou te ,ce r t aince r t ain si t ua t ionssi t ua t ions aris earis e whe rewhe re thethe conduc t orconduc t or t rie st rie s t ot o t iltt ilt

thethe po lepo le fromfrom i t sit s norma lnorma l posi t ionposi t ion du edu e t ot o abnorma labnorma l windwindpr e ssur epr e ssur e andand d e via t iond e via t ion of of a lignm e n t ,a lignm e n t , et cet c.. W he nWhe n the s ethe s ecas e scas e s of of s t rains t rain aris e ,aris e , thethe po lepo le isis s t re ng the n e ds t re ng the n e d andand k e p tke p t ininposi t ionposi t ion byby guysguys. . On eOn e oror mor emor e guysguys wi llwi ll hav eh av e t ot o b eb eprovid e dprovid e d forfor a lla ll suppor tsuppor t whe rewhe re the rethe re isis unba lanc e dunba lanc e d s t rains t rainac t ingac t ing onon thethe suppor t ,suppor t , w h ichw h ich maymay r e su ltre su lt inint ilt ing/uproo t ingt ilt ing/uproo t ing oror br e akingbr e aking of of thethe suppor tsuppor t ..GuyGuy brack et sbrack et s oror c lampsc lamps ar ear e fas te n e dfas te n e d t ot o thethe po lepo le .. TheThemos tmos t common lycommon ly us e dus e d formform of of guyguy isis anc h oranc h or guyguy. . The s eThe s eguysguys ar ear e provid e dprovid e d a ta t (i)(i) ang leang le loca t ionsloca t ions (ii)(ii) d e add e ad e nde ndloca t ionsloca t ions (iii)(iii) teetee off off poin t spoin t s (iv)(iv) s tee ps tee p gradi e n tgradi e n t loca t ionsloca t ions

andand (v)(v) w he rew he re thethe windwind pr e ssur epr e ssur e isis mor emor e th anth an 5050 kgkg s qs q ..mm..

TheThe fixingfixing of of guysguys s t ayss t ays wi llwi ll invo lveinvo lve (i)(i) pi tpi t diggingdigging andandfixingfixing s t ays t ay rodrod (ii)(ii) fas te ningfas te ning guyguy wir ewir e t ot o thethe suppor tsuppor t (iii)(iii)Tig hte ningTig hte ning guyguy wir ewir e andand fas te ningfas te ning t ot o thethe anc h oranc h or.. TheThemarkingmarking of of guyguy pi t ,pi t , diggingdigging andand s ett ings ett ing of of anc h oranc h or rodrod



GG..II.. s t ays t ay wir e swir e s of of siz esiz e 77/ /33..1515 mmmm ((1010 SWG)SWG) oror77/ /22..55 mmmm (SWG(SWG 1212),), andand 1616 mmmm 720720 mmmm s t ays t ayrodsrods ar ear e t ot o b eb e provid e dprovid e d.. F orF or doub ledoub le po lepo le s t ruc t ur es t ruc t ur e(DP),(DP), fourfour s t ayss t ays a longa long thethe bis e c t iona lbis e c t iona l thethe e ac he ac hdir e c t iondir e c t ion andand t wot wo s t ayss t ays a longa long thethe bis e c t ionbis e c t ion of of thetheang leang le of of d e via t iond e via t ion oror asas r eq uir e dreq uir e d d e p e ndingd e p e nding onon thetheang leang le of of d e via t iond e via t ion ar ear e t ot o b eb e provid e dprovid e d..

Af te rAf te r concr et ingconcr et ing backback fi lingfiling andand rammingramming mus tmus t b eb edon edon e wellwell andand a llow e da llow e d 77 daysdays t ot o s ets et .. TheThe fr eefr ee e nde ndof of thethe guyguy wir ewir e /s t ay /s t ay wir ewir e isis pass e dpass e d th oug hth oug h thethee yee ye of of thethe anc h oranc h or rod,rod, b e n tb e n t backback para llelpara llel t ot o thethemainmain por t ionpor t ion of of thethe s t ay/guys t ay/guy andand boundbound af te raf te rins e r t ing,ins e r t ing, thethe GG..II.. th imb le ,th imb le , w he rewhe re itit b e arsb e ars onon thetheanc h oranc h or rodrod. . If If thethe guyguy wir ewir e prov e sprov e s t ot o b eb eh azardous,h azardous, i tit s h ou lds h ou ld b eb e pro te c te dpro te c te d wi thwi th sui t ab lesui t ab leasb e s t osasb e s t os pip epip e fille dfille d wi thwi th concr eteconcr ete of of abou tabou t 22 mmle ng thle ng th abov eabov e thethe groundground le vel ,le vel , pain te dpain te d wi thwi th wh itewh iteandand b lackb lack s t ripss t rips soso th a t ,th a t , i tit maymay b eb e visib levisib le a ta t nig htnig ht ..TheThe t urnt urn buck lebuck le s h a lls h a ll b eb e moun te dmoun te d a ta t thethe po lepo le e nde ndof of thethe s t ays t ay guyguy wir ewir e soso fix e dfix e d th a tth a t thethe t urnt urn buck lebuck le isis



Guy S train InsulatorsGuy S train Insulators

GuyGuy insu la t orsinsu la t ors ar ear e p lac e dp lac e d toto pr e ve n tpr e ve n t thethe l ow e rlow e rpar tpar t of of thethe GuyGuy fromfrom b e comingb e coming ele c t rica llyele c t rica llye n e rgis e de n e rgis e d byby aa con t ac tcon t ac t of of thethe upp e rupp e r par tpar t of of

thethe guyguy w he nwhe n thethe conduc torconduc tor snapssnaps andand fa llsfa llsonon the mthe m orordu edu e t ot o le akag ele akag e .. NoNo guyguy insu la t orinsu la t or s h a lls h a ll b eb eloca te dloca te d le ssle ss th anth an 33..5050 mmmm (v e r t ica l(v e r t ica l dis tanc e )dis tanc e )fromfrom thethegroundground. . ,,AA typ etyp e of of insu la t orsinsu la t ors ar ear e t ot o b eb e us e dus e d forfor LL..TT..LineLine --GuysGuysOn eOn e CC typ etyp e of of insu la t orinsu la t or isis t ot o b eb e us e dus e d forfor llll KVKVGuysGuys



F ixing of CrossF ixing of Cross- -Arms & TopArms & Top- -bracketsbrackets

Af te r the e re c t ion of suppor t s and providing guys,Af te r the e re c t ion of suppor t s and providing guys,the crossthe cross- -arms and t oparms and t op--brack et s ar e t o b e brack et s ar e t o b e moun te d on the suppor t wi th n e ce ssary c lampsmoun te d on the suppor t wi th n e ce ssary c lampsbo lt s and nu t s. The prac t ice of fixing the crossbo lt s and nu t s. The prac t ice of fixing the cross- -arms brack et s b e for e the po le e re c t ion is a lsoarms brack et s b e for e the po le e re c t ion is a lsothe re . In cas e , the s e cross ar e t o b e moun te dthe re . In cas e , the s e cross ar e t o b e moun te daf te r the po le is e re c te d, the lin e man s h ou ldaf te r the po le is e re c te d, the lin e man s h ou ldc limb the po le wi th n e ce ssary t oo ls. The crossc limb the po le wi th n e ce ssary t oo ls. The cross- -arm is the n t ie d t o,a h and lin e and pu lle d uparm is the n t ie d t o,a h and lin e and pu lle d upby tthe ground man th roug h a pu lle y, t ill the by tthe ground man th roug h a pu lle y, t ill the

crosscross- -arm r e ac he s the lin e man. The ground manarm r e ac he s the lin e man. The ground mans h ou ld s t a t ion h ims el f on on e sid e , so th a t if anys h ou ld s t a t ion h ims el f on on e sid e , so th a t if anyma te ria l drops from the t op of the po le , i t mayma te ria l drops from the t op of the po le , i t mayno t s t rik e h im. A ll the ma te ria ls s h ou ld b e lif te dno t s t rik e h im. A ll the ma te ria ls s h ou ld b e lif te dor low e re d th roug h the h and lin e , and s h ou ld no t or low e re d th roug h the h and lin e , and s h ou ld no t b e dropp e d.b e dropp e d.



Insulators and BindingsInsulators and Bindings

Line conduc t ors ar e ele c t rica llyLine conduc t ors ar e ele c t rica llyinsu la te d from e ac h o the r as w ell asinsu la te d from e ac h o the r as w ell asfrom the po le or t ow e r by nonfrom the po le or t ow e r by non- -conduc t ors, w h ich we ca ll conduc t ors, w h ich we ca ll 'Insu la t ors'.'Insu la t ors'.The re ar e 3 t yp e s of porc el ainThe re ar e 3 t yp e s of porc el aininsu la t or :insu la t or :

1. Pin t yp e1. Pin t yp e2. S t rain t yp e2. S t rain t yp e3. S h ack le t yp e3. S h ack le t yp e



TheThe pinpin t yp et yp e insu la t orsinsu la t ors ar ear e g e n e ra llyg e n e ra lly us e dus e d forfors t raig hts t raig ht s t ret chs t ret ch of of lin elin e .. TheThe insu la t orinsu la t or andand i t sit s r r....

pinpin sh

oulds

hou

ld b

eb

em

ec

hanica

llym

ec

hanica

lly s

trongs

trong

enoug

henoug

h to

towi th s t andwi th s t and thethe re su ltan tre su ltan t forc eforc e du edu e t ot o combin e dcombin e d

e ff e c te ff e c t ,, of of windwind pr e ssur epr e ssur e andand w e ig htw e ig ht of of thetheconduc t orconduc t or inin thethe spanspan. .TheThe s t rains t rain insu la t orsinsu la t ors ar ear e us e dus e d a ta t te rmina lte rmina lloca t ionsloca t ions oror d e add e ad e nde nd loca t ionsloca t ions andand w he rew he re thetheang leang le of of d e via t iond e via t ion of of lin elin e isis mor emor e th anth an 1010°°..TheThe s h ack les h ack le t yp et yp e of of insu la t orsinsu la t ors isis us e dus e d forfor L TLT..lin e slin e s..TheThe pinspins forfor insu la t orsinsu la t ors ar ear e fix e dfix e d inin thethe h o le sh o le sprovid e dprovid e d inin thethe crosscross- -armsarms andand thethe po lepo le t opt op

brack et sbrack et s.. TheThe insu la t orsinsu la t ors ar ear e moun te dmoun te d inin the irthe irp lac e sp lac e s ov e rov e r thethe pinspins andand t ig hte n e dt ig hte n e d.. InIn thethe cas ecas e of of s t rains t rain oror ang leang le suppor t s,suppor t s, w he rewhe re s t rains t rain fi tt ingsfitt ings ar ear eprovid e dprovid e d forfor th isth is purpos e ,purpos e , on eon e s t raps t rap of of thethe s t rains t rainfitt ingsfitt ings isis p lac e dp lac e d ov e rov e r thethe crosscross- -armarm b e for eb e for ep lacingp lacing thethe bo ltbo lt inin thethe h o leh o le of of crosscross- -armsarms. . TheThenu tnu t of of thethe s t rapss t raps isis soso t ig hte n e dt ig hte n e d th a tth a t thethe s t raps t rap



Tying of Conductor on PinTying of Conductor on PinInsulatorsInsulators

Conduc t orsConduc t ors s h ou lds h ou ld occupyoccupy suc hsuc h aa posi t ionposi t ion onon thetheinsu la t orinsu la t or asas wi llwi ll produc eproduc e minimumminimum s t rains t rain onon thethet iet ie wir ewir e .. TheThe func t ionfunc t ion of of thethe wir ewir e isis on lyon ly t ot o h o ldh o ldthethe conduc t or,conduc t or, inin p lac ep lac e onon thethe insu la t or,insu la t or, le avingle avingthethe insu la t orinsu la t or andand pinpin t ot o t ak et ak e thethe s t rains t rain of of thetheconduc t orconduc t or..InIn s t raig hts t raig ht l in e ,lin e , thethe b e s tb e s t prac t iceprac t ice isis t ot o us eus e aa t opt opgroov egroov e insu la t orinsu la t or.. The s eThe s e insu la t orsinsu la t ors wi llwi ll carrycarrygroov e sgroov e s onon thethe sid esid e asas w ellwell .. W he nWhe n thethe conduc t orconduc t orisis p lac e dp lac e d onon thethe t opt op groov e ,groov e , thethe t iet ie wir ewir e s e rv e ss e rv e s

on lyon ly t ot o k ee pkee p thethe conduc t orconduc t or fromfrom s lippings lipping ou tou t ..OnOn corn e rscorn e rs andand ang le sang le s (b el ow(b el ow 5 5 d e via t ion)d e via t ion) thetheconduc t orconduc t or s h ou lds h ou ld b eb e p lac e dp lac e d onon thethe ou t sid eou t sid e of of thetheinsu la t orsinsu la t ors. . OnOn thethe farfar sid esid e of of thethe po le ,po le , th isth is pu llspu llsthethe conduc t orconduc t or agains tagains t thethe insu la t orsinsu la t ors ins te adins te ad of of awayaway fromfrom thethe insu la t orinsu la t or..,,



Kind and S ize of Tie Wire to beKind and S ize of Tie Wire to beusedused

InIn g e n e ra lg e n e ra l thethe t iet ie wir ewir e s h ou lds h ou ld b eb e thethe sam esam ekindkind of of wir ewir e asas thethe l in elin e wir ewir e ii.. ee ..,,a luminiuma luminium t iet iewir ewir e s h ou lds h ou ld b eb e us e dus e d wi thwi th a luminiuma luminium lin elin econduc t orconduc t or.. TheThe t iet ie s h ou lds h ou ld a lwaysa lways b eb e mad emad eof of sof tsof tann e a le dann e a le d wir ewir e soso th a tth a t itit maymay no tno t b eb e bri ttlebri ttleandand injur einjur e thethe l in elin e conduc t orconduc t or.. AA t iet ie wir ewir es h ou lds h ou ld n e ve rn e ve rb eb e us e dus e d forfor s e conds e cond t im et im e .. GoodGood prac t iceprac t ice isistoto us eus e nono.. ''66'' t iet ie wir e swir e s forfor lin elin e conduc t or,conduc t or,(i)(i) TheThe le ng thle ng thof of thethe wir ewir e vari e svari e s fromfrom 11 mm forfor simp lesimp le t iet ieof of aa sma llsma ll insu la torsinsu la tors (L t(L t pinpin insu la tors)insu la tors) toto33 mm ((3333 pinpin



Rule of Good Tying PracticeRule of Good Tying Practice(i) Us e on ly fu lly ann e a le d t ie wir e .(i) Us e on ly fu lly ann e a le d t ie wir e .

(ii) Us e th a t siz e of t ie wir e wh ich can b e re adi ly h and le d y et (ii) Us e th a t siz e of t ie wir e wh ich can b e re adi ly h and le d y et on e wh ich wi ll provid e ad eq ua te s t re ng th .on e wh ich wi ll provid e ad eq ua te s t re ng th .

(iii) Us e le ng th of t ie wir e suffici e n t for making the comp lete (iii) Us e le ng th of t ie wir e suffici e n t for making the comp lete t ie , inc luding an e nd a llowanc e for gripping wi th the h ands.t ie , inc luding an e nd a llowanc e for gripping wi th the h ands.The e x t ra le ng th s h ou ld b e cu t from e nd if The e x t ra le ng th s h ou ld b e cu t from e nd if

the t ie is comp lete d.the t ie is comp lete d.(iv) A good t ie s h ou ld(iv) A good t ie s h ou ld(a) Provid e a s e cur e binding b et wee n lin e wir e insu la t ors(a) Provid e a s e cur e binding b et wee n lin e wir e insu la t orsand t ie wir e .and t ie wir e .(b) H av e posi t ive con t ac t s b et wee n the lin e wir e and the t ie (b) H av e posi t ive con t ac t s b et wee n the lin e wir e and the t ie wir e so as t o avoid s h if t ing con t ac t s.wir e so as t o avoid s h if t ing con t ac t s.(c) R e inforc e lin e wir e if the vicini t y of insu la t or.(c) R e inforc e lin e wir e if the vicini t y of insu la t or.

(v) Avoid us e of p lie rs.(v) Avoid us e of p lie rs.(vi) Do n et us e the wir e wh ich h as b ee n pr e vious ly us e d.(vi) Do n et us e the wir e wh ich h as b ee n pr e vious ly us e d.(vii) Do no t us e h ard drawn wir e s for t ying.(vii) Do no t us e h ard drawn wir e s for t ying.Good hel ica l acc e ssori e s ar e avai lab le and can b e us e dGood hel ica l acc e ssori e s ar e avai lab le and can b e us e d



Conductor Erection Paving and JointingConductor Erection Paving and Jointing

Conduc t orConduc t or e re c t ione re c t ion isis thethe mos tmos t impor t an timpor t an t p h as ep h as e inincons t ruc t ioncons t ruc t ion.. TheThe mainmain op e ra t ionsop e ra t ions ar ear e ::(a)(a) Transpor t a t ionTranspor t a t ion of of conduc t orconduc t or t ot o worksworks si tesi te ..(b)(b) PayingPaying andand s t ringings t ringing of of conduc t orconduc t or..(c)(c) JoiningJoining of of conduc t orconduc t or..(d)(d) Te nsioningTe nsioning andand saggingsagging of of conduc t orconduc t or..

TheThe conduc t orconduc t or drumsdrums ar ear e t ranspor te dt ranspor te d toto thethe te nsionte nsionloca t ionloca t ion.. W h ileWh ile t ranspor t ingt ranspor t ing pr e cau t ionspr e cau t ions ar ear e t ot o b eb e t ak e nt ak e n sosoth a tth a t thethe conduc t orconduc t or do e sdo e s no tno t g etg et damag e d/injur e ddamag e d/injur e d.. TheThedrumdrum cou ldcou ld b eb e moun te dmoun te d onon cab lecab le ..drumdrum suppor t ,suppor t , w h ichwh ichg e n e ra llyg e n e ra lly isis mad emad e fromfrom crowcrow--barbar andand wood e nwood e n s lipp e rss lipp e rs forforsma llsma ll siz esiz e conduc t orconduc t or drumsdrums. . TheThe dir e ct iondir e ct ion of of ro t a t ionro t a t ion of of thethedrumdrum h ash as t ot o b eb e accordingaccording t ot o thethe markmark inin thethe drumdrum soso th a tth a tthethe conduc t orconduc t or cou ldcou ld b eb e drawndrawn. . W h ileWh ile drawingdrawing thetheconduc t or,conduc t or, i tit s h ou lds h ou ld no tno t rubrub causingcausing damag edamag e .. TheTheconduc t orconduc t or cou ldcou ld b eb e pass e dpass e d ov e rov e r po le spo le s onon wood e nwood e n orora luminiuma luminium sna t chsna t ch b lockb lock moun te dmoun te d onon thethe po le spo le s forfor th isth ispurpos epurpos e ..



TheThe midmid spanspan join t ing join t ing isis don edon e th roug hth roug h compr e ssioncompr e ssioncrimpingcrimping oror if if hel ica lhel ica l fitt ingsfitt ings ar ear e us e dus e d thethe join t ing join t ing cou ldcou ld b eb edon edon e manua llymanua lly.. Af te rAf te r comp let ingcomp let ing thethe join t ing, join t ing, te nsioningte nsioningop e ra t ionop e ra t ion cou ldcou ld b eb ecomm e nc e dcomm e nc e d.. TheThe conduc t orconduc t or isis pu lle dpu lle d th roug hth roug h com ecom e --a longa longc lampsc lamps t ot o s t ringings t ringing thethe conduc t orconduc t or b et wee nb et wee n thethe te nsionte nsionloca t ionsloca t ions. . SaggingSagging of of conduc t orconduc t or h ash as t ot o b eb e inin accordanc eaccordanc e t ot othethe SagSag Te nsionTe nsionch ar tch ar t .. InIn ord e rord e r t ot o ac h ie veac h ie ve it ,it , i tit isis pr e f e rr e dpr e f e rr e d t ot o pu llpu ll thetheconduc t orconduc t or t ot o aa te nsionte nsion aa littlelittle abov eabov e thethe the or et ica lthe or et ica l va lu eva lu e sosoth a tth a t wh ilewh ile t ransf e rringt ransf e rring i tit fromfrom thethe sna t chsna t ch b locksb locks t ot o the ,the , pi tpi tinsu la t orsinsu la t ors andand t ot ot ak et ak e car ecar e of of te mp e ra t ur ete mp e ra t ur e varia t ionvaria t ion prop e rprop e r sagsag cou ldcou ld b eb eac h ie ve dac h ie ve d.. SaggingSagging forfor 3333/ /1111 kVkV lin elin e isis mos tl ymos tl y don edon e byby"Sig ht ing""Sig ht ing". . AA h orizon t a lh orizon t a l s t rips t rip of of woodwood isis fix e dfix e d b el owb el ow thethecrosscross- -armarm onon thethe po lepo le a ta t thethe req uir e dreq uir e d sagsag. . TheThe l in e manlin e mans ee ss ee s fromfrom o the ro the r e nde nd andand thethe sagsag isis adjus te dadjus te d byby incr e asingincr e asingoror d e cr e asingd e cr e asing thethe te nsionte nsion. . TheThe te nsionte nsion c lampsc lamps cou ldcou ld the nthe nb eb e fina llyfina lly fix e dfix e d andand conduc t orconduc t or b eb e fix e dfix e d onpinonpin- -insu la t orsinsu la t ors. . A llAll

fitt ings,fitt ings, acc e ssori e sacc e ssori e s likelike guys,guys, crosscross- -arms,arms, et cet c..,, cou ldcou ld b eb eche ck e dche ck e d asas the ythe y



Sagging and TensioningSagging and TensioningThe conduc t or le ng th in a s e c t ion incr e as e s or d e cr e as e s wi th The conduc t or le ng th in a s e c t ion incr e as e s or d e cr e as e s wi th varia t ion in a t mosp he ric te mp e ra t ur e . In summ e r w he nvaria t ion in a t mosp he ric te mp e ra t ur e . In summ e r w he nte mp e ra t ur e is h ig h the le ng th incr e as e s du e t o e xpansion and inte mp e ra t ur e is h ig h the le ng th incr e as e s du e t o e xpansion and inwin te r, w he n the te mp e ra t ur e is low the le ng th d e cr e as e s du e t owin te r, w he n the te mp e ra t ur e is low the le ng th d e cr e as e s du e t ocon t rac t ion. Wi th incr e as e in le ng th , the conduc t or b e com e s loos e ,con t rac t ion. Wi th incr e as e in le ng th , the conduc t or b e com e s loos e ,sag incr e as e s and te nsion r e duc e s, w h ile in win te r the sagsag incr e as e s and te nsion r e duc e s, w h ile in win te r the sag

d e cr e as e s, te nsion incr e as e s. The conduc t or h as t o b e prop e r lyd e cr e as e s, te nsion incr e as e s. The conduc t or h as t o b e prop e r lykee ping the req uir e d sag a t the s t rung a t mosp he ric te mp e ra t ur e .kee ping the req uir e d sag a t the s t rung a t mosp he ric te mp e ra t ur e .I t is known th a t sag d = WI2/2 T w he re I is h a lf the span le ng th , T I t is known th a t sag d = WI2/2 T w he re I is h a lf the span le ng th , T isis-- te nsion in thete nsion in theconduc t or and W = V(w2+ww2), w is the w e ig ht of the uni t le ng th conduc t or and W = V(w2+ww2), w is the w e ig ht of the uni t le ng th of the conduc t or ac t ingof the conduc t or ac t ingve r t ica lly and ww is windve r t ica lly and ww is wind- -pr e ssur e on the uni t le ng th of the pr e ssur e on the uni t le ng th of the conduc t or ac t ing h orizon t a lly. If w econduc t or ac t ing h orizon t a lly. If w ed e sign. The lin e for 75 kg/m2 windd e sign. The lin e for 75 kg/m2 wind- -zon ethe n wind load on 1 mzon ethe n wind load on 1 mle ng th of the conduc t or and 2/3le ng th of the conduc t or and 2/3proj e c te d Dia (Din mm) of the conduc t orproj e c te d Dia (Din mm) of the conduc t or ^̂= [(2/3)x75]x(D/100)x lkg= [(2/3)x75]x(D/100)x lkg



TheThe l in elin e h ash as t ot o b eb e d e sign e dd e sign e d t ot o wi th s tandwi th s tand thethe abov eabov e loadload asaspos t u la te dpos t u la te d byby thethe II..EE.. R e gu la t ionsRe gu la t ions. . H e nc eH e nc e itit b e com e sb e com e sn e ce ssaryn e ce ssary t ot o ca lcu la teca lcu la te thethe te nsionte nsion andand sagsag und e rund e r condi t ionscondi t ions

occurringoccurring a ta t thethe t im et im e of of e re c t ione re c t ion.. InIn prac t iceprac t ice thethe conduc t orsconduc t orsar ear e h ungh ung ov e rov e r AluminiumAluminium ro lle rsro lle rs andand pu lle dpu lle d upup th roug hth roug hrop e srop e s ov e rov e r sna tchsna tch b locksb locks forfor thethe req uir e dreq uir e d sagsag oror te nsionte nsionandand the nthe n t ransf e rr e dt ransf e rr e d t ot o thethe insu la t orsinsu la t ors. . TheThe te nsionte nsion isis no tno tm e asur e dm e asur e d asas i tit req uir e sreq uir e s el abora teel abora te arrang e m e n t sarrang e m e n t s andanddifficu ltdifficu lt t ot o m e asur em e asur e itit accura tel y,accura tel y, thethe sagsag isis on lyon ly m e asur e dm e asur e d..

The reThe re ar ear e t wot wo impor tan timpor tan t fac t orsfac t ors w h ichwh ich varyvary thethe sagsag andandte nsionte nsion :: (i)(i) E las t ici t yElas t ici t y of of thethe conduc t orconduc t or andand (ii)(ii)Te mp e ra tur eTe mp e ra tur e .. SagSag isis dir e ctl ydir e ctl y propor t iona lpropor t iona l tot o WandWand inv e rs el yinv e rs el ypropor t iona lpropor t iona l tot o TT.. If If thethe le ng thle ng th of of thethe conduc t orconduc t or incr e as e sincr e as e sdu edu e t ot o te mp e ra t ur ete mp e ra t ur e incr e as eincr e as e the nthe n sagsag wi llwi ll incr e as eincr e as e .. Th isTh ismaymay b eb e thethe cas ecas e inin summ e r,summ e r, w h ilewh ile itit maymay b eb e re ve rs ere ve rs e ininwin te rwin te r.. TheThe te nsionte nsion according lyaccording ly d e cr e as e sd e cr e as e s oror incr e as e sincr e as e s..

InIn ord e rord e r th a tth a t thethe sagsag andand te nsionte nsion va lu e sva lu e s und e rund e r vari e dvari e dworkingworking condi t ionscondi t ions maymay b eb e ke p tke p t accordingaccording t ot o thethere gu la t ions,re gu la t ions, SagSag- - Te nsionTe nsion c h ar t sch ar t s ar ear e pr e par e dpr e par e d forfor diff e re n tdiff e re n tspansspans andand te mp e ra t ur e ste mp e ra t ur e s forfor ACSR,ACSR, AAACAAAC && AACAAC conduc t orconduc t or..



S pecial CrossingsS pecial Crossings(A) In cas e the lin e s cross(A) In cas e the lin e s cross- -ov e r the o the r lin e s or bui ldings, saf e ov e r the o the r lin e s or bui ldings, saf e

minimum c le aranc e s ar e t o b e main t ain e d as p e r IE R e gu la t ions.minimum c le aranc e s ar e t o b e main t ain e d as p e r IE R e gu la t ions.The c le aranc e s h av e b ee n t abu la te d for th is purpos e und e r d e signThe c le aranc e s h av e b ee n t abu la te d for th is purpos e und e r d e signasp e c t s. The s e c le aranc e s s h ou ld b e main t ain e d. The crossingsasp e c t s. The s e c le aranc e s s h ou ld b e main t ain e d. The crossingscou ld b e for jcou ld b e for j(i) Tele p h on e / tele grap h lin e s.(i) Tele p h on e / tele grap h lin e s.

(ii) Bui ldings.(ii) Bui ldings. . .(w) (w) Line s of o the r vo lt ag e s.Line s of o the r vo lt ag e s.(iv) Roads, s t reet s, o the r th an Roads/S t reet s.(iv) Roads, s t reet s, o the r th an Roads/S t reet s.

(B) Riv e r Crossing : Da t a for the h ig he s t f lood(B) Riv e r Crossing : Da t a for the h ig he s t f lood-- le vel s h ou ld b e le vel s h ou ld b e ob t ain e d 'for pr e vious y e ars. F or m e dium vo lt ag e minimumob t ain e d 'for pr e vious y e ars. F or m e dium vo lt ag e minimumc le aranc e of 3 m b e ke p t ov e r the h ig he s t f loor le vel . Doub le po le c le aranc e of 3 m b e ke p t ov e r the h ig he s t f loor le vel . Doub le po le oror 4 4 po le s t ruc t ur e wou ld b e req uir e d t o b e sp e cia lly d e sign e d,po le s t ruc t ur e wou ld b e req uir e d t o b e sp e cia lly d e sign e d,d e p e nding upon the span and conduc t or siz e for the riv e rd e p e nding upon the span and conduc t or siz e for the riv e rcrossing. The s t ruc t ur e s s h ou ld b e loca te d a t suc h p lac e s th a t crossing. The s t ruc t ur e s s h ou ld b e loca te d a t suc h p lac e s th a t the y cou ld b e approac he d und e r f lood condi t ion, a lso. The the y cou ld b e approac he d und e r f lood condi t ion, a lso. The founda t ion of s t ruc t ur e s s h ou ld b e sound so th a t it may no t g et founda t ion of s t ruc t ur e s s h ou ld b e sound so th a t it may no t g et e rod e d or damag e d du e t o rain wa te re rod e d or damag e d du e t o rain wa te r



GuardingGuardingGuardingGuarding is is anan arrang e m e n tarrang e m e n t provid e dprovid e d forfor thethelin e s,lin e s, byby w h ichwh ich aa livelive conduc t or,conduc t or, w he nwhe naccid e n t a llyaccid e n t a lly brok e n,brok e n, isis pr e ve n te dpr e ve n te d t ot o com ecom e inincon t ac tcon t ac t wi thwi th o the ro the r ele c t ricele c t ric lin e s,lin e s, tele p h on etele p h on e orortele grap htele grap h l in e s,lin e s, rai lwayrai lway lin e s,lin e s, roads,roads, andand p e rsonsp e rsonsoror anima lsanima ls andand carriag e scarriag e s movingmoving a longa long thethe rai lwayrai lwaylin elin e oror road,road, byby providingproviding a a sor tsor t of of crad lecrad le b el owb el ow

thethe mainmain ele c t ricele c t ric lin elin e .. Imm e dia tel yImm e dia tel y af te raf te r aa liveliveconduc t orconduc t or br e aksbr e aks i tit firs tfirs t t ouc he st ouc he s th isth is crad lecrad le guardguardof of GG..II.. wir e swir e s b e for eb e for e goinggoing downdown fur the rfur the r.. Th is,Th is, inint urn,t urn, t ripst rips thethe circui tcircui t br e ak e rsbr e ak e rs oror HH .. TT77LL..TT.. fus e sfus e sprovid e dprovid e d forfor thethe HH ..TT77LL..TT.. lin e s,lin e s, andand thethe ele c t ricele c t ricpow e rpow e r inin thethe conduc t orconduc t or oror thethe l in elin e isis cu tcu t off,off, andanddang e rdang e r t ot o anyany livingliving obj e c tobj e c t isis av e r te dav e r te d..GuardingGuarding is is no tno t req uir e dreq uir e d forfor crossingscrossings of of 6666 kVkVandand h ig he rh ig he r vo lt ag evo lt ag e l in e slin e s w he rewhe re thethe t ransmissiont ransmissionlin elin e isis pro te c te dpro te c te d byby fas tfas t ac t ing,ac t ing, r el ayrel ay op e ra te dop e ra te dcircui tcircui t br e ak e rbr e ak e r of of mod e rnmod e rn d e signd e sign wi thwi th aa t rippingt rippingt im et im e of of e ve ne ve n le ssle ss th anth an thethe ord e rord e r of of 00..2525 s e cs e c.. fromfromoccurr e nc eoccurr e nc e of of fau ltfau lt t ot o i t sit s c le aranc ec le aranc e .. F orF or a lla ll o the ro the r



TheThe minimumminimum he ig hthe ig ht b et wee nb et wee n anyany guardguard wir ewir e andandlivelive crossingcrossing conduc t orconduc t or s h a lls h a ll no tno t b eb e le ssle ss th anth an 11 ..55mm inin cas ecas e of of aa rai lwayrai lway crossingcrossing. .TheThe guardingguarding consis t sconsis t s of of 22 GG..II..,, b e ar e rb e ar e r wir e swir e s

s t rungs t rung b et wee nb et wee n thethe t wot wo lin elin e suppor t s,suppor t s, andand GG..II..CrossCross- - lacingslacings conn e c t ingconn e c t ing t wot wo--b e ar e rb e ar e r wir e swir e s a ta td e fini ted e fini te in te rva lsin te rva ls.. TheThe b e ar e rb e ar e r fix e dfix e d t ot o thetheguardingguarding crosscross- -armsarms onon thethe l in elin e suppor t ssuppor t s bybym e ansm e ans of of th re ad e dth re ad e d e ye bo lt se ye bo lt s forfor prop e rprop e r t ig hte ningt ig hte ning. .InIn minorminor LL..TT.. Lin e s,Line s, on lyon ly t wot wo guardguard- -s t irrupss t irrups 600600

mmmm longlong onon e ithe re ithe r sid esid e ar ear e norma llynorma lly us e dus e d wi thwi thsing lesing le GG--..II.. wir ewir e crosscross- - lacinglacing onon e ithe re ithe r sid e ,sid e , asas aam e asur em e asur e of of e conomye conomy. . Du eDu e t ot o ele c t rifica t ionele c t rifica t ion of of rai lwayrai lway-- t rackst racks nowadays,nowadays, 1 1 11 kVkV & & LL..TT.. crossingscrossingsh av eh av e t ot o b eb e th roug hth roug h und e rund e r--groundground cab le scab le s..



EarthingEarthingEar th ingEar th ing s h a lls h a ll g e n e ra llyg e n e ra lly b eb e carri e dcarri e d ou tou t inin accordanc eaccordanc e wi thwi th thethereq uir e m e n t sreq uir e m e n t s of of IndianIndian E le c t rici t yEle c t rici t y Ru le s,Ru le s, 19561956 andand thethe rele van trele van tre gu la t ionsre gu la t ions of of thethe Ele c t rici t yEle c t rici t y Supp lySupp ly Au th ori t yAu th ori t y conc e rn e dconc e rn e d andand asasindica te dindica te d b el owb el ow ::

11 A llAll m et a llicm et a llic suppor t ssuppor t s s h a lls h a ll b eb e e ar the de ar the d..22.. F orF or RCC/PCCRCC/PCC po le spo le s thethe m et a lm et a l crosscross- -armsarms andand insu la t orinsu la t or pinspins s h a lls h a ll b eb e

bond e dbond e d andand 55 e ar the de ar the d a ta t e ve rye ve ry po lepo le forfor H TH T lin e slin e s andand a ta t e ve rye ve ry55 thth po lepo le forfor LL TT lin e slin e s..

33 A llAll sp e cia lsp e cia l s t ruc t ur e ss t ruc t ur e s onon w h ichw h ich swi t che s,swi t che s, t ransform e rs,t ransform e rs, fus e s,fus e s, et cet c..,,ar ear e moun te dmoun te d s h ou lds h ou ld b eb e e ar the de ar the d..44 TheThe suppor t ssuppor t s onon e ithe re ithe r sid esid e of of thethe road,road, rai lwayrai lway oror riv e rriv e r crossingcrossing

s h ou lds h ou ld b eb e e ar the de ar the d..55 A llAll suppor t ssuppor t s (m et a l,(m et a l, RCC/PCC)RCC/PCC) of of "bo th"bo th H TH T andand LL TT lin e slin e s passingpassing

th roug hth roug h in h abi te din h abi te d ar e as,ar e as, roadroad crossingscrossings andand a longa long suc hsuc h o the ro the rp lac e s,p lac e s, w he rew he re e ar th inge ar th ing of of a lla ll po le spo le s isis consid e re dconsid e re d d e sirab led e sirab le fromfromsaf et ysaf et y consid e ra t ionsconsid e ra t ions s h ou lds h ou ld b eb e e ar the de ar the d..InIn sp e cia lsp e cia l loca t ions,loca t ions, rai lwayrai lway andand tele grap htele grap h l in elin e crossings,crossings, sp e cia lsp e cia ls t ruc t ur e s,s t ruc t ur e s, et cet c..,, pip e /rodpip e /rod e ar th inge ar th ing s h ou lds h ou ld b eb e don edon e ..AtAt o the ro the r loca t ionsloca t ions thethe coi lcoi l e ar th inge ar th ing maymay b eb e adop te dadop te d.. TheThe coi lcoi le ar th inge ar th ing consis t sconsis t s of of 1010mm le ng thle ng th of of 88 SWGSWG.. GG..II.. wir ewir e compr e ss e dcompr e ss e din t oin t o aa coi lcoi l 450450 mmmm le ng thle ng th andand 5050 mmmm diadia andand buri e dburi e d 15001500 mmmmd ee pd ee p..



AntiAnti--climbing Devicesclimbing Devices

In ord e r t o pr e ve n t unau th oris e dIn ord e r t o pr e ve n t unau th oris e dp e rsons from c limbing any of the p e rsons from c limbing any of the suppor t s of H T & L T lin e s wi th ou t suppor t s of H T & L T lin e s wi th ou t the aid of a ladd e r or sp e cia l the aid of a ladd e r or sp e cia l app lianc e s, c e r t ain an t iapp lianc e s, c e r t ain an t i--c limbingc limbingd e vic e s ar e provid e d t o the suppor t s.d e vic e s ar e provid e d t o the suppor t s.Two m eth ods g e n e ra lly adop te d ar e Two m eth ods g e n e ra lly adop te d ar e (i) barb e d wir e binding, for a(i) barb e d wir e binding, for adis t anc e of 30 t o 40 cm a he ig ht of dis t anc e of 30 t o 40 cm a he ig ht of 3.5 t o 4 m from ground le vel , (ii)3.5 t o 4 m from ground le vel , (ii)c lamps wi th pro t ruding spik e s a t ac lamps wi th pro t ruding spik e s a t ahe i ht of 3 t o 4m.he i ht of 3 t o 4m.



Testing and CommissioningTesting and Commissioning

Whe nWhe n thethe l in elin e isis r e adyre ady forfor e n e rgisa t ion,e n e rgisa t ion, j t j t s h ou lds h ou ld..b eb eth oroug hl yth oroug hl y insp e c te dinsp e c te d inin r e sp e c tre sp e c t of theof the fo llowingfo llowing. .

1.1. Po le sPo le s--Prop e rProp e r a lignm e n t ,a lignm e n t , conc e r t ingconc e r t ing andand muffingmuffing. .2.2. CrossCross- -armsarms- -Prop e rProp e r a lignm e n ta lignm e n t ..3.3. Binding,Binding, c lampsc lamps andand junip e rs junip e rs -- ToTo c he ckche ck w hethe rwhethe r the s ethe s e ar ear e

h ih i re ac hre ac h ..

44 Conduc t orConduc t or andand groundground wir ewir e -- Prop e rProp e r sagsag andand t ot o c he ckche ckwhethe rwhethe r the rethe re ar ear e anyany cu t s,cu t s, et cet c..55 GuysGuys :: T oTo c he ckche ck w hethe rwhethe r thethe GuyGuy wir ewir e isis t ightt ight andand w hethe rwhethe r

thethe GuyGuy insu la t orsinsu la t ors ar ear e h ih i66.. Ear th ingEar th ing Sys te mSys te m :: T oTo c he ckche ck w hethe rwhethe r thethe e ar th inge ar th ing

conn e c t ionsconn e c t ions of of suppor t ssuppor t s andand fi tt ingsfitt ings ar ear e in t ac tin t ac t .. Me asur eMe asur ee ar the ar th re sis t anc ere sis t anc e wi thwi th e ar the ar th te s te rte s te r..



Af te rAf te r thethe visua lvisua l insp e ct ioninsp e ct ion isis ov e rov e r andand sa t isfi e d,sa t isfi e d, thetheconduc t orconduc t or isis te s te dte s te d forfor con t inui t y/con t inui t y/ ground,ground, byby m e ansm e ans of of m e gg e rm e gg e r.. A tAt thethe t im et im e of of te s t ingte s t ing th roug hth roug h m e gg e rm e gg e r p e rsonp e rsons h ou lds h ou ld no tno t c limbc limb onon thethe po lepo le oror t ouc ht ouc h thethe guarding,guarding,

conduc tor,conduc tor, guyguy wir ewir e et cet c..((11)) B e for eBe for e ch argingch arging anyany n e wn e w lin e ,lin e , i tit s h ou lds h ou ld b eb e e nsur e de nsur e d th a tth a tthethe req uir e dreq uir e d insp e ct ioninsp e ct ion f eef ee forfor thethe n e wn e w lin elin e isis paidpaid t ot o thetheEle ct rica lEle ct rica l Insp e c t orInsp e c t or andand approva lapprova l ob t ain e dob t ain e d fromfrom h imh im forforch argingch arging thethe l in elin e ..

((22)) TheThe l in elin e s h ou lds h ou ld b eb e e n e rgis e de n e rgis e d b e for eb e for e thethe au th oris e dau th oris e d offic e roffic e r..

((33)) B e for eBe for e e n e rgisinge n e rgising anyany n e wn e w lin e ,lin e , thethe offic e roffic e r--inin--c h arg ech arg e of of thethe l in elin e s h a lls h a ll no t ifyno t ify t ot o thethe workm e nworkm e n th a tth a t thethe l in elin e isis b e ingb e inge n e rgis e de n e rgis e d andand th a tth a t itit wi llwi ll nono long e rlong e r b eb e saf esaf e t oto workwork onon lin elin e ..Acknow le dg e m e n tAcknow le dg e m e n t of of a lla ll thethe workm e nworkm e n h ih i wri t ingwri t ing s h ou lds h ou ld b eb et ak e nt ak e n inin t ok e nt ok e n of of h avingh aving in t ima te din t ima te d the mthe m..

((44)) Wid eWid e pub lici t ypub lici t y byby TomTom-- t omingt oming s h ou lds h ou ld b eb e arrang e darrang e d h ih i a lla llthethe l oca lit ie sloca lit ie s th roug hth roug h wh ichwh ich thethe l in e ,lin e , th a tth a t isis t ot o b eb e e n e rgis e de n e rgis e dpass e s,pass e s, in t ima t ingin t ima t ing thethe t im et im e andand da teda te of of e n e rgisinge n e rgising andandwarningwarning pub licpub lic agains tagains t thethe riskrisk h ih i m e dd lingm e dd ling wi thwi th thethe l in elin e ..

((55)) TheThe Offic e rOffic e r--inin--C h arg eCh arg e of of thethe l in elin e s h a lls h a ll p e rsona llyp e rsona lly sa t isfysa t isfyh ims el f h ims el f th a tth a t thethe sam esam e isis inin aa fi tfit s t a tes t a te t ot o b eb e e n e rgis e de n e rgis e d..



Functional ResponsibilityFunctional Responsibility

AA mod elmod el forfor func t iona lfunc t iona l re sponsibi lit yre sponsibi lit yisis a tt ac he da tt ac he d forfor Divisions/SubDivisions/SubDivisionsDivisions / / individua lsindividua ls.. Th isTh is cou ldcou ld b eb edrawndrawn onon thethe basisbasis of of r e sponsibi lit yre sponsibi lit ybyby thethe organisa t ionorganisa t ion (D e par t m e n t )(D e par t m e n t )..



Sl.Sl.NoNo

Particular of WorksParticular of Works Sub DivisionSub Division DivisionDivision

Constn GangConstn GangHeadHead

AE (CSD)AE (CSD) EE ( O & M)EE ( O & M) EE ST/RE (Const)EE ST/RE (Const)

11 Preparation and sanction of estimatePreparation and sanction of estimate - - -- XX --

22 Issue of Work Order Issue of Work Order - - -- XX --

33 Survey and routingSurvey and routing - - XX -- SupervisionSupervision

44 Forest ClearanceForest Clearance - - -- -- XX

55 PTCC ApprovalPTCC Approval - - -- -- XX

66 Marking of pole locationMarking of pole location - - XX -- SupervisionSupervision

77 Identity of materialsIdentity of materials - - XX -- SupervisionSupervision

88 Material liftingMaterial lifting - - XX -- SupervisionSupervision

99 Entry of materials received in register Entry of materials received in register - - XX -- CheckingChecking

1010 Shifting of material to the siteShifting of material to the site - - XX -- SupervisionSupervision1111 Pit digging and pole erectionPit digging and pole erection X X SupervisionSupervision - - Sample Check Sample Check

1 21 2 Fixing of V cross arm top clamp and DC cross armFixing of V cross arm top clamp and DC cross arm X X SupervisionSupervision - - Sample Check Sample Check

1 31 3 Fixing of insulatorsFixing of insulators XX SupervisionSupervision - - Sample Check Sample Check

1 41 4 Fixing of stays /GuaysFixing of stays /Guays X X SupervisionSupervision - - Sample Check Sample Check

1 51 5 Stringing of conductor Stringing of conductor X X SupervisionSupervision - - Sample Check Sample Check

1 61 6 Fastening of conductor with insulatorsFastening of conductor with insulators X X SupervisionSupervision - - Sample Check Sample Check

1 71 7 Guardining at crossingGuardining at crossing X X SupervisionSupervision - - Sample Check Sample Check

1 81 8 Fixing of danger BoardFixing of danger Board X X SupervisionSupervision - - Sample Check Sample Check

1 91 9 Pole painting and numberingPole painting and numbering X X SupervisionSupervision - - Sample Check Sample Check

2020 Fixing of anticlimbing deviceFixing of anticlimbing device X X SupervisionSupervision - - Sample Check Sample Check

2121 Connecton of earthConnecton of earth XX SupervisionSupervision - - Sample Check Sample Check

2222 Test charge of the l ineTest charge of the line X X SupervisionSupervision - - Sample Check Sample Check

2323 Preparation of completion reportPreparation of completion report X X SupervisionSupervision - - Sample Check Sample Check 2424 Handling over to O &MHandling over to O &M X X SupervisionSupervision - - Sample Check Sample Check



Sl. NoSl. No Particular of WorksParticular of Works Sub DivisionSub Division DivisionDivision

Constn Gang HeadConstn Gang Head AE (CSD)AE (CSD) EE ( O & M)EE ( O & M) EE ST/RE (Const)EE ST/RE (Const)

11 Preparation, Sanction of estimatePreparation, Sanction of estimate - - -- XX --

22 Issue of work order Issue of work order - - -- XX

33 Survey and routingSurvey and routing XX SupervisionSupervision - - Sample check Sample check

44 Marking of pole locationMarking of pole location X X SupervisionSupervision Sample check Sample check 55 Identity of materialsIdentity of materials - - Sample check Sample check

66 Lifting of materialLifting of material - - SupervisionSupervision

77 Entry of materials to the siteEntry of materials to the site - - check check

88 Shifting of materials to the siteShifting of materials to the site - - supervisionsupervision

99 Pit digging and pole erectionPit digging and pole erection X X SupervisionSupervision Sample check Sample check

1010Fixing of LT cross arm with shackleFixing of LT cross arm with shackleinsulators and earthinsulators and earth XX SupervisionSupervision Sample check Sample check

1111 Fixing of stays /GuysFixing of stays /Guys X X SupervisionSupervision Sample check Sample check

1 21 2 Stringing of conductor Stringing of conductor X X SupervisionSupervision Sample check Sample check

1 31 3 Fastening of conductor with insulatorsFastening of conductor with insula tors X X SupervisionSupervision Sample check Sample check

1 41 4 Guardining at crossingGuardining at crossing X X SupervisionSupervision Sample check Sample check

1 51 5 Fixing of danger boardFixing of danger board X X SupervisionSupervision Sample check Sample check

1 61 6 Pole painting and numberingPole painting and numbering X X SupervisionSupervision Sample check Sample check

1 71 7 Earth connectionEarth connection XX SupervisionSupervision Sample check Sample check

1 81 8 Test charge of the lineTest charge of the line - - Sample check Sample check

1 91 9 Preparation or completion reportPreparation or completion report - - Sample check Sample check

2020 Handing over to ( O & M)Handing over to ( O & M) - - checkingchecking



REC has standardized the following sizes and types of supports for 11 KV and LT lines

TypeType LengthLength VoltageVoltage Max SpnMax Spn Type of Type of With orWith orwithoutwithout

earth wireearth wire

PCCPCC 7.5 Mt7.5 Mt 11 KV11 KV 10 710 7 Triangular Triangular WithoutWithout

earth wireearth wire

PCCPCC 8. 0 Mt8.0 Mt 11 KV11 KV 10 710 7 Triangular Triangular WithWithearthwireearthwire

PCCPCC 7.5 Mt7.5 Mt 4 1 5/24 0 V41 5/24 0 V 10 710 7 HorizantalHorizantal WithWith

earthwireearthwirePCCPCC 8. 0 Mt8.0 Mt 4 1 5/24 0 V41 5/24 0 V 6767 VerticalVertical WithWith

earthwireearthwire



Stringing of the Line conductor Stringing of the Line conductor REC has standardized the following sizes of conductors for 33 KV, 11 KV and LT lines

Voltage ClassVoltage Class No. and Diameter of wireNo. and Diameter of wire Type of conductorType of conductor

33 KV Lines33 KV Lines i) 7/3 .35 mm (5 0 mm2) Ali) 7/3 .35 mm (5 0 mm2) Al ACSR ACSR

ii) 7/4. 0 9 mm (8 0 mm2) Alii) 7/4. 0 9 mm (8 0 mm2) Al ACSR ACSR

iii) 6/4.72 mm + 7/ 1 .57 mm ( 100 iii) 6/4.72 mm + 7/ 1 .57 mm ( 100

mm2)mm2)

ACSR ACSR

11 KV Lines11 KV Lines i) 7/2. 11 mm( 2 0 mm2)i) 7/2. 11 mm( 2 0 mm2) ACSR ACSR

ii) 7/2.59 mm (3 0 mm2)ii) 7/2.59 mm (3 0 mm2) ACSR ACSR

iii) 7/3.35 mm (5 0 mm2)iii) 7/3.35 mm (5 0 mm2) ACSR ACSR

LT LinesLT Lines i) 7/2. 11 mm ( 2 0 mm2)i) 7/2. 11 mm ( 2 0 mm2) ACSR ACSR

ii) 7/2.59 mm (3 0 mm2)ii) 7/2.59 mm (3 0 mm2) ACSR ACSR

iii) 7/3.35 mm ( 5 0 mm2)iii) 7/3.35 mm ( 5 0 mm2) ACSR ACSR

iv) 7/2.2 1 mm (25 mm2)iv) 7/2.2 1 mm (25 mm2) AACAAC

v) 7/3. 10 mm (5 0 mm2)v) 7/3. 10 mm (5 0 mm2) AACAAC



1.Generation2.Transmission

3.Sub transmission4.Distribution



1.1. Pow e r S t a t ion S te pup Sub S t a t ionPow e r S t a t ion S te pup Sub S t a t ion2.2. Primary t ransmission lin ePrimary t ransmission lin e3.3. Grid Sub S t a t ionGrid Sub S t a t ion4.4. S e condary t ransmission lin eS e condary t ransmission lin e5.5. H V Sub S t a t ion Primary Dis t ribu t ionH V Sub S t a t ion Primary Dis t ribu t ion

lin elin e6.6. Primary Dis t ribu t ion Lin ePrimary Dis t ribu t ion Lin e7.7. Dis t ribu t ion t ransform e r S t a t ionDis t ribu t ion t ransform e r S t a t ion8.8. S e condary Dis t ribu t ion Lin e sS e condary Dis t ribu t ion Lin e s



Classification of DistributionClassification of DistributionSystemSystem

Typ e of E le c t ric Sys te mTyp e of E le c t ric Sys te m --> AC or> AC orDC ; if AC sing le Ph as e orDC ; if AC sing le Ph as e orPo lyp h as ePo lyp h as eTyp e of D el ive ry Sys te mTyp e of D el ive ry Sys te m--> Radia l,> Radia l,loop or n et work; Radia l Sys te msloop or n et work; Radia l Sys te msinc lud e dup lica te or th row ov e rinc lud e dup lica te or th row ov e rsys te mssys te msTyp e of cons t ruc t ion : ov e r load orTyp e of cons t ruc t ion : ov e r load orund e rgroundund e rground



Principa l f e a t ur e s d e sir e dPrincipa l f e a t ur e s d e sir e d -->>Saf et y, smoo th and Ev e n f low of Saf et y, smoo th and Ev e n f low of

Pow e r ; Economy,Pow e r ; Economy,Primary Dis t ribu t ion.Primary Dis t ribu t ion.S e condary Dis t ribu t ion.S e condary Dis t ribu t ion.



There are three different waysThere are three different waysthrough which the primarythrough which the primary

distribution lines can be laiddistribution lines can be laid

1.1. The radia l Primary circui tThe radia l Primary circui t2.2. The loop primary circui tThe loop primary circui t3.3. The ring main sys te mThe ring main sys te m



Whe n pow e r in supp lie d t o the Whe n pow e r in supp lie d t o the consum e rs th roug h the s e condaryconsum e rs th roug h the s e condarydis t ribu t ion sys te m on e of the dis t ribu t ion sys te m on e of the fo llowing arrang e m e n t s us e dfo llowing arrang e m e n t s us e d

1.Radial System

2.Looped System3.Net work system



The main purpose of planning isThe main purpose of planning is

1.1. t o mak e the sys te m e conomica l t o mak e the sys te m e conomica l wh ile conforming t o ele c t rici t y ru le swh ile conforming t o ele c t rici t y ru le sof the coun t ry/s t a te .of the coun t ry/s t a te .

2.2. t o minimiz e loos e s and main t aint o minimiz e loos e s and main t ainre gu la t ions wi th in the p e rmissib le re gu la t ions wi th in the p e rmissib le limi t slimi t s



F or prop e r p lanning of a dis t ribu t ionF or prop e r p lanning of a dis t ribu t ionsys te m load surv e y and load for e cas t ingsys te m load surv e y and load for e cas t ingof ar e a ar e n e ce ssary.of ar e a ar e n e ce ssary.

In p lanning of an ele c t rica l dis t ribu t ionIn p lanning of an ele c t rica l dis t ribu t ionsys te m i t is n e ce ssary t o know th ree basicsys te m i t is n e ce ssary t o know th ree basicth ings.th ings.

The q uani t it y of the produc t or s e rvic e d e sir e dThe q uani t it y of the produc t or s e rvic e d e sir e d( p e r uni t of t im e )( p e r uni t of t im e )The q ua lit y of the Produc t or s e rvic e d e sir e dThe q ua lit y of the Produc t or s e rvic e d e sir e dThe loca t ion of the mark et and the individua l The loca t ion of the mark et and the individua l consum e rs.consum e rs.



Conn e c t ing loads.Conn e c t ing loads.Light ing loadsLight ing loadsPow e r loadsPow e r loadsH e a t ing loadsH e a t ing loadsEle c t ronic loadsEle c t ronic loadsConsum e r fac t ors.Consum e r fac t ors.Maximum D e mandMaximum D e mandDe mand fac t orDe mand fac t orLoad fac t orLoad fac t orDiv e rsi t y fac t orDiv e rsi t y fac t orUt iliza t ion fac t orUt iliza t ion fac t orPow e r fac t orPow e r fac t or



Over Head Lines:Over Head Lines:

The ru le s h av e s ee n fram e d forThe ru le s h av e s ee n fram e d forSaf et ySaf et yProviding q ua lit y s e rvic e t o the p e op leProviding q ua lit y s e rvic e t o the p e op let o lay down te ch nica l param ete rs andt o lay down te ch nica l param ete rs andsp e cifica t ions of ma te ria ls t o fo llowsp e cifica t ions of ma te ria ls t o fo llows tandards in cons t ruc t ion, ins t a lla t ions tandards in cons t ruc t ion, ins t a lla t ion

pro te c t ion, op e ra t ion & main te nc e .pro te c t ion, op e ra t ion & main te nc e .t o fo llow laidt o fo llow laid ±± down princip le s & down princip le s & proc e dur e s wi th accoun tabi lit y toproc e dur e s wi th accoun tabi lit y top e op le .p e op le .



The main features fo O.H lines inThe main features fo O.H lines inthe rules arethe rules are

Suppor t sSuppor t s -- F ac tor of saf et y 2 toF ac tor of saf et y 2 to3.53.5Conduc t orsConduc t ors -- F ac tor of saf et y 2.0F ac tor of saf et y 2.0

S tay wir e s, Guard & B e ar e r wir e sS tay wir e s, Guard & B e ar e r wir e s -- 2.52.5Wind loadWind load - - 50 t o 100 Kgs/m2 ( 15050 t o 100 Kgs/m2 ( 150Kg/m2)Kg/m2)



Across StreetAcross Street Along StreetAlong Street Else whereElse where

i) up to 65 0 Vi) up to 65 0 V 5.79 1 mt5.79 1 mt 5.486 mt5.486 mt 4.572 mt4.572 mt

ii) 65 0 V to 33 KVii) 65 0 V to 33 KV 6. 0 96 mt6.0 96 mt 5.79 1 mts5.79 1 mts 5. 1 82 mt5.1 82 mt

Vertical clearances aboveVertical clearances above buildings buildings

Horizontal clearancesHorizontal clearances

i) up to 65 0 Vi) up to 65 0 V 2.439 mt ( 8ft)2.439 mt ( 8ft) 1 .21 9 mt( 4 ft)1 .21 9 mt( 4 ft)

ii) 65 0 V to 33 KVii) 65 0 V to 33 KV 3.64 mt ( 1 2ft)3.64 mt ( 1 2ft) 1 .82 mt ( 6ft)1 .82 mt ( 6ft)

a) Ground clearances



Te mp e ra t ur e sTe mp e ra t ur e s -- 6060 °°CCVo ltag e Re gu la t ionVo ltag e Re gu la t ion -- 6 % , +6 % , +6%,6%, - -9%9%F req u e ncy Varia t ionF req u e ncy Varia t ion -- 4 %4 %Maximum c le aranc e b et wee n suppor t sMaximum c le aranc e b et wee n suppor t s

Ear th ingEar th ingLight ning Pro te c t ionLight ning Pro te c t ionInsu la t or & Insu la t or fi tt ingsInsu la t or & Insu la t or fi tt ingsPro te c t ion.Pro te c t ion.



Planning the 33/ 11 KV S ub S tationPlanning the 33/ 11 KV S ub S tation

Invo lve s the fo llowing S te ps :Invo lve s the fo llowing S te ps :1.1. Te n t a t ive loca t ion bas e d onTe n t a t ive loca t ion bas e d on

avai lab le da t a of the 11 KV N et workavai lab le da t a of the 11 KV N et work2.2. Capaci t y of the Sub S t a t ionCapaci t y of the Sub S t a t ion3.3. S ele c t ion of si teS ele c t ion of si te

Ori e n t a t ion of the Sub S ta t ionOri e n t a t ion of the Sub S ta t ionPlanning of the Sub S t a t ionPlanning of the Sub S t a t ion



M ain equipments of Sub Station areM ain equipments of Sub Station are1.1. S t ruc t ur e sS t ruc t ur e s2.2. Pow e r Transform e rsPow e r Transform e rs3.3. A) Circui t Br e ak e rsA) Circui t Br e ak e rs

B) H T fus e ( H G F us e s)B) H T fus e ( H G F us e s)4.4. Iso la t ing Swi t che s (Iso la t ors)Iso la t ing Swi t che s (Iso la t ors)5.5. Bus Bar arrang e m e n t sBus Bar arrang e m e n t s6.6. Insu la t orsInsu la t ors7.7. Lighte ning arr e s t orsLighte ning arr e s t ors8.8. Ins t rum e n t t ransform e rsIns t rum e n t t ransform e rs

a) Curr e n t t ransform e rsa) Curr e n t t ransform e rsb) Po te n t ia l t ransform e rsb) Po te n t ia l t ransform e rs

9.9. Con t ro l and r el ay pan el s wi th rel ays, m ete rs et c.,Con t ro l and r el ay pan el s wi th rel ays, m ete rs et c.,10.10. Ba tte ry and Ba tte ry c h arg e rsBa tte ry and Ba tte ry c h arg e rs11.11. Cab le sCab le s

i) Pow e r Cab le si) Pow e r Cab le sii) Con t ro l Cab le sii) Con t ro l Cab le s

12.12.Ear th ing arrang e m e n tEar th ing arrang e m e n t13.13.S t a t ion Transform e rS t a t ion Transform e r14.14.Con t ro l roomCon t ro l room15.15.Communica t ion E q uipm e n tCommunica t ion E q uipm e n t16.16. F e ncing, R et aining wa llF e ncing, R et aining wa ll17.17.I llumina t ion, fir e fig ht ing eq uipm e n t , q uar te rI llumina t ion, fir e fig ht ing eq uipm e n t , q uar te r



BASIC CONCEPT OF PLANNINGBASIC CONCEPT OF PLANNING

Awar e n e ss of the caus e s and the ir e ff e c t sAwar e n e ss of the caus e s and the ir e ff e c t sit s el f wou ld r e duc e the sys te mit s el f wou ld r e duc e the sys te mirr e gu lari t ie s to som e e x te n t . A ll the s e irr e gu lari t ie s to som e e x te n t . A ll the s e difficu lt ie s u lt ima tel y le ad to a low vo ltag e difficu lt ie s u lt ima tel y le ad to a low vo ltag e profi le in the sys te m.profi le in the sys te m.The poor vo ltag e profi le caus e s loss of The poor vo ltag e profi le caus e s loss of eq uipm e n t s and e n e rgy. Th us,eq uipm e n t s and e n e rgy. Th us,main te nanc e of the vo ltag e profi le to k ee pmain te nanc e of the vo ltag e profi le to k ee pthe consum e r vo ltag e a t the d e c lar e d le vel the consum e r vo ltag e a t the d e c lar e d le vel a llowing the d e via t ion wi th in the a llowing the d e via t ion wi th in the p e rmissib le limi t s wou ld k ee p the loss e s a t p e rmissib le limi t s wou ld k ee p the loss e s a t con t ro l. The consum e r vo lt ag e may b e con t ro l. The consum e r vo lt ag e may b e ke p t a t the d e sir e d le vel by con t ro lling on e ke p t a t the d e sir e d le vel by con t ro lling on e or mor e of the fo llowing variab le on w h ich or mor e of the fo llowing variab le on w h ich it is d e p e nd e n t it is d e p e nd e n t



1.1. The vo lt ag e re ce ive d a t the grid subThe vo lt ag e re ce ive d a t the grid sub- -s t a t ions t a t ion2.2. The rang e of t ap c h anging g e ar avai lab le wi th the pow e rThe rang e of t ap c h anging g e ar avai lab le wi th the pow e r

t ransform e rs a t the grid subt ransform e rs a t the grid sub- -s t a t ions t a t ion3.3. The p e rc e n t ag e imp e danc e of the pow e r t ransform e r a t the gridThe p e rc e n t ag e imp e danc e of the pow e r t ransform e r a t the grid

subsub--s t a t ions t a t ion4.4. The vo lt ag e drop in the subThe vo lt ag e drop in the sub-- t ransmission lin e (33 K.V. or 66 K.V.t ransmission lin e (33 K.V. or 66 K.V.

lin e s)lin e s)5.5. Tap avai lab le wi th the t ransform e r a t the primary dis t ribu t ion subTap avai lab le wi th the t ransform e r a t the primary dis t ribu t ion sub- -

s t a t ion (PDS)s t a t ion (PDS)6.6. The p e rc e n t ag e imp e danc e of the t ransform e r a t the PDS vii) vii)The p e rc e n t ag e imp e danc e of the t ransform e r a t the PDS vii) vii)

The vo lt ag e drop in the primary t ransform e rs f ee d e rsThe vo lt ag e drop in the primary t ransform e rs f ee d e rs7.7. The p e rc e n t ag e imp e danc e of the s e condary dis t ribu t ionThe p e rc e n t ag e imp e danc e of the s e condary dis t ribu t ion

t ransform e rs and t aps avai lab le wi th the mt ransform e rs and t aps avai lab le wi th the m8.8. The vo lt ag e drop in the s e condary dis t ribu t ion f ee d e rsThe vo lt ag e drop in the s e condary dis t ribu t ion f ee d e rs9.9. The vo lt ag e drop in the join t sThe vo lt ag e drop in the join t s10.10. Vo lt ag e re gu la t ors/boos te r and/or capaci t ors ins t a lle d in the Vo lt ag e re gu la t ors/boos te r and/or capaci t ors ins t a lle d in the

sys te msys te m



GUIDELINES FOR PLANNINGGUIDELINES FOR PLANNING

The fo llowing guid el in e s may b e The fo llowing guid el in e s may b e fo llow e d w h ile p lanning s e condaryfo llow e d w h ile p lanning s e condarydis t ribu t ion sys te m e xpansion ordis t ribu t ion sys te m e xpansion orn e w :n e w :



1.1. S t udy the ar e a car e fu lly and e s t ima te the loadS t udy the ar e a car e fu lly and e s t ima te the loadd e nsi t ie s, pr e s e n t and fu t ur e .d e nsi t ie s, pr e s e n t and fu t ur e .

2.2. S ele c t the t ransform e r siz e and conduc t or siz e S ele c t the t ransform e r siz e and conduc t or siz e from the re su lt of the op t imiza t ion s t udi e s wi th from the re su lt of the op t imiza t ion s t udi e s wi th

du e consid e ra t ion for the e xis t ing siz e s.du e consid e ra t ion for the e xis t ing siz e s.3.3. Es t ima te the pr e s e n t s t a t us of the sys te m wi th Es t ima te the pr e s e n t s t a t us of the sys te m wi th

re sp e c t of vo ltag e re gu la t ion and loss e sre sp e c t of vo ltag e re gu la t ion and loss e s4.4. Es t ima te the op t ima l le ng th of the f ee d e rs andEs t ima te the op t ima l le ng th of the f ee d e rs and

the op t ima l loading limi t .the op t ima l loading limi t .5.5. Mark the f ee d ar e a for e ac h s e condaryMark the f ee d ar e a for e ac h s e condary

dis t ribu t ion subdis t ribu t ion sub- -s t a t ions t a t ion6.6. Dete rmin e the load c e n t re Dete rmin e the load c e n t re



7 In the cas e of the e xis t ing dis t ribu t ion sys te m, if 7 In the cas e of the e xis t ing dis t ribu t ion sys te m, if the t ransform e r is no t in the load c e n t re , fo llowthe t ransform e r is no t in the load c e n t re , fo llowthe fo llowing proc e dur e:the fo llowing proc e dur e: --

Che ck the le ng th of the f ee d e rs from the load c e n t re t oChe ck the le ng th of the f ee d e rs from the load c e n t re t othe farthe far-- e nd poin t s and compar e wi th the op t ima l le ng th s.e nd poin t s and compar e wi th the op t ima l le ng th s.

If the le ng th is mor e th an the op t ima l on e s, do no t t ry t oIf the le ng th is mor e th an the op t ima l on e s, do no t t ry t os h if t the t ransform e r t o the load c e n t res h if t the t ransform e r t o the load c e n t reTaking the op t ima l f ee d e r le ng th in t o consid e ra t ion,Taking the op t ima l f ee d e r le ng th in t o consid e ra t ion,divid e the ar e a in t o diff e re n t f ee d ar e a zon e s .divid e the ar e a in t o diff e re n t f ee d ar e a zon e s .Dete rmin e the load c e n t re of the diff e re n t load F ee d ar e aDete rmin e the load c e n t re of the diff e re n t load F ee d ar e azon e s, fo llowing the proc e dur e sugg e s te d in app e ndix.zon e s, fo llowing the proc e dur e sugg e s te d in app e ndix.If the e xis t ing loca t ion of the t ransform e r do e s no t fa ll If the e xis t ing loca t ion of the t ransform e r do e s no t fa ll

in t o on e of the s e ce n t re s, the n s h if t di e t ransform e r t oin t o on e of the s e ce n t re s, the n s h if t di e t ransform e r t othe n e ar e s t ce n t re and provid e n e w t ransform e rs a t the the n e ar e s t ce n t re and provid e n e w t ransform e rs a t the o the r c e n t re s.o the r c e n t re s.Modify the f ee d e r layou t s, k ee ping the m as s t raig ht asModify the f ee d e r layou t s, k ee ping the m as s t raig ht aspossib le and the le ng th s wi th in op t ima l limi t spossib le and the le ng th s wi th in op t ima l limi t s



Operating instructions shall contain:Operating instructions shall contain:

1.1. The d e signa t ion of a ll the offic e rs conc e rn e d t oThe d e signa t ion of a ll the offic e rs conc e rn e d t ob e in t ima te d in the e ve n t of abnorma l si t ua t ionb e in t ima te d in the e ve n t of abnorma l si t ua t ionof any eq uipm e n t / lin e and the ir tele p h on e of any eq uipm e n t / lin e and the ir tele p h on e numb e rs.numb e rs.

2.2. Ge n e ra l du t ie s of the op e ra t or, the variousGe n e ra l du t ie s of the op e ra t or, the variousche cks he h as t o p e rform on various eq uipm e n t che cks he h as t o p e rform on various eq uipm e n t in s h if t .in s h if t .

3.3. Tele p h on e numb e r, and addr e ss e s of ' F ire 'Tele p h on e numb e r, and addr e ss e s of ' F ire ''Ambu lanc e 1 ' H ospi t a ls' in addi t ion t o the 'Ambu lanc e 1 ' H ospi t a ls' in addi t ion t o the tele p h on e numb e r of a ll offic e rs.tele p h on e numb e r of a ll offic e rs.

4.4. Sing le lin e layou t of subSing le lin e layou t of sub- -s t a t ion rou te map of s t a t ion rou te map of e ac h f ee d e r indica t ing cu t poin t s, roads, crossinge ac h f ee d e r indica t ing cu t poin t s, roads, crossinget c.,et c.,

5.5. Det ai le d br e ak down op e ra t ions of lin e s.Det ai le d br e ak down op e ra t ions of lin e s.



Example of Operation Instruction of Lines/EquipmentsExample of Operation Instruction of Lines/Equipments

CASE I 11 KV F EEDERCASE I 11 KV F EEDER

00.00 11 KV F ee d e r 'A' Trips no te rel ay indica t ions; R e s et00.00 11 KV F ee d e r 'A' Trips no te rel ay indica t ions; R e s et00.01 C h arg e the F ee d e r If OK, supp ly is r e s t or e d te mporary00.01 C h arg e the F ee d e r If OK, supp ly is r e s t or e d te mporary

fau lt is c le ar e d If t rips, no te Line rel ay indica t ions, r e s etfau lt is c le ar e d If t rips, no te Line rel ay indica t ions, r e s et00.03 C h arg e the F ee d e r,00.03 C h arg e the F ee d e r,

If OK, Te mporary fau lt is c le ar e d supp ly is r e s t or e d,If OK, Te mporary fau lt is c le ar e d supp ly is r e s t or e d,

If t rips, no te the rel ay indica t ions and r e s etIf t rips, no te the rel ay indica t ions and r e s etExamin e the swi t ch yard for any visib le fau lt , If no fau lt isExamin e the swi t ch yard for any visib le fau lt , If no fau lt isno t ice d, op e n lin e iso la t or.no t ice d, op e n lin e iso la t or.

00.04. C h arg e ln e OCB if OK, Trip the OCB,00.04. C h arg e ln e OCB if OK, Trip the OCB,Clos e the lin e iso la t or c h arg e the f ee d e r.Clos e the lin e iso la t or c h arg e the f ee d e r.If OK Te mporary fau lt is c le ar e d, supp ly is 2 : re s t or e d if If OK Te mporary fau lt is c le ar e d, supp ly is 2 : re s t or e d if t rips, no te the rel ay indica t ion & d e c lar e the f ee d e r fau lt y.t rips, no te the rel ay indica t ion & d e c lar e the f ee d e r fau lt y.Inform a ll theInform a ll theoffic e rs conc e rn e d.offic e rs conc e rn e d.if the br e ak e r t rips a t the t im e of te s t ch argingif the br e ak e r t rips a t the t im e of te s t ch argingthe sam e , inform main te nanc e s t aff. In cas e , if a t any t im e of the sam e , inform main te nanc e s t aff. In cas e , if a t any t im e of te s t ch arging the f ee d e r, the pow e rte s t ch arging the f ee d e r, the pow e r -- t ransform e r H .V. L.V.t ransform e r H .V. L.V.or group con t ro l or incoming t rips, d e c lar e the f ee d e r fau lt yor group con t ro l or incoming t rips, d e c lar e the f ee d e r fau lt y



CASE IICASE II00.0000.00 33 KV f ee d e r br e ak e r (p) Trips a t 132 KV sub s t a t ion '33 KV f ee d e r br e ak e r (p) Trips a t 132 KV sub s t a t ion ' MM''

00.01 No te the rel ay indica t ions, r e s et , c h arg e the f ee d e r, If OK supp ly is00.01 No te the rel ay indica t ions, r e s et , c h arg e the f ee d e r, If OK supp ly isre s t or e d. If t rips no te rel ay indica t ions, r e s et re s t or e d. If t rips no te rel ay indica t ions, r e s et 00.03 C h arg e the f ee d e r If OK supp ly is r e s t or e d If Trips no te rel ay00.03 C h arg e the f ee d e r If OK supp ly is r e s t or e d If Trips no te rel ay

indica t ion, op e n lin e iso la t or.indica t ion, op e n lin e iso la t or.00.08 C h arg e the OCB, If t rips, inform main te nanc e p e rsonn el for00.08 C h arg e the OCB, If t rips, inform main te nanc e p e rsonn el for

re c t ifica t ion If OK, h and t rip the OCB c los e lin e iso la t or c h arg e the re c t ifica t ion If OK, h and t rip the OCB c los e lin e iso la t or c h arg e the f ee d e r. If f ee d e r. If OK supp ly is r e s t or e d, if t rips proc ee d asOK supp ly is r e s t or e d, if t rips proc ee d asfo llows :fo llows :

Con t ac t S t a t ion 'Con t ac t S t a t ion ' AA''Ask the op e ra t or t o op e n incoming iso la t or and 33 KV ou t going lin e Ask the op e ra t or t o op e n incoming iso la t or and 33 KV ou t going lin e iso la t or Ask h im t o e xamin e the swi t ch yard and r e por t .iso la t or Ask h im t o e xamin e the swi t ch yard and r e por t .If OK ask op e ra t or a t 'If OK ask op e ra t or a t 'AA' t o r e s t or e supp ly t o the s t a t ion' t o r e s t or e supp ly t o the s t a t ion 'A''A' andandinform, If a t the t im e of c h arging any 11 KV f ee d e r a t s t a t ion 'A' of inform, If a t the t im e of c h arging any 11 KV f ee d e r a t s t a t ion 'A' of the 33 KVthe 33 KVbr e ak e rbr e ak e r ' P1' P1 t rips, iso la te the 11 KV f ee d e r, r e s t or e norma lcy. If t rips, iso la te the 11 KV f ee d e r, r e s t or e norma lcy. If op e ra t orop e ra t or 'A'A ' confirms th a t s t a t ion 'A1 is norma l, con t ac t s t a t ion' confirms th a t s t a t ion 'A1 is norma l, con t ac t s t a t ion 'B'B ''op e ra t or, Ask h im if the swi t ch yard is norma l. Ask h im t o op e n inop e ra t or, Ask h im if the swi t ch yard is norma l. Ask h im t o op e n in--..coming 33 KV lin e iso la t or af te r 'B'coming 33 KV lin e iso la t or af te r 'B'- - l is op e n e d h and t ripl is op e n e d h and t rip ' P '' P ' askaskop e ra t or a t op e ra t or a t 'A'A ' t o c los e ou t going iso la t or A' t o c los e ou t going iso la t or A--2.2.

Ch arg e the f ee d e r.Ch arg e the f ee d e r.If OK supp ly is r e s t or e dIf OK supp ly is r e s t or e dIf t rips, d e c lar e 33 KV lin e b et wee n ASB is fau lt yIf t rips, d e c lar e 33 KV lin e b et wee n ASB is fau lt y

CASE IIICASE III



CASE IIICASE IIIPower Transformer Trips onPower Transformer Trips on

(A) Winding Te mp e ra t ur e(A) Winding Te mp e ra t ur e(B) Buc h o lt z R el ay(B) Buc h o lt z R el ay(C) Diff e re n t ia l Rel ay(C) Diff e re n t ia l Rel ay(D) O/L R el ay(D) O/L R el ay



AA WINDING TE MP ARA TU R EWINDING TE MP ARA TU R E : : No te the winding te mp e ra t ur e is mor e th an the s et te mp e ra t ur e?No te the winding te mp e ra t ur e is mor e th an the s et te mp e ra t ur e?If so, is the t ransform e r ov e r load e d ? If so tIf so, is the t ransform e r ov e r load e d ? If so tre duc e the load on the t ransform e r.re duc e the load on the t ransform e r..Ar e the coo le r fans, oi l pumps func t ioning sa t isfac t ori ly?.Ar e the coo le r fans, oi l pumps func t ioning sa t isfac t ori ly?Is fus e b lown ou t in F an/Pump ? If so, r e c t ify.Is fus e b lown ou t in F an/Pump ? If so, r e c t ify.Ts the re any s h or t ive b et w ee n the con t ac t s of Ts the re any s h or t ive b et w ee n the con t ac t s of winding te mp e ra t ur e rel ay du e t o v e rmin or ingr e ss 'of mois t ur e ,winding te mp e ra t ur e rel ay du e t o v e rmin or ingr e ss 'of mois t ur e ,if so t ak e re m e dia l ac t ion.if so t ak e re m e dia l ac t ion.

BB Bucholtz RelayBucholtz Relay ::

Iso la te the pow e r t ransform e r c he ck buc h o lt z r el ay, is the re anyIso la te the pow e r t ransform e r c he ck buc h o lt z r el ay, is the re anygas co lle c te d, if so arrang e for te s t ing. If no t che ck any s h or t inggas co lle c te d, if so arrang e for te s t ing. If no t che ck any s h or t ingof the con t ac t s M e gg e r the pow e r t ransform e r c los e H V/LVof the con t ac t s M e gg e r the pow e r t ransform e r c los e H V/LVbr e ak e rs. If OK h and t rip, inform main te nanc e p e rsonn el forbr e ak e rs. If OK h and t rip, inform main te nanc e p e rsonn el forche ck upche ck up

CC Diff erent i al RelayDiff erent i al RelayIso la te the pow e r t ransform e r inform main te nanc e p e rsonn el forIso la te the pow e r t ransform e r inform main te nanc e p e rsonn el for

d et ai le d c he ckd et ai le d c he ckDD O/L RelayO/L Relay ..Che ck if any f ee d e r r el ays indica t ion is r e ce ive d wi th ou t the f ee d e rChe ck if any f ee d e r r el ays indica t ion is r e ce ive d wi th ou t the f ee d e rbr e ak e r t ripping iso la te the f ee d e r. C he ck the yard. If ok c he ck isbr e ak e r t ripping iso la te the f ee d e r. C he ck the yard. If ok c he ck ispow e r t ransform e r is ov e r load e d.pow e r t ransform e r is ov e r load e d.



Guidelines for E rection of Guidelines for E rection of Eq uipment in the S ubEq uipment in the S ub

S tationsS tations



Guide Lines of E rection of Guide Lines of E rection of

Power Transformers inPower Transformers in33/ 11KV S ub S tations33/ 11KV S ub S tations



The erection of Power Transformers comprises of following Works :The erection of Power Transformers comprises of following Works :

Un loadingUn loading of of Transform e rTransform e r formform Trac t orTrac t orTrai le r/LorryTrai le r/Lorry a ta t thethe SubSub S t a t ionS t a t ion..S t ackingS t acking asid easid e whe re ve rwhe re ve r thethe Pow e rPow e r Transform e rTransform e rp lin thp lin th et cet c ar ear e no tno t re adyre ady. .

MovingMoving thethe t ransform e rt ransform e r onon t ot o p lin thp lin thAss e mb lyAss e mb ly of of a lla ll thethe moun t ingmoun t ing ,, acc e ssori e sacc e ssori e s et cet c..,,F illingF illing andand t oppingt opping upup of of t ransform e rt ransform e r oi loi lOi lOi l circu la t ioncircu la t ion th roug hth roug h filte rfilte r if if r eq uir e dreq uir e d..Ear th ingEar th ing

Jump e ringJump e ring



Un loadingUn loading of of Transform e rTransform e r formform Trac t orTrac t or Trai le r/LorryTrai le r/Lorry a ta tthethe SubSub S t a t ionS t a t ion : .: . G e n e ra llyGe n e ra lly thethe h ig he rh ig he r capaci t ycapaci t y Pow e rPow e rTransform e rsTransform e rs ar ear e s e n ts e n t fromfrom thethe manufac tur e rmanufac tur e r du lydu ly

disman tl ing,disman tl ing, cons e rva torcons e rva tor t ankt ank Radia t ors,Radia t ors, PipingPiping et cet c.. inine ithe re ithe r t rac t ort rac t or t rai lort rai lor oror lorrylorry. . F orF or un loadingun loading thethe mainmaint ankt ank fromfrom thethe veh ic leveh ic le wewe maymay us eus e aa sui t ab lesui t ab le cran ecran e orordodo manua llymanua lly.. W he nWhe n manua lmanua l un loadingun loading isis don e ,don e , thethefo llowingfo llowing TT && PP andand eq uipm e n teq uipm e n t ar ear e req uir e dreq uir e d..

Wood e n S lee p e rs 8¶ t o 12¶ le ng th , 12´ wid th , 6´ or 8´ th ickWood e n S lee p e rs 8¶ t o 12¶ le ng th , 12´ wid th , 6´ or 8´ th ick±± 4040NosNos10 Ton t irfur wi th rop e10 Ton t irfur wi th rop e --1120 t on winc h wi th rop e20 t on winc h wi th rop e --115 Ton C h ain Pu lle y b lock5 Ton C h ain Pu lle y b lock --112 Ton C h ain Pu lle y b lock2 Ton C h ain Pu lle y b lock --11H ydrau lic Jacks 10 Tons Capaci t yH ydrau lic Jacks 10 Tons Capaci t y -- 4 Nos4 Nos

Wir e rop e Wir e rop e ±± ¾´ siz e¾´ siz e -- 20 M t rs20 M t rsMani la rop e of diff e re n t siz e s & le ng th sMani la rop e of diff e re n t siz e s & le ng th sCrow BarsCrow BarsRai l Po le s minimum 20 f t le ng thRai l Po le s minimum 20 f t le ng th -- 4 Nos4 NosGe n e ra l T & PGe n e ra l T & PWood e n Packing pi e ce s ¼´, ½´ ,1´, 1 ½´ , 2´, 4´ th ickWood e n Packing pi e ce s ¼´, ½´ ,1´, 1 ½´ , 2´, 4´ th ick ±± S etS et



Pla tPla t formform upup t ot o thethe he ig hthe ig ht if if t rac t ort rac t or t rai lor/t rai lor/ lorrylorryisis t ot o b eb e bui ltbui lt upup wi thwi th wood e nwood e n s lle p e rss lle p e rs.. ByBy usingusing

h ydrau lich ydrau lic jacks, jacks, thethe mainmain t ankt ank isis t ot o b eb e l if te dlif te d onona lla ll sid e ssid e s t ot o aa he ig hthe ig ht soso th a tth a t thethe rai lrai l po le spo le s cancan b eb einin s e r te ds e r te d a ta t thethe bo tt ombo tt om of of mainmain t ankt ank andand mainmaint ankt ank r e s t sre s t s onon rai lrai l po le spo le s TheThe o the ro the r e nde nd of of po le spo le sar ear e t ot o b eb e onon thethe wood e nwood e n s lee p e rs lee p e r p la tp la t formform NowNow

wi thwi th thethe hel phel p of of winc hwinc h oror t irfurt irfur thethe t ransform e rt ransform e rmainmain t ankt ank wi llwi ll b eb e dragg e ddragg e d onon rai lrai l po le spo le s upup t ot owood e nwood e n s lee p e rs lee p e r p la tp la t formform. . W he nWhe n thethe mainmain t ankt ankcou ldcou ld b eb e dragg e ddragg e d corr e c tlycorr e c tly ov e rov e r thethe p la t form,p la t form,wi thwi th thethe hel phel p of of h ydrau lich ydrau lic jacks jacks thethe t ransform e rt ransform e r

mainmain t ankt ank isis rais e drais e d s lig htl ys lig htl y andand rai lsrai ls ar ear ere mov e d,re mov e d, TheThe mainmain t ankt ank isis ( low e re d( low e re d t ot o on eon es lee p e rs lee p e r he ig hthe ig ht byby s low lys low ly r e movingre moving thethe t opt ops lee p e rss lee p e rs onon ee af te raf te r ano the r)ano the r).. DuringDuring r e mova lre mova l of of s lee p e rss lee p e rs fo llowingfo llowing s te ps te p byby s te ps te p op e ra t ionsop e ra t ions ar ear edon edon e ..



1.1. Kee pKee p t wot wo jacks jacks und e rund e r jack jack padspads of of t ransform e rst ransform e rs a longa long thethe t opt op s lee p e rs lee p e r (( W h ichWh ich isisb eb e re mov e dre mov e d on eon e jack jack e ac he ac h onon e ithe re ithe r andand of of s lee p e r)s lee p e r)

2.2. Op e ra teOp e ra te thethe JacksJacks soso th a tth a t l if t inglif t ing padpad of of jacks jacks ar ear e t ig htl yt ig htl y posi t ion e dposi t ion e d und e rund e rt ransform e rt ransform e r jack jack padspads

3.3. NowNow s low lys low ly pr e ssuriz epr e ssuriz e jacks jacks eq ua llyeq ua lly onon bo thbo th sid e ssid e s simu lt an e ous lysimu lt an e ous ly soso th a tth a t on eon esid esid e of of thethe t ransform e rt ransform e r t ankt ank isis rais e drais e d s lig htl ys lig htl y t ot o e nab lee nab le t ot o drawdraw ou tou t thethe s lee p e rs lee p e r..

4.4. NowNow P lac ePlac e thethe wood e nwood e n packingpacking pi e ce spi e ce s on eon e ov e rov e r thethe o the ro the r byby thethe sid e ssid e s of of JacksJacksupup t ot o jack jack he ig hthe ig ht

5.5. NowNow r e mov ere mov e thethe s lee p e rs lee p e r s low lys low ly wi thwi th ou tou t h itt ingh itt ing thethe jacks jacks6.6. S low lyS low ly low e rlow e r thethe t ransform e rt ransform e r t ank,t ank, byby r ele asingrele asing pr e ssur epr e ssur e inin jacks jacks s low lys low ly (bo th(bo th

simu lt an e ous ly)simu lt an e ous ly) andand r e movingre moving thethe packingpacking pi e ce spi e ce s on eon e af te raf te r ano the rano the r7.7. NowNow r e mov ere mov e thethe Jacks,Jacks, w he nwhe n thethe sid esid e of of t ransform e rt ransform e r isis s e cur el ys e cur el y r e s t ingre s t ing onon thethe

n e x tn e x t bo tt ombo tt om s lee p e rss lee p e rs8.8. NowNow p lac ep lac e thethe jacks jacks onon thethe o the ro the r sid esid e of of thethe pow e rpow e r t ransform e rt ransform e r t ankt ank andand carrycarrypou tpou t abov eabov e op e ra t ionop e ra t ion andand r e mov ere mov e o the ro the r sid esid e s lee p e rs lee p e r a lsoa lso..

9.9. Af te rAf te r thethe t ransform e rt ransform e r t ankt ank low e re dlow e re d t ot o thethe he ig hthe ig ht of of on eon e s lee p e rs lee p e r he ig ht ,he ig ht , the nthe ns lee p e rss lee p e rs ar ear e t ot o b eb e p lac e dp lac e d a longa long thethe rou trou t t ot o thethe p lin thp lin th onon w h ichwh ich PTRPTR isis t ot o b eb ee re c te de re c te d..

10.10. ONON thethe s lee p e rss lee p e rs rai lrai l po le spo le s ar ear e t ot o b eb e ke p tke p t du lydu ly ins e r t ingins e r t ing und e rund e r thethe t ankt ank andandt ransform e rt ransform e r t ankt ank isis t ot o b eb e dragg e ddragg e d c los ec los e t ot o thethe p lin thp lin th ..

11.11. Af te rAf te r draggingdragging thethe t ransform e rt ransform e r t ankt ank n e ar e rn e ar e r t ot o p lin thp lin th thethe t ransform e rt ransform e r t ankt ank isis t ot ob eb e rais e drais e d t ot o thethe le velle vel s lig htl ys lig htl y abov eabov e thethe p lin thp lin th t opt op le velle vel byby usingusing s lee p e rss lee p e rs & & H ydrau licH ydrau lic jack jack

12.12. The nThe n thethe Pow e rPow e r Transform e rTransform e r t ankt ank isis t ot o b eb e dragg e ddragg e d onon t ot o thethe p lin thp lin th s low lys low ly wi thwi ththethe hel phel p of of rai lrai l po le spo le s andand winc hwinc h t irfort irfor. .

13.13. Whe n the t ransform e r t ank is corr e c tl y posi t ion e d p lac e d on the p lin th fur the rWhe n the t ransform e r t ank is corr e c tl y posi t ion e d p lac e d on the p lin th fur the rwork is t o b e t ak e n up.work is t o b e t ak e n up.



Assembling of Transformer fittings , MountingsAssembling of Transformer fittings , Mountings

The radia t or dummy p la te s ar e to b e The radia t or dummy p la te s ar e to b e re mov e d and e nsur e d th a t no for e ignre mov e d and e nsur e d th a t no for e ignma te ria l, mois tur e is accumu la te d in the ma te ria l, mois tur e is accumu la te d in the radia t ors, the radia tors can b e fitte d byradia t ors, the radia tors can b e fitte d byusing s lee p e rs, Jacks/ C h ain pu lle yusing s lee p e rs, Jacks/ C h ain pu lle yb lock. The radia t or va lve s s h a ll b e b lock. The radia t or va lve s s h a ll b e inc los e d posi t ion on lyinc los e d posi t ion on lyCons e rva t or t ank is t o b e fix e d by lif t ingCons e rva t or t ank is t o b e fix e d by lif t ingthe sam e sui tab lythe sam e sui tab lyS licag el br e a the r, v e n t pip e , Buc h o lt zS licag el br e a the r, v e n t pip e , Buc h o lt zrel ay the rmom ete s ar e t o b e fix e d on torel ay the rmom ete s ar e t o b e fix e d on tothe pow e r t ransform e rthe pow e r t ransform e r



F illing / t oping Up of oi l : Now N e w fi lte re d te s te dF illing / t oping Up of oi l : Now N e w fi lte re d te s te dTransform e r oi l is t o b e fille d in t o t ransform e rTransform e r oi l is t o b e fille d in t o t ransform e rth roug h sui t ab le c le an pump & pip e s s low lyth roug h sui t ab le c le an pump & pip e s s low lyth roug h on e of the t op va lve s w h ile filling oi l th roug h on e of the t op va lve s w h ile filling oi l s low ly op e n bo tt om va lve and air r ele asings low ly op e n bo tt om va lve and air r ele asingdummy of on e radia t or. W he n oi l is fi lle d up t odummy of on e radia t or. W he n oi l is fi lle d up t ot op of radia t or the n c los e the air r ele asingt op of radia t or the n c los e the air r ele asingdummy imm e dia tel y op e n t op va lve of radia t or.dummy imm e dia tel y op e n t op va lve of radia t or.In the sam e way a ll the radia t ors ar e t o b e fille dIn the sam e way a ll the radia t ors ar e t o b e fille dand cons e rva t or t ank is fi lle d up t o 50% le vel and cons e rva t or t ank is fi lle d up t o 50% le vel approxima tel y.approxima tel y.The n r ele as e the air onc e from a ll air r ele asingThe n r ele as e the air onc e from a ll air r ele asingpoin t s.poin t s.Che ckup oi l le vel in the OLTC uni tChe ckup oi l le vel in the OLTC uni tThe n e ar th ing and jump e ring is t o b e don e as p e rThe n e ar th ing and jump e ring is t o b e don e as p e rs t andards.s t andards.



E rection of BreakersE rection of Breakers

Be for eBe for e Er e c t ionEr e c t ion of of Br e ak e r,Br e ak e r, sui t ab lesui t ab le p lin th sp lin th s ar ear e t ot o b eb econs t ruc te dcons t ruc te d du lydu ly e mb e ddinge mb e dding thethe founda t ionfounda t ion bo lt sbo lt s asasp e rp e r dis tanc e sdis tanc e s sp e cifi e dsp e cifi e d inin thethe manua lmanua l of of thethe br e ak e rbr e ak e rOnc eOnc e thethe curingcuring p e riodp e riod of of p lin thp lin th isis comp lete dcomp lete d andandp lin th sp lin th s ar ear e p e rf e c tl yp e rf e c tl y cur e d,cur e d, firs tfirs t thethe moun t ingmoun t ings t ruc t ur e ss t ruc t ur e s of of thethe br e ak e rbr e ak e r isis t ot o b eb e p lac e dp lac e d onon p lin thp lin th ininposi t ionposi t ion.. The nThe n thethe br e ak e rbr e ak e r isis t ot o b eb e broug htbroug ht n e arn e ar t ot op lin thp lin th onon rai lrai l po le spo le s oror MSMS C h ann el s,Ch ann el s, lif te dlif te d & & e re c te de re c te dwi thwi th thethe hel phel p of of c h ainch ain pu lle ypu lle y bockbock & & rop e srop e s.. DuringDuringe re c t ione re c t ion of of Br e ak e rBr e ak e r forfor t yingt ying thethe Br e ak e rBr e ak e r t ot o rop e srop e slif t inglif t ing ringring e arse ars provid e dprovid e d onon thethe br e ak e rbr e ak e r ar ear e t ot o b eb eus e dus e d bu tbu t no tno t bus h ingsbus h ings oror bus h ingbus h ing co llarco llar fram e sfram e sCTCT bas ebas e ch ann el sch ann el s ar ear e t ot o b eb e fix e dfix e d andand C TsCTs ar ear e t ot o b eb eposi t ion e dposi t ion e d onon thethe ch ann el sch ann el s a lre adya lre ady fix e dfix e dJump e ringJump e ring fromfrom BusBus Iso la t orsIso la t ors t ot o Br e ak e rBr e ak e r;; Br e ak e rBr e ak e r t ot oCTsCTs ;; C TsCTs t ot o lin elin e Iso la t orsIso la t ors isis don edon e wi thwi th Pan the rPan the rConduc t orConduc t or th roug hth roug h sui t ab lesui t ab le c lampsc lamps. .Doub leDoub le e ar th inge ar th ing of of Br e ak e rBr e ak e r bodybody & & CTCT BodyBody isis t ot o b eb edon edon e ..



Erection of PTs, L Ass, CTs :Erection of PTs, L Ass, CTs :Be for e e re c t ion of the s e eq uipm e n t bas e Be for e e re c t ion of the s e eq uipm e n t bas e dim e nsion, dis t anc e s b et wee n moun t ingdim e nsion, dis t anc e s b et wee n moun t ingh o le s ar e to b e no te d.h o le s ar e to b e no te d.Sui tab le h o le s ar e to b e dri lle d in s e a t ingSui tab le h o le s ar e to b e dri lle d in s e a t ings t ruc t ur e on w h ich the eq uipm e n t is t os t ruc t ur e on w h ich the eq uipm e n t is t ob e e re c te d.b e e re c te d.The eq uipm e n t is to b e lif te d by usingThe eq uipm e n t is to b e lif te d by usinglif t ing h o le s provid e d to the eq uipm e n t lif t ing h o le s provid e d to the eq uipm e n t wi th the hel p of c h ain pu lle y b lockwi th the hel p of c h ain pu lle y b lockmani la rop emani la rop e

Af te r posi t ioning on the ch ann el s the Af te r posi t ioning on the ch ann el s the bas e is to b e fix e d t o bas e ch ann el wi th bas e is to b e fix e d t o bas e ch ann el wi th sui t ab le coa te d or GI bo lt s, P lain was he rssui t ab le coa te d or GI bo lt s, P lain was he rsspring was he rs and doub le nu t sspring was he rs and doub le nu t sEar th ing & Jump e ring is to b e don e asEar th ing & Jump e ring is to b e don e asp e r the s t andards.p e r the s t andards.



Earthing SystemEarthing System - -

M aintenanceM aintenance

E hi SE hi S



Earthing S ystems:Earthing S ystems:

Electrical earthing is designed primarily to render electrical installation safe. Thepurpose of earthing are :

1. Protection to the plant2. Protection to the personnel and3. Improvement in service reliabilityNon- current carrying parts with conducting surface such as tanks of Power

Transformers, and frame work of circuits breakers, structural steel work inswitch yard instrument transformer cases, lightning arresters and armoredcables armoring should be effectively grounded for protection of equipmentsand operating personnel. Earth connections of all equipments should bemade in duplicate.

Connecting lead should have sufficient current carrying capacity.L A s should have independent earth electrode which should be inter connected

to the station grounding system.

All paints, enamel, seals should be removed from the point off contact of metalsurfaces before earth connections are made.

The resistances of earth system should not exceed 2 ohms for 33/11 KV SubStations.

But in the sub stations of Distribution companies Earth resistance M aximum of 1Ohm is maintained.

Suitable grounding mat should be provided in the sub station yard.



In a Sub Station the following shall be earthed.In a Sub Station the following shall be earthed.

TheThe n e u t ra ln e u t ra l poin tpoin t of of thethe sys te mssys te ms of of diff e re n tdiff e re n tvo lt ag e svo lt ag e s w h ichwh ich h av eh av e t ot o b eb e e ar the de ar the d..Appara t us,Appara t us, fram efram e workwork andand o the ro the r nonnon--curr e n tcurr e n tcarryingcarrying m et a lm et a l workwork associa te dassocia te d wi thwi th e ac he ac h

sys te m,sys te m, forfor e xamp lee xamp le t ransform e rt ransform e r t anks,t anks, swi t chswi t chg e arg e ar fram efram e workwork et cet c..,,Ex t ran e ousEx t ran e ous m et a lm et a l fram efram e workwork no tno t associa te dassocia te dwi thwi th thethe pow e rpow e r sys te ms,sys te ms, forfor e xamp le ,e xamp le ,boundary,boundary, f e nc e ,f e nc e , s teels teel s t ruc t ur e ss t ruc t ur e s et cet c..,,

TheThe e ar th inge ar th ing M e ansMe ans conn e c t ingconn e c t ing of of E le c t rica lEle c t rica leq uipm e n t ,eq uipm e n t , mac h in e rymac h in e ry oror anan ele c t rica lele c t rica l sys te msys te mwi thwi th thethe g e n e ra lg e n e ra l massmass of of e ar the ar th isis te rm e dte rm e d asase ar th inge ar th ing oror groundinggrounding

FUN CTIO N OF AN EARTHI NG SYS TEMFUN CTIO N OF AN EARTHI NG SYS TEM



FUN CTIO N OF AN EARTHI NG SYS TEMFUN CTIO N OF AN EARTHI NG SYS TEM

The e ar th ing sys te m mus t provid e anThe e ar th ing sys te m mus t provid e ane nvironm e n t wh ich is fr ee from the possibi lit y of e nvironm e n t wh ich is fr ee from the possibi lit y of fa t a l ele c t ric s h ock.fa t a l ele c t ric s h ock.The e ar th ing sys te m mus t provid e a lowThe e ar th ing sys te m mus t provid e a lowimp e danc e pa th for fau lt and e ar th le akag e imp e danc e pa th for fau lt and e ar th le akag e curr e n t s t o pass t o e ar th .curr e n t s t o pass t o e ar th .The e ar th ing conduc t ors mus t poss e ss suffici e n t The e ar th ing conduc t ors mus t poss e ss suffici e n t

the rma l capaci t y t o pass the h ig he s t fau lt curr e n t the rma l capaci t y t o pass the h ig he s t fau lt curr e n t for the req uir e d t im efor the req uir e d t im eThe e ar th ing conduc t ors mus t h av e suffici e n t The e ar th ing conduc t ors mus t h av e suffici e n t m e ch anica l s t re ng th and corrosion r e sis t anc e .m e ch anica l s t re ng th and corrosion r e sis t anc e .

A S ub S tation earthing system has to satisfyA S ub S tation earthing system has to satisfyfour re q uirements:four re q uirements:



E arthing can be broadly divided as :E arthing can be broadly divided as :

Sys te m Grounding ( Sys te mSys te m Grounding ( Sys te mEar th ing)Ear th ing)Eq uipm e n t Grounding (Saf et yEq uipm e n t Grounding (Saf et yGrounding)Grounding)

S t G diS t G di



S ystem Grounding:S ystem Grounding:

I tI t isis aa conn e c t ionconn e c t ion t ot o thethe groundground of of aa par tpar t of of thethep lan tp lan t formingforming par tpar t of of thethe op e ra t ingop e ra t ing circui t scircui t s forfore xamp lee xamp le thethe s t ars t ar poin tpoin t of of thethe t ransform e rt ransform e r oror thethen e u t ra ln e u t ra l conduc t orconduc t or.. TheThe groundinggrounding of of thethe l ig ht ing,lig ht ing,arr e s t orsarr e s t ors a lsoa lso com e scom e s und e rund e r thethe he adhe ad of of sys te msys te mgroundinggrounding. . TheThe provisionprovision of of sys te msys te m groundgroundre duc e sre duc e s t ot o consid e rab leconsid e rab le e x te n te x te n t thethe magni t ud emagni t ud e of of thethe t ransi e n tt ransi e n t ov e rov e r vo lt ag e svo lt ag e s andand the rethe re bybyincr e as e sincr e as e s thethe l if elif e of of ele c t rica lele c t rica l eq uipm e n teq uipm e n t b e sid e sb e sid e sminimizingminimizing thethe s e rvic e ss e rvic e s in te rrup t ionsin te rrup t ions. .Th usTh us thethe fundam e n t a lfundam e n t a l purpos epurpos e of of sys te msys te m groundgroundisis thethe pro te c t ionpro te c t ion of of ins t a lla t ionins t a lla t ion andand improv e m e n timprov e m e n tinin q ua lit yq ua lit y of of s e rvic es e rvic e .. TheThe sys te msys te m groundground a lsoa lso wi llwi lle nsur ee nsur e thethe saf et ysaf et y of of thethe p e rsonn elp e rsonn el t ot o som esom ee x te n t ,e x te n t , asas i tit hel pshel ps t ot o c le arc le ar thethe fau ltfau lt sp ee di lysp ee di ly..



S afety Grounds ( Eq uipment Grounding)S afety Grounds ( Eq uipment Grounding)

I tI t isis aa conn e c t ionconn e c t ion t ot o thethe groundground of of nonnon--curr e n tcurr e n t carryingcarrying par t spar t s of of thethe eq uipm e n t seq uipm e n t s likelike Mo t ors,Mo t ors, Transform e rTransform e r Tanks,Tanks, Swi t ch g e arSwi t ch g e are nc losur e s,e nc losur e s, M et a llicMet a llic e nc losur e se nc losur e s of of a lla ll ele c t rica llyele c t rica lly op e ra te dop e ra te deq uipm e n t seq uipm e n t s andand a lsoa lso thethe ins t a lla t ionsins t a lla t ions us e dus e d t ot o carry/carry/ Suppor tSuppor tele c t rica lele c t rica l eq uipm e n t seq uipm e n t s.. TheThe fram e sfram e s of of thethe eq uipm e n t s,eq uipm e n t s, if if no tno te ar the de ar the d w he nw he n com ecom e in t oin t o con t ac tcon t ac t accid e n t a llyaccid e n t a lly wi thwi th l ivelive par t spar t s wi llwi llh av eh av e po te n t ia lpo te n t ia l wi thwi th re f e re nc ere f e re nc e t ot o thethe groundground. . TheThe po te n t ia lpo te n t ia ldiff e re nc e ,diff e re nc e , w he nw he n s h un te ds h un te d b et w ee nb et w ee n thethe h andsh ands andand thethe f eetf eet of of aap e rsonp e rson t ouc h ingt ouc h ing thethe fram e ,fram e , produc e sproduc e s curr e n tcurr e n t th roug hth roug h thethe bodybodywh ichwh ich cancan r e su ltre su lt inin aa fa t a lit yfa t a lit y.. ByBy conn e c t ingconn e c t ing bodybody w h ichwh ich cancanre su ltre su lt inin aa fa t a lit yfa t a lit y.. ByBy conn e c t ingconn e c t ing thethe fram e sfram e s toto aa lowlow r e sis t anc ere sis t anc egroundground sys te m,sys te m, aa suffici e n tl ysuffici e n tl y h ig hh ig h curr e n tcurr e n t wi llwi ll f lowf low in t oin t o thethegroundground w he nw he n accid e n t a llyaccid e n t a lly thethe l ivelive par t spar t s of of thethe eq uipm e n teq uipm e n t / /Mac h in e ryMac h in e ry t ouc ht ouc h thethe fram e s,fram e s, andand cons eq u e n tl ycons eq u e n tl y sav e ssav e s thetheop e ra t ingop e ra t ing p e rsonn elp e rsonn el fromfrom fa t a lfa t a l accid e n t saccid e n t s..Th usTh us thethe eq uipm e n teq uipm e n t groundinggrounding is is basica llybasica lly in te nd e din te nd e d t ot o saf e guardsaf e guardt ot o aa gr e a tgr e a t e x te n te x te n t fromfrom thethe h azardsh azards of of touc htouc h vo lt ag e svo lt ag e s.. TheThe saf et ysaf et ygroundground is is soso d e sign e dd e sign e d th a tth a t thethe po te n t ia lpo te n t ia l diff e re nc ediff e re nc e app e aringapp e aringb et w ee nb et w ee n thethe fram e sfram e s andand thethe n e ig h boringn e ig h boring groundground is is k e p tke p t wi th inwi th insaf esaf e l imi t slimi t s..



S eparation of system and safety grounds:S eparation of system and safety grounds:

DuringDuring groundground fau ltfau lt condi t ions,condi t ions, thethe fau ltfau lt curr e n tcurr e n tf lowsf lows viavia thethe sys te msys te m groundground. . W he nWhe n thethe sys te msys te mandand saf et ysaf et y groundsgrounds ar ear e in te rin te r conn e c te d,conn e c te d, thethe fau ltfau ltcurr e n tcurr e n t f lowingf lowing (via)(via) thethe sys te msys te m groundground ris e sris e s thethepo te n t ia lpo te n t ia l of of thethe saf et ysaf et y groundground. . A lsoAlso thethe f lowf low of of curr e n tcurr e n t t ot o saf et ysaf et y groundground r e su lt sre su lt s inin h azardoush azardouspo te n t ia lpo te n t ia l gradi e n tgradi e n t inin andand aroundaround subsub s t a t ions t a t ion.. InInvie wvie w of of thethe abov eabov e itit isis som esom e t im e st im e s sugg e s te dsugg e s te d th a tth a ts e para tes e para te sys te msys te m andand saf et ysaf et y groundsgrounds wi llwi ll avoidavoidthethe dang e rdang e r arisingarising du edu e t ot o po te n t ia lpo te n t ia l gradi e n t sgradi e n t s..TheThe id e aid e a isis th a tth a t byby conn e c t ingconn e c t ing thethe sys te msys te m groundgroundt ot o aa s e para tes e para te e ar th inge ar th ing sys te msys te m si t ua te dsi t ua te d inin aa ininacc e ssib leacc e ssib le spo t ,spo t , thethe groundground fau ltfau lt curr e n tcurr e n t do e sdo e s no tno tf lowf low th roug hth roug h thethe saf et ysaf et y groundground. . H ow e ve r,H ow e ve r, th isth iss e para tes e para te sys te msys te m of of groundsgrounds h ash as manymanydisadvan t ag e sdisadvan t ag e s andand cancan b eb e mor emor e h azardoush azardous as asm e n t ion e dm e n t ion e d b el owb el ow

Wi thWi th s e para tes e para te groundsgrounds w ewe cancan avoidavoid dang e rdang e r



Wi thWi th s e para tes e para te groundsgrounds w ewe cancan avoidavoid dang e rdang e rdu edu e t ot o po te n t ia lspo te n t ia ls on lyon ly forfor fau lt sfau lt s ou t sid eou t sid e thethes t a t ionss t a t ions. .

S h or tS h or t circui tcircui t curr e n t scurr e n t s wi llwi ll b eb e mor emor e if if thethe fau ltfau ltoccursoccurs inin thethe subsub s t a t ionss t a t ions. .TheThe re sis t anc ere sis t anc e maymay b eb e mor emor e andand inin som esom e cas e scas e ssuffici e n tsuffici e n t curr e n t scurr e n t s maymay no tno t f lowf low t ot o op e ra teop e ra te thetherel aysrel ays. .F orF or e ff e c t ivee ff e c t ive s e para t ions e para t ion of of thethe e ar th inge ar th ingsys te ms,sys te ms, thethe sys te msys te m groundground s h a lls h a ll b eb e ins t a lle dins t a lle da ta t aa dis t anc edis t anc e of of a ta t le as tle as t t wic et wic e thethe diagona ldiagona lle ng thle ng th of of thethe subsub s t a t ions t a t ion w h ichw h ich isis cov e re dcov e re d bybysaf et ysaf et y groundinggrounding. . TheThe n e u t ra ln e u t ra l of of thethet ransform e rt ransform e r h ash as t ot o b eb e conn e c te dconn e c te d t ot o th isth is r e mo tere mo te

e ar th inge ar th ing byby m e ansm e ans of of insu la te dinsu la te d le adsle ads. . Ev e nEv e nwi thwi th th isth is arrang e m e n tarrang e m e n t on eon e canno tcanno t a lwaysa lways b eb esur esur e abou tabou t thethe comp letecomp lete iso la t ioniso la t ion of of thethe t wot wosys te mssys te ms andand the rethe re isis a lwaysa lways aa c h anc ech anc e of of inad eq ua teinad eq ua te ele c t rica lele c t rica l conn e c t ionconn e c t ion th roug hth roug h buri e dburi e dn e u t ra ln e u t ra l pip e spip e s et cet c..,, H e nc e ,H e nc e , th isth is isis imprac t icab le ,imprac t icab le ,

comp lica te dcomp lica te d andand cos tlycos tly.. I tI t isis the re for ethe re for e aa



S ystem EarthingS ystem Earthing

Sys te mSys te m e ar th inge ar th ing isis gov e rn e dgov e rn e d byby provisionsprovisions of of Ru leRu le -- Of Of II..EE Ru le s,Ru le s, 19561956. . Un e ar the dUn e ar the d sys te mssys te msh av eh av e b ee nb ee n t rie dt rie d andand du edu e t ot o thethe p he nom e nonp he nom e non of of ArcingArcing GroundsGrounds associa te dassocia te d wi thwi th the m,the m, the s e sthe s e s

h av eh av e b ee nb ee n abandon e d,abandon e d, e xc e p t inge xc e p t ing inin aa f e wf e w cas e scas e sof of pow e rpow e r s t a t ions t a t ion auxi liari e sauxi liari e s supp lysupp ly sys te mssys te ms w he rewhe reo the ro the r arrang e m e n t sarrang e m e n t s ar ear e mad emad e forfor indica t ingindica t ing e ar the ar thfau lt sfau lt s.. InIn anan unground e dunground e d sys te msys te m thethe insu la t ioninsu la t ionof of a lla ll thethe eq uipm e n t s,eq uipm e n t s, lin e slin e s et c,et c, wi llwi ll hav eh av e t ot o b eb emuc hmuc h h ig he rh ig he r va lu e sva lu e s asas compar e dcompar e d t ot o th os eth os e of of eq uipm e n t seq uipm e n t s andand lin e slin e s of of aa ground e dground e d sys te msys te m.. Th isTh isasp e c tasp e c t gr e a tl ygr e a tl y r e duc e sre duc e s thethe cos t scos t s andand e nsur e se nsur e smor emor e saf et ysaf et y..



Types of System Earthing:Types of System Earthing:

Ear th ing th roug h a r e sis t anc e .Ear th ing th roug h a r e sis t anc e .Ear th ing th roug h a r e ac t anc e .Ear th ing th roug h a r e ac t anc e .

Ear th ing th roug h a P ete rson coi lEar th ing th roug h a P ete rson coi lEar th ing dir e c tl y or so lid e ar th ing.Ear th ing dir e c tl y or so lid e ar th ing.

S ub S tation EarthingS ub S tation Earthing



S ub S tation EarthingS ub S tation EarthingBe caus eBe caus e of of thethe difficu lt ie sdifficu lt ie s andand disadvan t ag e sdisadvan t ag e s invo lve dinvo lve d ininmarina t ingmarina t ing thethe sys te msys te m groundinggrounding andand saf et ysaf et y groundinggroundings e para tel ys e para tel y i tit isis thethe commoncommon prac t iceprac t ice nownow t ot o h av eh av e aacombin e dcombin e d groundinggrounding sys te msys te m a ta t thethe subsub s t a t ionss t a t ions. .ProvisionProvision of of ad eq ua tead eq ua te e ar th inge ar th ing inin aa subsub s t a t ions t a t ion isise x t re m el ye x t re m el y impor t an timpor t an t forfor thethe saf et ysaf et y of of thethe op e ra t ingop e ra t ingp e rsonn elp e rsonn el asas w ellwell asas forfor prop e rprop e r sys te msys te m op e ra t ionop e ra t ion.. TheThePrimaryPrimary r eq uir e m e n t sreq uir e m e n t s of of aa goodgood e ar th inge ar th ing sys te msys te m inin aa subsubs t a t ions t a t ion ar ear e ..

TheThe imp e danc eimp e danc e t ot o groundground s h ou lds h ou ld b eb e asas lowlow asas possib lepossib le ..TheThe imp e danc eimp e danc e of of thethe e ar the ar th sys te msys te m s h a lls h a ll no tno t e xc ee de xc ee d thethefo llowingfo llowing limi t slimi t s inin thethe subsub s t a t ionss t a t ionsPow e rPow e r S t a t ionsS t a t ions 0.5 O h ms0.5 O h ms

MajorMajor SubSub s t a t ionss t a t ions abov eabov e 110110 KVKV 1.0 O h ms1.0 O h ms

MinorMinor SubSub S t a t ionsS t a t ions b el owb el ow 110110 KVKV 2.0 O h ms2.0 O h ms

Dis t ribu t ionDis t ribu t ion Transform e rTransform e r S t a t ionS t a t ion 5.0 O h ms5.0 O h ms

TransmissionTransmission lin elin e suppor t ssuppor t s 10.0 O h ms10.0 O h ms

The Step and touch potentials should be within safe limits

TouchTouch P otent i alP otent i al ::



TouchTouch P otent alP otent al ::Touc hTouc h po te n t ia lpo te n t ia l isis thethe po te n t ia lpo te n t ia l diff e re nc ediff e re nc e b et wee nb et wee n thethe groundgroundsurfac esurfac e po te n t ia lpo te n t ia l whe rewhe re aa p e rsonp e rson isis s t andings t anding andand thethe po te n t ia lpo te n t ia lof of h ish is ou t s t ret che dou t s t ret che d h andh and (s)(s) w h ichwh ich ar ear e inin con t ac tcon t ac t wi thwi th anane ar the de ar the d s t ruc t ur es t ruc t ur e .. I tI t isis norma llynorma lly assum e dassum e d th a tth a t aa p e rson¶sp e rson¶smaximummaximum r e ac hre ac h isis 11..00 m ete rm ete r..StepStep P otent i alP otent i al ::S te pS te p Po te n t ia lPo te n t ia l isis thethe po te n t ia lpo te n t ia l diff e re nc ediff e re nc e b et wee nb et wee n ou t s t ret che dou t s t ret che df eet ,f eet , a ta t aa spacingspacing of of 11..00 m ete rm ete r wi th ou twi th ou t thethe p e rsonp e rson t ouc h ingt ouc h ing anyanye ar the de ar the d s t ruc t ur es t ruc t ur eMeshMesh P otent i alP otent i alTheThe maximummaximum po te n t ia lpo te n t ia l diff e re nc ediff e re nc e b et wee nb et wee n thethe ce n t rece n t re of of aam e s hm e s h inin anan e ar the ar th grid,grid, andand anan e ar the de ar the d s t ruc t ur es t ruc t ur e conn e c te dconn e c te d t ot othethe buri e dburi e d gridgrid conduc t orsconduc t ors. . I tI t isis wors twors t cas ecas e sc e nariosc e nario of of aat ouc ht ouc h po te n t ia lpo te n t ia l..

Trans f erredTrans f erred potent i alpotent i alTheThe t ransf e rr e dt ransf e rr e d po te n t ia lpo te n t ia l isis aa t ouc ht ouc h po te n t ia lpo te n t ia l wh ichwh ich isist ransf e rr e dt ransf e rr e d som esom e dis t anc edis t anc e byby anan e ar the ar th re f e re nc e dre f e re nc e d m et a llicm et a llicconduc t orconduc t or.. F orF or e xamp le ,e xamp le , consid e rconsid e r aa scr ee n e dscr ee n e d cab lecab le conn e c t ingconn e c t ingt wot wo subsub s t a t ionss t a t ions w h ichwh ich ar ear e som esom e dis t anc edis t anc e apar tapar t .. If If aa p e rsonp e rsondisconn e c t sdisconn e c t s thethe e ar the de ar the d te rmina t ionte rmina t ion a ta t on eon e e nde nd of of aa scr ee n e dscr ee n e d

cab lecab le hehe maymay b eb e subj e c te dsubj e c te d t ot o thethe fu llfu ll groundground po te n t ia lpo te n t ia l ris eris e

TT kk thth dd i di d ll ib lib l



ToTo k ee pkee p thethe groundground imp e danc eimp e danc e asas lowlow asas possib lepossib leandand a lsoa lso t ot o h av eh av e sa t isfac t orysa t isfac t ory s te ps te p andand t ouc ht ouc hvo lt ag e s,vo lt ag e s, anan e ar th inge ar th ing ma tma t wi llwi ll b eb e buri e dburi e d a ta t aa

sui t ab lesui t ab le d e p thd e p th b el owb el ow thethe groundground andand i tit isis provid e dprovid e dwi thwi th groundinggrounding ele c t rod eele c t rod e a ta t sui t ab lesui t ab le poin t spoin t s.. A llAll thethenonnon--curr e n tcurr e n t carryingcarrying par t spar t s of of thethe eq uipm e n t seq uipm e n t s inin thethesubsub s t a t ionss t a t ions ar ear e conn e c te dconn e c te d t ot o th isth is gridgrid soso asas t ot oe nsur ee nsur e th a tth a t und e rund e r fau ltfau lt condi t ions,condi t ions, non enon e of of the s ethe s epar t spar t s ar ear e a ta t h ig he rh ig he r po te n t ia lpo te n t ia l th anth an thethe groundinggroundinggridgrid. . Und e rUnd e r norma lnorma l condi t ions,condi t ions, thethe groundgroundele c t rod eele c t rod e mak emak e l ittlelittle con t ribu t ioncon t ribu t ion t ot o low e rlow e r thethe e ar the ar thre sis t anc ere sis t anc e ;; the ythe y ar e ,ar e , h ow e ve r,h ow e ve r, d e sirab led e sirab le forformarina t ingmarina t ing lowlow va lu eva lu e of of r e sis t anc ere sis t anc e und e rund e r a lla llwe a the rwe a the r condi t ions,condi t ions, w h ichwh ich isis par t icu lar lypar t icu lar ly impor t an timpor t an twhe rewhe re thethe sys te msys te m fau ltfau lt curr e n t scurr e n t s ar ear e he avyhe avy. .Ear th ingEar th ing inin aa subsub s t a t ions t a t ion mus tmus t conformconform t ot o thethereq uir e m e n t sreq uir e m e n t s of of thethe IndianIndian E le c t rici t yEle c t rici t y Ru le sRu le s andandfo llowfo llow thethe dir e c t ive sdir e c t ive s laidlaid downdown inin s e c t ions e c t ion II andand IIIIIIof of ISIS :: 30433043- -19661966. . thethe e ar th inge ar th ing sys te msys te m h ash as t ot o b eb ed e sign e dd e sign e d t ot o h av eh av e aa lowlow ov e ra llov e ra ll imp e danc e ,imp e danc e , andand aa

curr e n tcurr e n t carryingcarrying capaci t ycapaci t y consis te n tconsis te n t wi thwi th fau ltfau lt

The factors which influence theThe factors which influence the



The factors which influence theThe factors which influence thedesign are:design are:

Dura t ion of fau lt .Dura t ion of fau lt .Magni t ud e of the fau lt curr e n t .Magni t ud e of the fau lt curr e n t .

Re sis t ivi t y of the und e r lying s t ra t a.Re sis t ivi t y of the und e r lying s t ra t a.Re sis t ivi t y of the surfac e ma te ria lRe sis t ivi t y of the surfac e ma te ria lMa te ria l of the e ar th ele c t rod e .Ma te ria l of the e ar th ele c t rod e .

1.1. 100100 XX 1616 mmmm andand 7575 XX 88mmmm siz esiz e MSMS s teels teel f la t sf la t s ar ear e b e ingb e ing ord e re dord e re d forforformingforming thethe e ar th inge ar th ing sys te msys te m forfor E H TEH T SubSub s t a t ions t a t ion andand 3333/ /1111 KVKV SubSubS ta t ionsS t a t ions r e sp e c t ivel yre sp e c t ivel y



S ta t ionsS t a t ions r e sp e c t ivel yre sp e c t ivel y2.2. Ear thEar th ma tma t s h a lls h a ll b eb e form e dform e d wi thwi th thethe s teels teel f la t sf la t s buri e dburi e d inin thethe groundground a ta t aa

d e p thd e p th of of 500500mmmm. .3.3. TheThe e ar the ar th ma tma t s h a lls h a ll e x te nde x te nd ov e rov e r thethe e n t ir ee n t ir e swi t ch g e arswi t ch g e ar yardyard andand b e yondb e yond

thethe s e curi t ys e curi t y f e ncingf e ncing of of s t ruc t ura ls t ruc t ura l yardyard byby a ta t le as tle as t on eon e m ete rm ete r..4.4. TheThe ou te rou te r mos tmos t p e rip he ra lp e rip he ra l e ar th inge ar th ing conduc t orconduc t or surroundingsurrounding thethe e ar the ar th ma tma t

s h a lls h a ll b eb e of of 100100 xx 1616 mmmm siz esiz e MSMS f la tf la t ..5.5. TheThe in te rm e dia tein te rm e dia te e ar th inge ar th ing conduc t orsconduc t ors formingforming thethe e ar the ar th ma tma t s h a lls h a ll b eb e of of

7575 xx 88 mmmm siz esiz e f la tf la t ..6.6. AllAll thethe ris e rsris e rs us e dus e d forfor conn e c t ingconn e c t ing thethe eq uipm e n teq uipm e n t s teels teel s t ruc tur e ss t ruc tur e s et cet c..,, t ot o

e ar the ar th ma tma t s h a lls h a ll b eb e of of 5050 xx66 mmmm siz esiz e e xc e p t inge xc e p t ing forfor e ar th inge ar th ing of of LL AA ss andandt ransform e rt ransform e r n e u t ra lsn e u t ra ls forfor w h ichwh ich 100100 xx 1616 mmmm oror 7575 xx 88 mmmm siz esiz e s h a lls h a ll b eb eus e dus e d..

7.7. AllAll Junc t ionsJunc t ions (crossing(crossing of of thethe s teels teel f la t sf la t s w h ilewh ile formingforming thethe e ar the ar th ma tma t andandt akingt aking ris e rsris e rs fromfrom thethe e ar th ma te ar th ma t forfor givinggiving e ar the ar th conn e c t ionsconn e c t ions t ot oeq uipm e n t s,eq uipm e n t s, s teels teel s t ruc t ura ls t ruc t ura l conduc t s,conduc t s, cab lecab le s he ar th ss he ar th s s h a lls h a ll b eb e prop e rs lyprop e rs lyw el d e dw el d e d..

8.8. Prop e rProp e r e ar th inge ar th ing lugslugs s h a lls h a ll b eb e us e dus e d forfor conn e c t ingconn e c t ing thethe e ar the ar th te rmina lste rmina ls of of eq uipm e n t seq uipm e n t s toto thethe e ar th inge ar th ing s teels teel f la tf la t ..

9.9. ProvisionsProvisions s h a lls h a ll b eb e mad emad e forfor the rma lthe rma l e xpansione xpansion of of thethe s teels teel f la t sf la t s bybygivinggiving sui tab lesui tab le b e ndsb e nds..10.10. TheThe e ar the ar th ma tma t s h a lls h a ll b eb e form e dform e d byby p lacingp lacing 7575 xx88mmmm MSMS f la tf la t a ta t aa dis t anc edis t anc e

55 m ete rsm ete rs a longa long thethe le ng thle ng th & & br e ad thbr e ad th of of thethe subsub s t a t ions t a t ion du lydu ly w el dingw el ding a ta tcrossingcrossing. .

11.11. AllAll thethe eq uipm e n t s,eq uipm e n t s, s teels teel s t ruc t ura l,s t ruc t ura l, condui t s,condui t s, cab lecab le s he a th ss he a th s s h a lls h a ll b eb eso lid lyso lid ly ground e dground e d byby conn e c t ingconn e c t ing t ot o thethe e ar th inge ar th ing ma tma t a ta t le as tle as t t wotwo p lac e sp lac e sforfor e ac he ac h ..

12.12. TheThe groundground ma tma t of of thethe swi t ch yardswi t ch yard s h a lls h a ll b eb e prop e r lyprop e r ly conn e c te dconn e c te d t ot o thethe

14.14. AllAll pain t s,pain t s, e nam ele nam el andand sca lesca le s h a lls h a ll b eb e re mov e dre mov e d fromfrom poin tpoin t ofof con t ac tcon t ac t



AA pain t s,pain t s, e nam ee nam e andand sca esca e s as a b eb e re mov e dre mov e d fromfrom poin tpoin t of of con t ac tcon t ac tinin m et a lm et a l surfac e ssurfac e s b e for eb e for e app lyingapp lying groundground conn e c t ionsconn e c t ions. .

15.15. TheThe ris e rsris e rs t ak e nt ak e n a longa long thethe mainmain swi t ch yardswi t ch yard s t ruc tur e ss t ruc tur e s andand eq uipm e n teq uipm e n ts t ruc t ur e ss t ruc t ur e s upup t ot o the irthe ir t op)t op) s h a lls h a ll b eb e c lamp e dc lamp e d t ot o thethe s t ruc t ur es t ruc t ur e a ta t ananin te rva lin te rva l of of no tno t mor emor e th anth an on eon e m ete rm ete r wi thwi th groundground conn e c t orsconn e c t ors. .

16.16. 7575 XX 88 mmmm groundground conduc t orconduc t or s h a lls h a ll runrun inin cab lecab le t re nc he st re nc he s andand s h a lls h a ll b eb econn e c te dconn e c te d t ot o thethe groundground am tam t a ta t anan in te rva lin te rva l of of 55 m ete rsm ete rs..

17.17. GroundingGrounding ele c t rod e sele c t rod e s 22..7575 M t rsMt rs le ng thle ng th 100100 mmmm diadia 99 mmmm th ickn e ssth ickn e ssCICI Pip e sPip e s s h a lls h a ll b eb e provid e dprovid e d a ta t a lla ll the irthe ir p e rip he ra lp e rip he ra l corn e rscorn e rs of of thethee ar th ionge ar th iong ma tma t andand a lsoa lso a ta t Dis t anc eDis t anc e of of 1010 M t rsMt rs a longa long le ng thle ng th & & wid thwid thof of swi t chswi t ch g e arandg e arand inin thethe e n t iree n t ire swi t chswi t ch yardyard. .

18.18. TheThe groundinggrounding ele c t rod e sele c t rod e s s h a lls h a ll b eb e driv e ddriv e d in t oin t o thethe groundground andand the irthe irt opst ops s h a lls h a ll b eb e wel d e dwel d e d t ot o aa c lampc lamp andand thethe c lampc lamp t og ethe rt og ethe r wi thwi th thethegroundinggrounding s h a lls h a ll b eb e w el d e dw el d e d t ot o thethe groundground conduc t orconduc t or..

19.19. TheThe swi t ch yardswi t ch yard surfac esurfac e ar e aar e a s h a lls h a ll b eb e cov e re dcov e re d byby aa lay e rlay e r of of crus he dcrus he drockrock of of siz esiz e 2525 xx 4040 mmmm t ot o aa d e p thd e p th of of 100100mmmm

20.20. Transform e rsTransform e rs andand LL AA ss andand sing lesing le p h as ep h as e po te n t ia lpo te n t ia l transform e rt ransform e r s h a lls h a llb eb e provid e dprovid e d wi thwi th e ar the ar th pi t spi t s n e arn e ar the mthe m forfor e ar th inge ar th ing andand the s ethe s e e ar the ar thpi t spi t s inin t urnt urn s h a lls h a ll b eb e conn e c te dconn e c te d t ot o thethe e ar the ar th ma tma t ..

21.21. Pow e rPow e r Transform e rsTransform e rs n e u t ra ln e u t ra l s h a lls h a ll b eb e provid e dprovid e d wi thwi th doub ledoub le e ar th inge ar th ing..Ne u t ra lNe u t ra l e ar th inge ar th ing andand bodybody e ar th inge ar th ing of of pow e rpow e r t ransform e rst ransform e rs s h a lls h a ll b eb econn e c te dconn e c te d t ot o s e para tes e para te e ar the ar th ele c t rod eele c t rod e ..

22.22. thethe e n t iree n t ire e ar th inge ar th ing sys te msys te m s h a lls h a ll b eb e laidlaid wi thwi th cons t ruc t iona lcons t ruc t iona lconv e ni e nc e sconv e ni e nc e s inin thethe file d,file d, k ee pingkee ping inin vi e wvie w thethe abov eabov e poin t spoin t s..

23.23. TheThe join t s join t s andand t apt ap--offsoffs w he rewhe re w el dingw el ding isis don edon e s h a lls h a ll b eb e giv e ngiv e n aa coa tcoa t of of b lackb lack asp h a lit icasp h a lit ic varnis hvarnis h andand the nthe n cov e re dcov e re d wi thwi th he ssainhe ssain t ap et ap e t ot o avoidavoidrus t ingrus t ing..



THE P ERMISS IBLE LIMITS OF S TEP POT EN TIAL A ND TO UCHTHE P ERMISS IBLE LIMITS OF S TEP POT EN TIAL A ND TO UCHPOT EN TIAL S HALL B EPOT EN TIAL S HALL B E

Max im u m Acceptable step V oltageMax im u m Acceptable step V oltageFault c lea r an c e time sFault c lea r an c e time s

F au lt c le aranc e F au lt c le aranc e t im e st im e s

0.20.2S e condsS e conds

0.35 S e conds0.35 S e conds 0.7 S e conds0.7 S e conds

On soi lOn soi l 1050 V1050 V 600 V600 V 195 V195 V

On c h ippingsOn c h ippings150mm)150mm)

1400 V1400 V 800 V800 V 250 V250 V

Max im u m Acceptable Touch V oltageMax im u m Acceptable Touch V oltageFault c lea r an c e time sFault c lea r an c e time s

F au lt c le aranc e F au lt c le aranc e t im e st im e s

0.20.2S e condsS e conds

0.35 S e conds0.35 S e conds 0.7 S e conds0.7 S e conds

On soi lOn soi l 3200 V3200 V 1800 V1800 V 535 V535 V

On c h ippingsOn c h ippings

150mm)150mm)

4600 V4600 V 2600 V2600 V 815 V815 V



EARTH GRI DEARTH GRI D-- MATERIALMAT ERIALThe following are the minimum sizes of materials to used.

S . S . N oN o

I te mI te m Mater i al to be usedMater i al to be used

11 GroundingGrounding E le c t rod e sEle c t rod e s CICI pip epip e 100100 mmmm (inn e r(inn e rdia)dia) M ete rsMete rs longlong wi thwi th aaf lang ef lang e a ta t thethe t opt op

22 Ear thEar th ma tma t 7575 XX 88mmmm MSMS F la tF la t

33 Conn e c t ionConn e c t ion t ot ob et wee nb et wee n ele c t rod e sele c t rod e sandand e ar th ma te ar th ma t

7575 XX 88mmmm MSMS F la tF la t

44 Conn e c t ionConn e c t ion t ot ob et wee nb et wee n e ar the ar th ma tma tandand eq uipm e n teq uipm e n t ( Top( Top

Conn e c t ions)Conn e c t ions)

5050 xx 66mmmm MSMS F la tF la t



TheThe siz esiz e of of t re nc ht re nc h forfor buryingburying e ar the ar th ma tma t s h a lls h a ll b eb e300300mmmm XX 500500mmmm. . TheThe e ar the ar th ma tma t s h a lls h a ll b eb e buri e dburi e dinin thethe groundground a ta t aa d e p thd e p th of of 500500mmmm. . TheThe e ar the ar thma tma t s h a lls h a ll e x te nde x te nd ov e rov e r thethe e n t iree n t ire swi t chswi t ch yardyard. .AllAll junc t ions junc t ions andand ris e rsris e rs inin thethe e ar the ar th f la tf la t s h a lls h a ll b eb eprop e r lyprop e r ly w el d e dwel d e d byby providingproviding addi t iona laddi t iona l f la tf la t pi e ce spi e ce sforfor con t ac tcon t ac t b et wee nb et wee n t wot wo f la t sf la t sProvisionProvision s h a lls h a ll b eb e mad emad e forfor the rma lthe rma l e xpansione xpansion of of s teels teel f la t sf la t s byby givinggiving smoo thsmoo th circu larcircu lar b e ndsb e ndsBe ndingBe nding s h a lls h a ll no tno t caus ecaus e anyany fa t igu efa t igu e inin thethema te ria lma te ria l..Af te rAf te r w el ding,wel ding, thethe join t s join t s andand t apt ap offsoffs s h a lls h a ll b eb egiv e ngiv e n t wot wo coa t scoa t s of of Bi t um e nBit um e n pain tpain t

BackBack fi llingfilling of of e ar the ar th ma tma t t re nc ht re nc h t ot o b eb e don edon e wi thwi thgoodgood e ar th ,e ar th , fr eefr ee of of s t on e ss t on e s andand o the ro the r h armfu lh armfu lmix t ur e smix t ur e s.. BackBack fi llfill s h a lls h a ll b eb e p lac e dp lac e d inin lay e rlay e r of of 150150mm,mm, uniform lyuniform ly spr e adspr e ad a longa long thethe di t ch ,di t ch , andandt amp e re dt amp e re d byby approv e dapprov e d m e ansm e ans

EARTH ELECTRO DESEARTH ELECTRO DES



EARTH ELECTRO DESEARTH ELECTRO DESEar thEar th ele c t rod e sele c t rod e s s h a lls h a ll b eb e of of CICI pip epip e 100100mmmm (inn e r(inn e r dia)dia)

22..7575 m ete rsm ete rs longlong wi thwi th aa f lang ef lang e a ta t thethe t opt op andand e ar the ar thf la tf la t a lre adya lre ady indica te dindica te d andand s h a lls h a ll b eb e conn e c te dconn e c te d t ot o e ar the ar thgridgrid inin thethe SubSub S t a t ionS t a t ion.. A llAll e ar the ar th pi t spi t s ar ear e t ot oe xcava te de xcava te d andand thethe pr e f e rr e dpr e f e rr e d backfi llbackfi ll isis aa mix t ur emix t ur e of of cok ecok e andand sa ltsa lt inin a lte rna tea lte rna te l ay e rslay e rs.. AA sui t ab lesui t ab le siz esiz ece m e n tce m e n t co llarco llar maymay b eb e provid e dprovid e d t ot o e ac he ac h e ar the ar thele c t rod eele c t rod e .. A llAll bo lte dbo lte d e ar the ar th ma tma t conn e c t ionsconn e c t ions andand s t rips t ripconn e c t ionsconn e c t ions t ot o p lan tp lan t andand eq uipm e n teq uipm e n t pan elpan el wi llwi ll b eb esubj e c tsubj e c t t ot o s t ric ts t ric t scru t inyscru t iny.. Transform e rTransform e r N e u t ra lsNe u t ra ls s h a lls h a llb eb e conn e c te dconn e c te d dir e c tl ydir e c tl y t ot o thethe e ar the ar th ele c t rod eele c t rod e byby t wot woind e p e nd e n tind e p e nd e n t MSMS s t ripss t rips of of 7575 XX 88mmmm. . TheThet ransform e rt ransform e r bodybody e ar th inge ar th ing s h a lls h a ll b eb e don edon e wi thwi th 7575 XX88mmmm f la tf la t .. TheThe ind e p e nd e n tind e p e nd e n t conn e c t ionsconn e c t ions of of MSMS s t ripss t ripswi thwi th e ar the ar th ma tma t s h a lls h a ll b eb e giv e ngiv e n onon e ithe re ithe r sid esid e of of thetheTransform e rTransform e r.. A llAll con t ac tcon t ac t surfac esurfac e mus tmus t b eb e fille dfille d ororgroundground f la tf la t e nsur e se nsur e s goodgood ele c t rica lele c t rica l conn e c t ion,conn e c t ion, andandthethe con t ac tcon t ac t surfac esurfac e s h a lls h a ll b eb e pro te c te dpro te c te d wi thwi th aa con t ac tcon t ac t

lubrican tlubrican t ..F

o llowingF

o llowing th isth is a lla ll conn e c t ionsconn e c t ions s h a lls h a ll b eb e

EARTH GRI DEARTH GRI D ±± WORK DE TAIL SWORK DE TAIL S



EARTH GRI D EARTH GRI D ± ± WORK DE TAIL SWORK DE TAIL S

Ne u t ra lNe u t ra l conn e c t ionconn e c t ion e ar the ar th pip epip e s h a lls h a ll n e ve rn e ve r b eb e us e dus e d forfor thetheeq uipm e n teq uipm e n t e ar th inge ar th ing..AA s e para tes e para te e ar the ar th ele c t rod eele c t rod e s h a lls h a ll b eb e provid e dprovid e d adjac e n tadjac e n t t ot othethe s t ruc t ur e ss t ruc t ur e s suppor t ingsuppor t ing Lig ht ningLight ning Arr e s torsArr e s tors. . Ear thEar thconn e c t ionconn e c t ion s h a lls h a ll b eb e asas s h or ts h or t andand asas s t raig hts t raig ht asas prac t icab leprac t icab le ..F orF or arr e s t orsarr e s t ors moun te dmoun te d n e arn e ar forfor pro te c t ingpro te c t ing t ransform e rst ransform e rse ar the ar th conduc t orsconduc t ors s h a lls h a ll b eb e conn e c te dconn e c te d dir e c tl ydir e c tl y t ot o thethe t ankt ank. .AnAn Ear th ingEar th ing padpad s h a lls h a ll b eb e provid e dprovid e d und e rund e r e ac he ac h op e ra t ingop e ra t ingh and leh and le of of thethe iso la t oriso la t or andand op e ra t ingop e ra t ing m e ch anismm e ch anism of of thethecircui tcircui t br e ak e rsbr e ak e rs.. Op e ra t ingOp e ra t ing h and leh and le of of thethe iso la t oriso la t or andandsuppor t ingsuppor t ing s t ruc t ur e ss t ruc t ur e s s h a lls h a ll b eb e bond e dbond e d t og ethe rt og ethe r byby aaf le xib lef le xib le conn e c t ionconn e c t ion andand conn e c te dconn e c te d t ot o thethe e ar th inge ar th ing gridgrid. .

AllAll eq uipm e n teq uipm e n t andand swi t ch g e arswi t ch g e ar et cet c..,, e re cte de re cte d s h a lls h a ll b eb ee ar the de ar the d asas p e rp e r II..EE Ru le sRu le s 19561956. .

21996731 lines sub station construction

Documents