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CONTENTS

Program Page No.

1. Generating Line Primitive

1.a Digital Differential Analyzer (DDA) 3

1.b Mid Point Approac ! 1.c "re#enam$# Approac 1%

&. Generating 'ircle

&.a Mid Point Approac (1#t order) 1

&.b Mid Point Approac (&nd order) 1

&.c "re#enam$# Approac &%

3. Generating *llip#e

3.a Mid Point Approac (1#t order) &3

3.b Mid Point Approac (&nd order) &!

3.c "re#enam$# Approac &+

. Generating ,yperbola

.a Mid Point Approac (1#t order) 3&

.b "re#enam$# Approac 3-

-. Generating Parabola

-.a Mid Point Approac (1#t order) 3

-.b Mid Point Approac (&nd

order) 1 -.c "re#enam$# Approac

!. Program to perform 'oen /0terland Line 'liiping

. Program to perform Liang "ar#ey Line 'lipping -1

. Program to perform 'yr0# "ec 'lipping --

+. Program to perform MidPoint /0bdivi#ion Line 'lipping -

1%. Program to perform Nicoll Lee Nicoll Line 'lipping !&

11. Program to perform /0terland ,odgemann Polygon 'lipping %

1&. Program to perform 2eiler Aterton Polygon 'lipping !

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13. Program to ill Polygon 0#ing /eed ill 1

1. Program to ill Polygon 0#ing /canline Metod

1-. Program to perform &D 4ran#formation# +

1!. Program to perform 3D 4ran#formation# 1%

1. Program for anti5alia#ing 0#ing G0pta /pro0ll$# Approac 1%+

1. ,idden /0rface *limination 6 7 "0ffer approac 11&

1+. ,idden /0rface *limination 6 "ac ace Detection 1&%

&%. 3D 8ie9ing 1&!

&1. Program to generate a "ezier '0rve 13%

&&. Program to generate a ,ermite '0rve 3&

&3. Program to generate a "5/pline c0rve 13-

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L:N* D;A2:NG 6 DDA

#include#include

#include

#include

void put_pixel(int x, int y, int col)

{

putpixel(x+3!, "!y, col)$%

int round(&loat x)

{ dou'le rem &mod((dou'le)x,.!)$

i&(x

return (&loor((dou'le)x))$

else return (ceil((dou'le)x))$

%

void dda(int x, int y, int x, int y)

{

int xa,ya,x',y'$

setcolor(-)$ line(3!,!,3!,"!)$

setcolor(/01)$

line(!,"!,2"!,"!)$

setcolor(456)$

i&(x

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put_pixel(round(x),round(y),*)$

%

%

void main()

{

clrscr()$ int x,y,x,y$

coutx>>y$

coutx>>y$

int gd -66, gm$

initgraph(=gd,=gm,:c;tc'gi:)$ dda(x,y,x,y)$

getch()$

closegraph()$

%

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L:N* D;A2:NG 5 M:D P

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%

put_pixel(x,y,*)$

% %

else i&(m> == m

{

put_pixel(xa,ya,*)$ d .!7dy+dx$

9hile(x!)

{

88case n

d dx$y++$

% else

{d+ dydx$

x++$ y++$

% put_pixel(x,y,*)$

%

%

else i&(m

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d+ dx$

y$

% put_pixel(x,y,*)$

%

%

%

void main()

{

clrscr()$ int x,y,x,y$

coutx>>y$

coutx>>y$

int gd -66, gm$

initgraph(=gd,=gm,:c;tc'gi:)$

mid_pt(x,y,x,y)$

getch()$

closegraph()$

%

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L:N* D;A2:NG 6 ";*/*N,AM$/ APP;! == m

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%

put_pixel(x,y,*)$

% %

else i&(m>)

{

d7dxdy$ 9hile(x

i&(d

{

d7dy$x++$

%

else

{d7(dx+dy)$

y$x++$

% put_pixel(x,y,*)$

%

% else i&(m

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%

%

%

void main()

{ clrscr()$

int x,y,x,y$

coutx>>y$ coutx>>y$

int gdriver -66, gmode$ initgraph(=gdriver, =gmode, :c;tc'gi:)$

'rsnhm_line(x,y,x,y)$

getch()$ closegraph()$

%

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':;'L* 5 M:D P

%

else {

d+*+7(xy)$

x++$

y$ %

plotpixel(x,y,xc,yc)$

%

%

void main()

{

clrscr()$

int xc,yc$

coutxc>>yc$

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int r$ 88radius

coutr$

int gdriver -66, gmode$

initgraph(=gdriver, =gmode, :c;tc'gi:)$

circ(r,xc,yc)$

getch()$

closegraph()$%

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1%%

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':;'L* 6 M:D P

de+$

dse+$ x++$

%

else

{ d+dse$

de+$

dse+"$

x++$ y$

%

plotpixel(x,y,xc,yc)$

%%

void main()

{ clrscr()$

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int xc,yc$

coutxc>>yc$

int r$ 88radius

coutr$



circ(r,xc,yc)$

getch()$

closegraph()$%

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':;'L* 6 ";*/*N,AM$/ APP;

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int r$ 88radius

coutr$



circ(r,xc,yc)$

getch()$

closegraph()$

%

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*LL:P/* 6 M:D P

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else

{

d+ a7a7(37y)7.!$ y$

%

plotpixel(x,y)$

%

%

void main(){

clrscr()$

&loat a,'$ cout

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*LL:P/* 5 M:D P

dse+7'7'$

x++$ %

else

{

d+ dse$ de+7'7'$

dse+7(a7a+'7')$

x++$

y$ %

plotpixel(x,y)$

%

d '7'7(.!7x+!.*)7(.!7x+!.*)+.!7a7a7(y)7(y).!7a7a7'7'$

&loat ds a7a7(37y)$

dse 7'7'7(+x) + a7a7(37y)$

9hile(y>!)

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{

i&(d

{ d+ dse$

ds+7a7a$

dse+7(a7a+'7')$

x++$ y$

%

else

{ d+ ds$

ds+7a7a$

dse+7a7a$

y$ %

plotpixel(x,y)$

%

%

void main()

{

clrscr()$

&loat a,'$

cout

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*LL:P/* 6 ";*/*N,AM$/ APP;!) {

i&(d > ('7'7!.*))

{

d+ 27a7a "7a7a7y$ y$

%

else

{ d+ ('7'7"7(+x)) + 7a7a ("7a7a7(y))$

x++$

y$

% plotpixel(x,y)$

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%

%

void main()

{

clrscr()$ dou'le a,'$

cout

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,?P*;"

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else

{

dd+7y+7p$ y++$

%

putpixel(x+3!+xc,"!yyc,-)$

delay(!)$ putpixel(x+3!+xc,"!+yyc,-)$

delay(!)$

%

getch()$%

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,?P*;"

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%

plotpixel(x,y)$

%

%

void main(){

clrscr()$

dou'le a,'$

cout

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PA;A"

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%

void main(){

clrscr()$

dou'le a$

couta$


initgraph(=gdriver, =gmode, :c;tc'gi:)$ para(!,!,a)$

getch()$

closegraph()$

%

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PA;A"

dou'le de "7a$ dne "7a 7(+y)$

9hile( y < ! )

{

i&(d

d+ de$

x++$

% else

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{

d+ dne$

dne+$ x++$

y++$

%

put_pixel(x,y)$ %

%

void main()

{

clrscr()$

dou'le a$ couta$

int gdriver -66, gmode$ initgraph(=gdriver, =gmode, :c;tc'gi:)$

para(!,!,a)$

getch()$

closegraph()$

%

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PA;A"!) {

d+ ("7a)$

x++$

% else

{

d+ + 7y "7a$

x++$ y++$

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%

plotpixel(x,y)$

%

%

void main(){

clrscr()$

dou'le a$

couta$


initgraph(=gdriver, =gmode, :c;tc'gi:)$ para(!,!,a)$

getch()$

closegraph()$

%

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L:N* 'L:PP:NG 5 '

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done $

outtextxy(!,3!!,:n Lorry? 0ine reMected:)$

% else

{

i&((x> x9min == x y9max == y>x9max$

couty9min>>y9max$

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coutx>>y$ coutx>>y$

lin(x+3!!,"!y,x+3!!,"!y,x9min+3!!,"!y9min,x9max+3!!,"!y9max)$ 88 i have interchanged y9min and y9max here 'eacuse 9e are doing "!y

getch()$

closegraph()$

%

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L:N* 'L:PP:NG 5 L:ANG "A;/@*?

#include

#include

#include

#include

&loat max(&loat a,&loat ',&loat c,&loat d)

{ &loat e,&$ i&(a>')

{

ea$

% else

{

e'$

% i&(c>d)

{

&c$

%

else {

&d$ %

i&(e>&)

{

return e$ %

else

{

return &$ %

%

&loat min(&loat g,&loat h,&loat m,&loat M){

&loat N,l$

i&(g

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%

else

{ return l$

%

%

void main()

{

int gd-66$

int gm$ initgraph(=gd,=gm,:c;tc'gi:)$

&loat x,x,y,y,uO"P{!%,pO!P,i$

&loat QO!P,dx,dy,xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax$

&loat xm,ym,xn,yn$ coutx>>y>>x>>y>>xmin>>xmax>>ymin>>ymax$

setcolor(/01)$

line(3!+xmin,"!ymin,3!+xmax,"!ymin)$ line(3!+xmin,"!ymin,3!+xmin,"!ymax)$

line(3!+xmax,"!ymax,3!+xmax,"!ymin)$

line(3!+xmin,"!ymax,3!+xmax,"!ymax)$

setcolor(EF)$

line(3!+x,"!y,3!+x,"!y)$ getch()$

dxxx$

dyyy$ pOPdx$pOPdx$pO3Pdy$pO"Pdy$

QOPxxmin$

QOPxmaxx$

QO3Pyymin$ QO"Pymaxy$

&loat u!.!$

&loat u.!$

&or(i$i

i&(u

{ u!$

%

uOP$uOP$uO3P$uO"P$

&or(i$i)

{

u$ %

i&(pOP!)

{

i&(QOP

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exit(!)$

%

% i&(u>u)

{

exit(!)$

% xmx+u7dx$

ymy+u7dy$

xnx+u7dx$

yny+u7dy$ setcolor(456)$

line(3!+xm,"!ym,3!+xn,"!yn)$

getch()$

%

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L:N* 'L:PP:NG 5 '?;=/ "*'@

#include

#include

#include

struct point

{

&loat x,y$%$

void clip(point polO!P, point p, point p, int n)

{

cleardevice()$

setcolor(/01)$

line(3!,!,3!,"!)$

setcolor(-)$ line(!,"!,2"!,"!)$

setcolor(K00H)$

&or(int i!$it_enter)

t_enter t$

% else i&(den>!)

{

i&(t

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pi.xp.x+(p.xp.x)7t_enter$

pi.yp.y+(p.yp.y)7t_enter$

pl.xp.x+(p.xp.x)7t_leave$ pl.yp.y+(p.yp.y)7t_leave$

setcolor(EF)$

line(pi.x,pi.y,pl.x,pl.y)$

%

void main()

{

int gd -66, gm$ initgraph(=gd,=gm,:c;tc'gi:)$

coutn$

point polO!P$

cout

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M:D P9max.y)

code codeJ/H66HC$

i&(p.y

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&loat ds dsx>dsyRdsx;dsy$

return ds$

%

void midpt(point 9min, point 9max, point p, point p)

{

setcolor(-)$ point t$

i& (p.x > p.x)

{

t p$ p p$

p t$

%

char code getcode(p,9min,9max)$

char code getcode(p,9min,9max)$

i&((code = code)?!) {

return$

%

else i&(((code = code)!) == ((code J code)!))

{ line(p.x, p.y, p.x, p.y)$

%

else {

t mid(p,p)$

i&((dist(t,p,9min,9max) > ) JJ (dist(t,p,9min,9max) > ))

{ char codm getcode(t, 9min, 9max)$

i&(isin(t,9min,9max))

{ i&(isin(p,9min,9max))

{ line(p.x,p.y,t.x,t.y)$

pt$ midpt(9min,9max,p,p)$

%

else i&(isin(p,9min,9max)) {

line(p.x,p.y,t.x,t.y)$

pt$

midpt(9min,9max,p,p)$ %

else

{ midpt(9min,9max,p,t)$

midpt(9min,9max,t,p)$

%

% else

{

i& ((code=codm)?!)

{ pt$

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%

else i&((code=codm)?!)

{ pt$

%

midpt(9min,9max,p,p)$

% %

%

%

void main()

{

clrscr()$

point 9min,9max,p,p$ cout9min.x$

cout9min.y$ cout9max.x$

cout9max.y$

cout>p.x$

cout>p.y$

cout>p.x$

cout>p.y$


initgraph(=gdriver, =gmode, :c;tc'gi:)$ setcolor(EF)$

rectangle(9min.x,9min.y,9max.x,9max.y)$ setcolor(KDF)$

line(p.x,p.y,p.x,p.y)$ getch()$

midpt(9min,9max,p,p)$

getch()$ closegraph()$

%

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L:N* 'L:PP:NG 5 N:',xmin$

cout>ymin$

cout>xmax$

cout>ymax$

cout>x$

cout>y$

cout>x$ cout>y$


setcolor()$

agetmaxx()8$ 'getmaxy()8$

line(!,',7a,')$

line(a,!,a,7')$

rectangle(a+xmin,'ymin,a+xmax,'ymax)$ setcolor(!)$

line(a+x,'y,a+xmin,'ymin)$

line(a+x,'y,a+xmax,'ymin)$

line(a+x,'y,a+xmax,'ymax)$ line(a+x,'y,a+xmin,'ymax)$

getch()$

setcolor()$

line(!,',7a,')$ line(a,!,a,7')$

setcolor(3)$

line(a+x,'y,a+x,'y)$

getch()$ ch&irst_end_point_region(x,y)$

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s9itch(ch)

{

case ; clipline(x,y,x,y)$ 'reaN$

case ; clipline(x,y,x,y)$

'reaN$

case 3 ; clipline3(x,y,x,y)$ 'reaN$

de&ault; coutm == xx)) == y>y)

{ coutm == mx)

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{ 88 point p is inside clip 9indo9

i&(xm3 == x>x) JJ (a's(m)>a's(m") == x

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void clipline(int x,int y,int x,int y)

{ int dra9$

&loat m,m,m,m3,m"$ int nx,ny,nx,ny$

m((&loat)(yy))8(xx)$

m((&loat)(yminy))8(xminx)$

m((&loat)(yminy))8(xmaxx)$ m3((&loat)(ymaxy))8(xmaxx)$

m"((&loat)(ymaxy))8(xminx)$

88 Ioint p is in 0e&t'ottom region

i&(m>m == mxmin) { 88 Ioint p is inside the clip 9indo9

i&(y>ymin)

{

nxxmin$ nyy+m7(xminx)$

nxx$

nyy$

% 88 Ioint p is outside the clip 9indo9

else

{

nxxmin$

nyy+m7(xminx)$ nyymin$

nxx+(yminy)8m$

% %

88 Ioint p is in 0e&tight region

else i&(m>m == mxmin)

{ 88 Ioint p is inside the clip 9indo9 i&(xm3 == m

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{

nxxmin$

nyy+m7(xminx)$ nyymax$

nxx+(ymaxy)8m$

%

% else

dra9!$

setcolor()$

rectangle(a+xmin,'ymin,a+xmax,'ymax)$ i&(dra9)

{

setcolor(!)$

line(a+x,'y,a+xmin,'ymin)$ line(a+x,'y,a+xmax,'ymin)$

line(a+x,'y,a+xmax,'ymax)$

line(a+x,'y,a+xmin,'ymax)$

setcolor(*)$ line(a+nx,'ny,a+nx,'ny)$

%

%

87 Ioint p is in the orner egion 78void clipline3(int x,int y,int x,int y)

{

int dra9$ &loat m,m,m,m3,m",tm,tm$

int nx,ny,nx,ny$

int &lag,t$

tm((&loat)(yminy))8(xminx)$ tm((&loat)(ymaxymin))8(xmaxxmin)$ 88diagonal slope

m((&loat)(yy))8(xx)$

m((&loat)(yminy))8(xmaxx)$

m((&loat)(ymaxy))8(xmaxx)$ m3((&loat)(yminy))8(xminx)$

m"((&loat)(ymaxy))8(xminx)$ 88 Ioint p is to9ards the le&t side o& the clip 9indo9 (case)

i&(tm

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%

88 Ioint p is inside the clip 9indo9

else i&(y>ymin == xm == mymax)

{nyymin$

nxx+(yminy)8m$

nxx+(ymaxy)8m$

nyymax$

% 88 Ioint p is inside the clip 9indo9

else i&(y>ymin)

{ nyymin$

nxx+(yminy)8m$

nxx$

nyy$ %

%

88 Ioint p is in 0e&tight region (case)

else {

88 Ioint p is outside the clip 9indo9 i&(x>xmax)

{nxxmin$

nyy+m7(xminx)$

nxxmax$nyy+m7(xmaxx)$

%

88 Ioint p is inside the clip 9indo9

else i&(x>xmin) {

nxxmin$

nyy+m7(xminx)$

nxx$ nyy$

%

%

% 88 Ioint p is in 0e&ttop region

else i&(m>m3 == m

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{

nxxmin$

nyy+m7(xminx)$ nxx+(ymaxy)8m$

nyymax$

%

88 Ioint p is inside the clip 9indo9 else i&(y>ymin)

{

nxxmin$

nyy+m7(xminx)$ nyy$

nxx$

%

% else

dra9!$

getch()$

setcolor()$ rectangle(a+xmin,'ymin,a+xmax,'ymax)$

i&(dra9)

{

setcolor(!)$

line(a+x,'y,a+xmin,'ymin)$ line(a+x,'y,a+xmax,'ymin)$

line(a+x,'y,a+xmax,'ymax)$

line(a+x,'y,a+xmin,'ymax)$ setcolor(*)$

line(a+nx,'ny,a+nx,'ny)$

%

%

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P

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tONP.y ay$

N++$

tONP sOM+P$N++$

%

88i > o

else i&(sOMP.xclOP.x) {

int ay int(((clOP.xsOMP.x)7(sOM+P.ysOMP.y)8(sOM+P.xsOMP.x)7.!)+sOMP.y)$

tONP.x clOP.x$

tONP.y ay$N++$

%

88i > i

else i&(sOMP.x do nothing

%

%

else i&(i) 88 /H66HC -E

{ &or(int M!$M i i&(sOMP.y>clOP.y == sOM+P.y o

else i&(sOMP.yclOP.y) {

int ax int(((clOP.ysOMP.y)7(sOM+P.xsOMP.x)8(sOM+P.ysOMP.y)7.!)+sOMP.x)$

tONP.x ax$tONP.y clOP.y$

N++$

%

88i > i else i&(sOMP.y do nothing

%

% else i&(i3) 88 0G6 -E

{

&or(int M!$M i

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i&(sOMP.xclO!P.x)

{

88&ind point o& intersectionint ay int(((clO!P.xsOMP.x)7(sOM+P.ysOMP.y)8(sOM+P.xsOMP.x)7.!)+sOMP.y)$

tONP.x clO!P.x$

tONP.y ay$

N++$tONP sOM+P$

N++$

%

88i > o else i&(sOMP.x>clO!P.x == sOM+P.x i else i&(sOMP.x>clO!P.x == sOM+P.x>clO!P.x)

{

tONP sOM+P$

N++$

% 88o > o > do nothing

%

% tONPtO!P$

&or(int l!$l

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i&((p.x > clO!P.x)==(p.x clO!P.y)==(p.y

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cout

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P#include

&loat sdxO*P,sdyO*P$int i,9!,h$void sort(&loat sdyOP,int h)

{

&loat temp$

&or(int M!$M

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TOiP.youtyOiP$

TOiP.vis!$

% s!$

&or(m!$m

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%

%

getch()$%

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/**D :LL

#include

#include

#include

int main(void)

{

int gdriver -66, gmode, errorcode$ int i,n,c,'oun$ &loat xO!P,yO!P,a,',l,m$

int poly&ill(&loat,&loat,int,int)$

int ply&ill(&loat,&loat,int,int)$

int ply&ll(&loat,&loat,int,int)$ int ply&il(&loat,&loat,int,int)$


coutn$ &or(i!$i>yOiP$

% coutc$ cout>'$ xOiPxO!P,yOiPyO!P$

setcolor('oun)$

&or(i!$i

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rgetpixel(3!+p,"!(Q))$

i&((r?'o)==(r?c))

{ putpixel(3!+p,"!Q,c)$

ply&ill(p,(Q+),c,'o)$

ply&ill(p+,Q,c,'o)$

%%

int ply&il(&loat p,&loat Q,int c,int 'o)

{ int r$

rgetpixel(3!+p,"!(Q))$

i&((r?'o)==(r?c))


ply&il(p,(Q+),c,'o)$

ply&il(p,Q,c,'o)$

%%

int ply&ll(&loat p,&loat Q,int c,int 'o)

{

int r$ rgetpixel(3!+p,"!(Q))$

i&((r?'o)==(r?c))


ply&ll(p,(Q),c,'o)$

ply&ll(p,Q,c,'o)$

%%

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P

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78

class linNed_list_E6

{ protected;

node7 head$

pu'lic;

linNed_list_E6(){ headF100$ %

87 i am passing a node to insert &unctions as

to insert in D6 i 9ill remove nodes &rom E6 and put in D6. as they 9ont 'e reQuired 'y E6 anymore.

&or insertion in E6 prepare the node 'y calling getnode

&unction and then call insert.

this 9ay i can insert lists at the end and in the 'eginning.78 void insert_at_head(node7 n)$

void insert_at_end(node7 n)$

int sort()$

87 &or merging a list in the D6 address in the head pointer

is reQuired.this &unction returns that address

78 node7 access_head()

{ return head$ %

87 searches the item in the list. in the end child

points to the element searching &or and parent points to the previous element.

here the tasN is 'ascially 9hether an edge has 'een

included in E6 or not

78 int search(node7 item,node7 =parent,node7 =child)$

void display()$

%$

87 D6 tasNs reQuired;. insertion;have to insert a 9hole list &rom E6, hence doing insertion

at end.(derived &rom the 'ase class). sorting;the list has to 'e sorted according to increasing x values

(derived &rom the 'ase class)3. update;as y is increased ne9 intersection points have to 'e calculated

". delete;have to delete those edges 9hich are complete

*. dra9ing;list has to 'e dra9n in pairs2. display;reQuired &or testing purposes (derived &rom the 'ase class)

78

class linNed_list_D6;pu'lic linNed_list_E6

{ pu'lic;

linNed_list_D6();linNed_list_E6()

{

%

87 &or a ne9 scanline the ne9 intersection points have

to 'e calculated. this is done 'y xx+delx (coherence

property). update &unction per&orms this tasN 78 void update()$

87 this &unction checNs 9hether the &irst or the last

element has to 'e deleted or not return values;

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!;no

;yes

78 int del_&irst_or_last(int y)$

87 searches the item in the list. in the end child

points to the element searching &or and parent

points to the previous element. return values;

not &ound;!

&ound;

78 int search(int y,node7 =parent,node7 =child)$

87 return values;

no deletion;!

deletion;78 int delete_&irst()$

87 have to use this only 9hen in D6 ymax o& an edge

is reached. hence search &or y and delete i& &ound also i 9ant to Nno9 i& anyone o& the &irst or the last

node is 'eing deleted.

return values;

no deletion;!

deletion;78 int delete_item(int y)$

87 to &ill the polygon 9e have to dra9 in pairs &rom the x values o& the node at the y value passed as an argument.

78 void dra9(int y)$

%$

87 array &or the lists o& E6. as no o& edges cant exceed no

o& vertices,no o& lists are even lesser so this is a sa&e upper limit

the array yindex stores the y value at 9hich the list at the corresponding

index in 'oth arrays 9ould 'e in the actual algo.78 linNed_list_E6 E6OCDSP$

int yindexOCDSP{!%$

87 &or non horiTontal edges gets a node and inserts it in appropriate list paramenters;

a; the current vertex

'; the adMoining vertex78 void maNe_insert_edge(point a,point ',int ycur)$

87 taNe each edge one 'y one starting &rom ymin and put it in the

corredponding position in E6 and the y value in yindex paramenters; p ,p, n (polygon data)

a&ter this &unction call E6 is completely ready

78 void maNe_E6(point pOCDSP,point pOCDSP,int n)$

void goto_graphics_mode()$

void dra9_poly(point pOCDSP,int n)$

87 start 9ith empty list and move &rom ymin to ymax. &or every y do

update

merge

sort delete

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dra9

i& delete &rom st or last then &irst dra9 and delete,

then do the normal dra9 parameters;

p,n;reQuired to get ymin and ymax

78 void process_D6(point pOCDSP,int n)$

void scanline(point pOCDSP,point pOCDSP,int n)

{

87 polygon o'tained. no9 sort them according to increasing y values

and store them in another array78 copy(p,p,n)$

sort(p,n)$

87 polygon in 'oth arrays. maNe E6(glo'al edge ta'le). this completes the E6 9ith all the lists sorted also

78 maNe_E6(p,p,n)$

goto_graphics_mode()$dra9_poly(p,n)$

87 no9 Must process D6. this &ills the polygon

78 process_D6(p,n)$

%void main()

{

87p is the polygon 9ith the vertices in the cyclic order

n has the no o& vertices in the polygon

78

point pOCDSP,pOCDSP$int n$

87the vertices o& the polygon should 'e stored in the text &ile

polygon.txt 'ut &or testing and simpli&ying purposes using

'rute &orce, so &irst retrieve them and store in p78 getdata(p,n)$

scanline(p,p,n)$

getch()$

%

void getdata(point pOCDSP,int =n)

{

nA$

pO!P.x$ pO!P.y*$

pOP.x$ pOP.y@$

pOP.x"$ pOP.y@$

pO3P.x"$ pO3P.yA$

pO"P.x2$ pO"P.yA$

pO*P.x2$ pO*P.y@$

pO2P.x$ pO2P.y@$ [email protected]$ [email protected]$

pOP.x!$ pOP.yA$

pOAP.x!$ pOAP.y@$ pO!P.x"$ pO!P.y@$

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pOP.x$ pOP.y$

pOP.x!$ pOP.y$ pO3P.x!$ pO3P.y3$

pO"P.x$ pO"P.y3$

pO*P.x$ pO*P.y$

pO2P.x2$ pO2P.y$

[email protected]$ [email protected]$

pOP.x"$ pOP.y3$

&or(int i!$i

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temptemp>linN$

temp>linNhead$

headn$%

void linNed_list_E6;;insert_at_end(node7 n)

{

i&(headF100)insert_at_head(n)$

else

{

node7 temphead$88go to the end

9hile(temp>linN?F100)

temptemp>linN$

87 place the ne9 data at the end more than one node can 'e inserted at a time.

to 'e speci&ic a list can 'e concatenated at the end

78

temp>linNn$%

%

int linNed_list_E6;;sort()

{

i&(headF100)return !$

else

{node7 temphead$

node7 temphead$

node7 temp_posF100$

int temp_ymax$&loat temp$

9hile(temp>linN?F100)

temptemp>linN$

88temp is at the last node9hile(temp?head)

{temphead$

9hile(temp?temp){

i&( temp>x > temp>linN>x )

{88s9apping values

temp_ymaxtemp>ymax$

temp>ymaxtemp>linN>ymax$

temp>linN>ymaxtemp_ymax$

temptemp>x$

temp>xtemp>linN>x$

temp>linN>xtemp$

temptemp>delx$

temp>delxtemp>linN>delx$

temp>linN>delxtemp$%

temp_postemp$

temptemp>linN$

%temptemp_pos$

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%

return $

%%

int linNed_list_E6;;search(node7 item,node7 =parent,node7 =child)

{

88parent &ollo9s the childchildhead$

9hile(child?F100)

{

i&(child>ymaxitem>ymax == child>xitem>x == child>delxitem>delx)return $

parentchild$

childchild>linN$

%return !$

%

void linNed_list_E6;;display()

{i&(headF100)

cout

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{

88parent &ollo9s the child

childhead$9hile(child?F100)

{

i&(child>ymaxy)

return $ parentchild$

childchild>linN$

%

return !$%

int linNed_list_D6;;delete_&irst()

{

i&(headF100)return !$

node7 nhead$

headhead>linN$

&ree(n)$return $

%

int linNed_list_D6;;delete_item(int y)

{

node7 parent$node7 child$

i&( search(y,parent,child) )

{i&(childhead)

return delete_&irst()$

else

{ parent>linNchild>linN$

&ree(child)$

return $

%%

elsereturn !$

%void linNed_list_D6;;dra9(int y)

{

node7 temphead$int &irst,next$

9hile(temp?F100)

{

88move &or9ard 'y to dra9 in pairs&irsttemp>x$

temptemp>linN$

i&(tempF100)

'reaN$nexttemp>x$

temptemp>linN$

line(xorigin+&irst,yoriginy,xorigin+next,yoriginy)$

%

%

void maNe_insert_edge(point a,point ',int ycur){

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i&(a.y?'.y)88&or non horiTontal edges

{

int ymax,x$88select ymax and x(ymin)

i&(a.y>'.y)

{

ymaxa.y$x'.x$

%

else

{ymax'.y$

xa.x$

%

&loat delx(a.x'.x)7.!8(a.y'.y)$node 7tempgetnode(ymax,x,delx)$

88checN i& this edge has already 'een included in E6 or not

int &ound!$&or(int i!$i

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&or(int M!$M

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%

D6.sort()$

87 deletion

i& st or last element is to 'e deleted,

then &irst dra9 and then delete and do this &or all the nodes that are to 'e deleted

78

int &lag!$

87 &ind i& there is deletion &rom st or last node i& yes then dra9 and del all else Must del all

78

&lagD6.del_&irst_or_last(i)$

i&(&lag){

setcolor(LI5D0)$

D6.dra9(i)$

88D6.display()$getch()$

%

&lag$

9hile(&lag){

&lagD6.delete_item(i)$

%87 D6.display()$

cout

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&D 4;AN/

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void rot_gen()

{

char Ney$ int sQO"POP$

initia(sQ)$

&loat d!$

9hile((Neygetch())?VeV) {

i&(((int)Ney)@*)

{

d+!.!$ cleardevice()$

rot(sQ,sQ,!,!,d)$

%

else i&(((int)Ney)@@) {

d!.!$

cleardevice()$

rot(sQ,sQ,!,!,d)$ %

%

&or(int i!$i>ry$ 9hile((Neygetch())?VeV)

{

i&(((int)Ney)@*) {

d+!.!$

cleardevice()$

rot(sQ,sQ,rx,ry,d)$ %

else i&(((int)Ney)@@)

{

d!.!$ cleardevice()$

rot(sQ,sQ,rx,ry,d)$

%

% &or(int i!$i

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closegraph()$

%

void translation()

{

initia(sQ)$

int xincr, yincr$ char Ney$

9hile((Neygetch())?VeV)

{

i&(((int)Ney)@) {

yincr *$

xincr !$

cleardevice()$ incr(sQ,xincr,yincr)$

put_'ox(sQ)$

%

else i&(((int)Ney)!) {

yincr*$

xincr!$

cleardevice()$

incr(sQ,xincr,yincr)$ put_'ox(sQ)$

%

else i&(((int)Ney)@*) {

yincr!$

xincr*$


put_'ox(sQ)$

%

else i&(((int)Ney)@@) {

yincr!$ xincr*$


put_'ox(sQ)$

% %

closegraph()$

%

void sca(int sQO"POP, &loat scx, &loat scy, int h, int N)

{

&or(int i!$i

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int sQO"POP$

initia(sQ)$

&loat scx,scy$ gotoxy(,)$

coutsx>>sy$

9hile((Neygetch())?VeV)

{

i&(((int)Ney)@) {

scy.$

scx.!$

cleardevice()$ sca(sQ,scx,scy,sx,sy)$

%

else i&(((int)Ney)!)

{ scy.!8.$

scx.!$

cleardevice()$

sca(sQ,scx,scy,sx,sy)$

% else i&(((int)Ney)@*)

{

scx.!8.$ scy.!$

cleardevice()$

sca(sQ,scx,scy,sx,sy)$

% else i&(((int)Ney)@@)

{

scx.$

scy.!$ cleardevice()$

sca(sQ,scx,scy,sx,sy)$ %

% closegraph()$

%

void scale_gen()

{

char Ney$ int sQO"POP$

initia(sQ)$

&loat scx,scy$

9hile((Neygetch())?VeV) {

i&(((int)Ney)@)

{

scy.$ scx.!$

cleardevice()$

sca(sQ,scx,scy,!,!)$

% else i&(((int)Ney)!)

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{

scy.!8.$

scx.!$ cleardevice()$

sca(sQ,scx,scy,!,!)$

%

else i&(((int)Ney)@*) {

scx.!8.$

scy.!$

cleardevice()$ sca(sQ,scx,scy,!,!)$

%

else i&(((int)Ney)@@)

{ scx.$

scy.!$

cleardevice()$

sca(sQ,scx,scy,!,!)$ %

%

closegraph()$

%

void main()

{

clrscr()$ int ch$

do

{

cout

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3D 4;AN/

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disp(pyr)$

%

void rota(int pyrOPO3P, int pyrOPO3P)

{

cleardevice()$

cout

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{

pyrOiPO!PpyrOiPO!P$

pyrOiPOPpyrOiPOP$ pyrOiPOPpyrOiPOP$

%

rotate(pyr,pyr,d,axis)$

axaxis$ %

%

&or(int i!$i

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&or(int i!$i

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AN4:AL:A/:NG 6 G=P4A /P;

#include

#include

#include#include

int main(void){ int gdriver -66, gmode, errorcode$

&loat x,x,y,y,x,y,dx,dy,d,t$

dou'le id,di$

void intensepix(&loat ,&loat ,dou'le)$ initgraph(=gdriver, =gmode, :c;tc'gi:)$

print&(:enter the end points o& line:)$

cin>>x>>y>>x>>y$

line(!+x,"!y,!+x,"!y)$ dxxx,dyyy$

id8(7po9((dx7dx+dy7dy),!.*))$

di7dx7id$

d7dydx$

xx$ yy$

getch()$

intensepix(x,y,!)$

intensepix(x,y+,di)$ intensepix(x,y,di)$

9hile(x td+dx$

d+7dy$ x++$ %

else

{

tddx$ d+7(dydx)$

x++,y++$

%

intensepix(x,y,t7id)$ intensepix(x,y+,dit7id)$

intensepix(x,y,di+t7id)$

%

getch()$%

void intensepix(&loat x,&loat y,dou'le d)

{ int in$

i&(d!.!)

in*$

i&((d

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i&((d."))

in$

i&(d>) in!$

putpixel(x+3!,"!y,in)$

%

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,:DD*N /=;A'* *L:M:NA4:

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9hile(ptsONP.y ptsOMP.y)

i& ((M+)>(cnt)) M ! $

else

M++ $

return (ptsOMP.y) $%

void maNeedgerec(dcpt lo9er,dcpt upper,int ycomp,edge 7edge,edge 7edgesOP)

{ edge>dxperscan (&loat)(upper.xlo9er.x)8(upper.ylo9er.y) $

edge>xintersect lo9er.x $

i& (upper.yyupper upper.y $ else

edge>yupper upper.y $

insertedge(edgesOlo9er.yP,edge) $

%

void 'uildedgelist(int cnt,dcpt 7pts,edge 7edgesOP)

{

edge 7edge $

dcpt v, v $ int i, yprevptsOcntP.y $

v.x ptsOcntP.x $ v.y ptsOcntP.y $

&or(i!$i

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i&(planesOpoly_noPOP?!)

T(.!)7(planesOpoly_noPO!P7x7.!+planesOpoly_noPOP7y7.!+planesOpoly_noPO3P)8planesOpoly_noP

OP$ else

T3@2@$

i&(T>T'u&&erOxPOyP)

{ screenOxPOyPcolor$

T'u&&erOxPOyPT$

%

%

void &illscan(int scan,edge 7active, int color)

{ edge 7p,7p $

int i $

p active>next $

9hile(p) {

p p>next $

&or(ip>xintersect$ixintersect)$i++)

{ 87putpixel((int)i,scan,color) $78

checNW'u&&(i,scan,color)$ %

p p>next $

%%

void deletea&ter(edge 7Q)

{ edge 7p Q>next $

Q>next p>next $

&ree(p) $

%

void updateactivelist(int scan, edge 7active){

edge 7Qactive, 7pactive>next $ 9hile(p)

i& (scan > p>yupper)

{ p p>next $

deletea&ter(Q) $

%

else {

p>xintersect p>xintersect + p>dxperscan $

Q p $

p p>next $ %

%

void resortactivelist(edge 7active){

edge 7Q,7pactive>next $

active>next F100 $

9hile(p) {

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Q p>next $

insertedge(active,p) $

p Q $ %

%

void scan&ill(int cnt,dcpt 7pts, int color){

edge 7edgesO"!P,7active $

int i,scan $

&or(iymax$inext F100 $

% 'uildedgelist(cnt,pts,edges) $

active (edge 7)malloc(siTeo&(edge)) $

active>next F100 $

&or(scanymax$scan

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&loat 77temp$

&loat matrixO"PO"P$

&loat rad_angle$ &loat x,y,T,x,y,T,x3,y3,T3$

clrscr()$

matrixO!PO3P!$

matrixOPO3P!$ matrixOPO3P!$

matrixO3PO3P$

matrixO3PO!P!$

matrixO3POP!$ matrixO3POP!$

print&(:nter num'er o& polygons;:)$

scan&(:Bd:,=no_poly)$

temp(&loat77)malloc("7siTeo&(&loat))$ planes(&loat77)malloc(no_poly7siTeo&(&loat))$

polys(dcpt77)malloc(no_poly7siTeo&(dcpt))$

color(int7)malloc(no_poly7siTeo&(int))$

n(int7)malloc(no_poly7siTeo&(int))$ &or(i!$i

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planesOiPO!Py7(TT3)+y7(T3T)+y37(TT)$

87/78

planesOiPOPT7(xx3)+T7(x3x)+T37(xx)$ 8778

planesOiPOPx7(yy3)+x7(y3y)+x37(yy)$

87-78

planesOiPO3P()7x7(y7T3y37T)x7(y37Ty7T3)x37(y7Ty7T)$ %

&or(poly_no!$poly_no

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"A'@ A'* D*4*'4:

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&loat tempO"PO"P$

&or(i!$i

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ttrans&ormO!PO3P-elx$

ttrans&ormOPO3P-ely$

ttrans&ormOPO3P-elT$updatetrans&orm(ttrans&orm)$

%

void scale(&loat Lx,&loat Ly,&loat LT)

{

&loat ttrans&ormO"PO"P$

int i,M$&or(i!$i

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midxgetmaxx()8$

midygetmaxy()8$

&or(i!$i

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int gd -66, gmode$

initgraph( =gd, =gmode, :c;tc'gi:)$

initialise()$

angle!.!*$

ch!$

9hile(ch?@){

cleardevice()$

initialise()$

i&(chVCV) rotate(angle,y)$

i&(chVUV)

rotate(7angle,y)$

i&(chVIV) rotate(angle,x)$

i&(chV4V)

rotate(7angle,x)$

i&(chV+V) scale(.!!*,.!!*,.!!*)$

i&(chVV)

scale(!.AA*,!.AA*,!.AA*)$

initialise()$

detect_sur&ace()$ o_proMect()$

&&lush(stdin)$

chgetch()$%

getch()$

closegraph()$

%

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P;+x ">x >+y *>y 3>+T 2>T:)$

outtextxy(!,!,:Xie9 plane to9ards o'Mect T and a9ay x:)$

outtextxy(!,3!,:Xie9 point + to go close and to move a9ay:)$ do

{setcolor(!)$

dra9()$

i&(NeyV+V==TvpTprp>*)

Tprp+"$

i&(NeyVV==Tprp>!!!)

Tprp"$

i&(NeyVTV==Tvp

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roty(*.!)$

i&(NeyV3V)

rotT(*.!)$

i&(NeyV2V)

rotT(*.!)$

Tmax37-$

&or(i!$iTmax)

TmaxcorOiPOP$

setcolor(A)$dra9()$Neygetch()$

% 9hile(Ney?@)$

%

void dra9()

{

void dline(char,char)$

dline(!,)$

dline(!,3)$

dline(!,@)$

dline(*,2)$ dline(*,)$

dline(*,")$

dline(,3)$

dline(,")$

dline(",@)$

dline(@,2)$

dline(3,2)$ dline(,)$

%

void dline(char p,char p)

{ int x,x,y,y,d$

dTprpTvp$

xcorOpPO!P7d8(corOpPOPTprp)$

xcorOpPO!P7d8(corOpPOPTprp)$

ycorOpPOP7d8(corOpPOPTprp)$

ycorOpPOP7d8(corOpPOPTprp)$

line(x+ox,y+oy,x+ox,y+oy)$

%

void rotx(&loat d)

{ int i$ &loat y,T$

&loat cs,sn$

cscos(d7I58!)$

snsin(d7I58!)$

&or(i!$i

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TcorOiPOP7sn+corOiPOP7cs$

corOiPOPy$

corOiPOPT$

%

%

void roty(&loat d)

{

int i$

&loat x,T$ &loat cs,sn$ cscos(d7I58!)$

snsin(d7I58!)$

&or(i!$i

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"*7:*; '=;8*

#include#include

#include

void 'eTier()$

void main(){

int driver,mode$

driver-66$ initgraph(=driver,=mode,:c;tc'gi:)$ 'eTier()$

%

void 'eTier(){

&loat pO3P,pO3P,p3O3P,p"O3P,tempO3P$

coutpO!P>>pOP>>pOP$ coutpO!P>>pOP>>pOP$

coutp3O!P>>p3OP>>p3OP$

cout>p"OP>>p"OP$

tempO!PpO!P$ tempOPpOP$ tempOPpOP$ cleardevice()$

&or(&loat t.!!$t

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,*;M:4* '=;8*

#include

#include

#include

#include#include

#include

#include

struct pt

{

&loat x,y$

&loat mx,my$%$

struct pt g,g$

void main(){

&loat outx,outy$

&loat u$

&loat gxO"P,gyO"P,tempxO"P,tempyO"P$

coutg.x$ coutg.y$

coutg.x$ coutg.y$

coutg.mx$

coutg.my$ coutg.mx$

coutg.my$

int gdriver -66, gmode, errorcode$


gxO!Pg.x$

gxOPg.x$

gxOPg.mx$

gxO3Pg.mx$

gyO!Pg.y$

gyOPg.y$

gyOPg.my$ gyO3Pg.my$

tempxO!P 7(gxO!PgxOP) + gxOP + gxO3P$

tempxOP 37(gxO!PgxOP) 7gxOP gxO3P$ tempxOP gxOP$

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tempxO3P gxO!P$

tempyO!P 7(gyO!PgyOP) + gyOP + gyO3P$ tempyOP 37(gyO!PgyOP) 7gyOP gyO3P$

tempyOP gyOP$

tempyO3P gyO!P$

setcolor(-)$

line(!,"!,2"!,"!)$

setcolor(/01)$

line(3!,!,3!,"!)$ setcolor(456)$

&or(u!$u

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"5/PL:N* '=;8*

#include #include

#include

#include

#include

int main(void)

{

int gdriver -66, gmode, errorcode$

&loat t,i,y,x,M,N$

int cxO!P,cyO!P,n$

87 initialiTe graphics and local

varia'les 78

initgraph(=gdriver, =gmode, :c;tc'gi:)$ line(3!,!,3!,"!)$

line(!,"!,2"!,"!)$

coutn$

&or(i$i>cyOiP$

%

coutcxO!P>>cyO!P>>cxOnP>>cyOnP$ &or(i3$i

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21919086 graphics file

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