2=19 september 2010 e xcur§ion guide · xxxiv international moor excursion 2010 sicily and p...
TRANSCRIPT
XXXIV INTERNATIONAL MOOR EXCURSION 2010 SICILY AND P ANl'ELLlERIA
2=19 SEPTEMBER 2010
E XCUR§ION GUIDE
ORGANIZERS Camilla Calc, Elisa Vescovi, Tommaso La Mantia, Salvatore Pasta, and Willy Tinner
Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Altenbergrain 21
3013 Bern Switzerland
XXXIV INTERNATIONAL IVIoOR EXCURSION 2010 SICILY AND P ANTKLLERIA
ORGANIZERS
Camilla Ca16, Elisa Vescovi, Tommaso La Mantia, Salvatore Pasta, and Willy Tinner
Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Altenbergrain 21
3013 Bern Switzerland
Dipartimento di Colture Arboree Universita di Palermo Viale delle Scienze 11,
1-90128 Palermo Italy
ADDRESSES
12/9 Hotel Athenaeum Tel 091-6523529 fax 0916523456 Via Luigi Giannettino 4 Palermo www.albergoathenaeum.it
13/9 Hotel Mariano Viale Risorgimento, 1590020 Castellana Sicula (PA) 0921 642996 www.hotelmariano.net
14/9 Hotel Mariano Viale Risorgimento, 15 90020 Castellana Sicula (P A) 0921 642996 www.hotelmariano.net
15/9 Park hotella Giara Via Nazionale, 125 - 94010 Pergusa (EN) Tel. 0935/541687Fax 0935/541521 http://www.parkhotellagiara.itl
16/9 D' Angelo Palace Hotel Lungomare Fata Morgana (Angolo Via Michelangelo Buonaroti) 91026 Mazara del Vallo (Trapani) http://www.dangelopalacehotel.itl
17/9 Overnight on the ferry boat from Trapani to Pantelleria
18/9 MEDITERRANEA TURISMO SRL Lungomare Borgo Italia 71175 Pantelleria - 91017 - TP telefono: +39 0923911299 - fax: +39 0923912203 http://www.pantelleriahotel.it/eng/mediterraneo_hotel.htm
INDEX
Programme
Participants
Introduction
Visited sites Sicily maps Mediterranean ecogeography Sicily pollen types
MONDAY, 13 SEPTEMBER
Bosco della Ficuzza Gorgo Lungo di Ficuzza Gorgo Tondo di Ficuzza Gorgo Nero
TUESDAY, 14 SEPTEMBER
Gorgo Pollicino Urgo di Pietra Giordana Marcato Cixe Madonie mountains Abies nebrodensis
WEDNESDAY, 15 SEPTEMBER
Urio Quattrocchi Lago di Pergusa
THURSDAY,16 SEPTEMBER
Bosco Pisano and Zelkova sicula Biviere di Gela Agrigento and the Valley of the Temples
FRIDAY, 17 SEPTEMBER
Gorgo Basso Lago di Preola
SATURDAY, 18 SEPTEMBER
Vegetation map Lago di Venere
1-2
3-9
10 11-19 20-28 29-30
31-32 33-37 38-41 42-45
46-50 51-55 56-59 60-63 64-65
66-84 85-92
93 94-108
109
110-133 134-146
147-148 149-164
PROGRAMME
Sunday, 12.9.2010 Individual arrival to Palermo (ferry, train or plain)
20.00: Albergo Athenaeum 21.00: welcome party:Circolo degli ufficiali di Palermo (Piazza S. Oliva, 25, 90141 Palermo) Host and responsible of the day: Camilla Calo', Elisa Vescovi, Willy Tinner, Tommaso La Mantia, Salvatore Pasta
Monday, 13.9.2010
8.00: Breakfast 9.00-11.00: Trip to Bosco della Ficuzza, near Palermo: Gorgo Lungo and Gorgo Tondo di Ficuzza. 11.00-13.00: Vegetation and fire history of these upland sites (2h). Responsible of the sites: Daniele Colombaroli, Camilla Caw 13.00-14.00 Lunch 14.00-16.00: Departure to Madonie Mountains. Gorgo Nero. 16.00-18.00: Vegetation and fire history (2h) of a mountain site. Responsible of the site: Paul Henne 18-19.00: Travel to Castellana Sicula, Hotel Mariano. Overnight there.
Tuesday, 14.9.2010
8.00-9.00: Breakfast 9.00-10.00: Trip to the sites: Gorgo Pollicino. Urgo di Pietta Giordano, and Marcato Cixe. 13.00· 14.00 Lunch 14.00-16.00: Visiting Abies nebrodensis stands (2h) Responsible of the site: Salvatore Pasta and Tommaso La Mantia. 16.00-17.00: Back to Hotel Mariano
Wednesday 15.9.2010
8.00-9.00: Breakfast 9.00-11.00: Departure to Nebrodi Mountains:
Marcato Cixe
11.00-12.00: Urio Quattrocchi.: Vegetation and fire history (lh) ofa mountain site. (Responsible of the site: Daniele Colombaroli) 12.00-13.00: Lunch 13.00- 15.00: Departure to Lago Pergusa (2h) Overnight in Eona at Parkhotel La Giara
Thursday 16.9.2010
07.00-8.00 Breakfast 8.00-10.00: Departure to Bosco Pisano 10.00-11.00: visit the Zelkova sicula stand (lh) Responsible of the site: Salvatore Pasta 1l.00-13.00: Departure to Biviere di Gela . 13.00-14.00: Lunch 14.00-15.00: Biviere di Gela. Vegetation and fire history of a coastal site with pronounced Mediterranean conditions. Responsible of the site:WiIly Tinner Zelkova sicula
15.00-17.00: Departure to Agrigento 17.00-20.00: Visit to the Valley of the Temples: (UNESCO World-Heritage). 20.00-22.00: Arrival to Mazara del Vallo
Saturday 18.9.2010 6.00 : Arrival to Pantelleria 10.00: Lago di Venere, Monte Gibele. Vegetation and fire history. Bronze age settlement Responsible of the day: Camilla Calo' 2l.00: Farewell Party Overnight at Pantelleria at the Mediterraneao Hotel
Sunday, 19.9.2010 Departure from Pantelleria. Return home.
Friday 17.9.2010
8.00: Breakfast 9.00: Gorgo Basso and Lago Preola WWF Reserve. Multiproxy studies at (partly) evergreen forested sites in coastal Sicily. Responsible of the sites: Camilla Calo' Willy Tinner, Stefania d' Angelo 15.00: Departure to Trapani, 23.00: Ferry boat to Pantelleria island
PARTICIPANTS MOOR-ExCURSION:
Ammann Brigitta Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research & Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Altenbergrain 21 CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland [email protected]
Behre Karl-Ernst Institut fUr Palynologie und Quartarwissenschaften Viktoriastr. 26/28 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany [email protected]
Berthel Nadine Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research & Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Altenbergrain 21 CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland nadine. [email protected]
Blyal{harchul{ Tatiana Institute for Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems SB RAS, Akademicheskii prospekt 10/31, Tomsk 634055, Russia [email protected]
Bittmann Felix Institut fUr historische Kustenforschung Viktoriastr.26/28 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany [email protected]
Calo Camilla Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research & Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Altenbergrain 21 CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland [email protected]
3
Collins Pamela M. Ecole Poly technique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL) Station 2 1015 Lausanne, CH [email protected]
Colombaroli Daniele Institute of Plant Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research University of Bern Altenbergrain 21 CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland [email protected]
Conedera Marco WSL Sottostazione Sud delle Alpi via Belsoggiorno 22 casella postale 57 CH-6504 Bellinzona-Ravecchia, Switzerland marco. [email protected]
Connor Simon CIMA-FCT Universidade do Algarve Campus de Gambelas Faro 8005-139 POliugal [email protected]
Davis Basil Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland [email protected]
Eugster Patricia Geologisches Institut Sonneggstrasse 5 8092 Zurich [email protected]
Galka Mariusz Department of Biogeography and Palaeoecology Faculty of Geographical and Geological Science Adam Mickiewicz University Poznan Dziegielowa 27 61-680 Poznan, Polen [email protected]
Gobet Erika Institute of Plant Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research University of Bern Altenbergrain 21 CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland [email protected]
Henne Paul Institute of Plant Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research University of Bern Altenbergrain 21 CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland [email protected]
Joannin Sebastien Sciences et Techniques Bat. Propedeutique Universite de Franche-Comte Campus de la Bouloie UFR Route de Gray F-25030 Besanyon Cedex, France sebastien. [email protected]
Kaltenrieder Petra Institute of Plant Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research University of Bern Altenbergrain 21 CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland [email protected]
Kaplan Jed Environmental Engineering Institute Ecole Poly technique Federale de Lausanne Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland jed.kaplan@epflch
Krumhardt Kristen Environmental Engineering Institute Ecole Poly technique Federale de Lausanne Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland [email protected]
5
KoffTiiu Institute of Ecology Tallinn University EE-10137 Tallinn, Estonia [email protected]
Kunes Petr Department of Botany Charles University Prague Bemitska 2 CZ-128 01 PRAHA 2, Czech Republic [email protected]
La Mantia Tommaso Dipartimento di Colture Arboree Universita di Palermo Viale delle Scienze 11, 1-90128 Palermo, Italy [email protected]
Loe Kari Hjelle Department of Botany University of Bergen Thorm0hlensgt. 53 AlB 7800, NO-5020 Bergen [email protected]
Mauri Achille Environmental Engineering Institute Ecole Poly technique Federale de Lausanne Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland [email protected]
Melton Joe Environmental Engineering Institute Ecole Poly technique Federale de Lausanne Station 2, 1015 Lausamle, Switzerland [email protected]
Muller Thomas Environmental Engineering Institute Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland [email protected]
Pasta Salvatore Via V. F. 19 n° 60/A, 1-90126 Palermo, Italy [email protected]
Pfeiffer Mirjam Environmental Engineering Institute Ecole Poly technique Federale de Lausanne Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland mirj am. pfeifler0{epf1. ch
Pokorny Petr Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of the Sciences of the Czech Republic Letenska 4 118 01 Prague, Czech Republic [email protected]
Pokorna Adela Acad Sci Czech Republic, Inst Bot, Dept Synecol, CZ-37901 Trebon, Czech Republic
Samartin Stephanie Institute of Plant Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research University of Bern Altenbergrain 21 CH-3013 Bern Switzerland [email protected]
Schworer Christoph Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research & Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Altenbergrain 21 CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland christoph. schwoerer@ips. unibe. ch
Stefanova Vania Limnological Research Center University of Minnesota Pillsbury Hall 221 Minneapolis MN 55455, USA vanj [email protected]
Steffen Marianne Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Altenbergrain 21 CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland [email protected]
Tinner Willy Institute of Plant Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research University of Bern Altenbergrain 21 CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland [email protected]
van Leeuwen Jacqueline Institute of Plant Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research Universitat Bern Altenbergrain 21 CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland [email protected]
van der Knaap Pim Institute of Plant Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research Universitat Bern Altenbergrain 21 CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland [email protected]
Vescovi Elisa Institute of Plant Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research University of Bern Altenbergrain 21 CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland el isa. vescovi@,ips.unibe.ch
Wang Wei-Ming Department of Palaeobotany and Palynology Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology Chinese Academy of Sciences 39 East Beijing Road 210008 Nanjing, P.R. China wmwang@,nigpas.ac.cn
Wiethold Julian Laboratoire archeobotanique Institut national de recherches archeologiques preventives (INRAP) Metz, France julian. wiethold@imapji:
Winteler Claudia Greithstrasse 27 8640 Rapperswil Tel: 055 2110002 claudia. [email protected]
Wolters Steffen Referat Vegetationsgeschichte Niedersachsisches Institut fUr historische Ktistenforschung Viktoriastr. 26/28 26382 Wilhelmshaven [email protected]
9
NTR DUCTION
VISITE SITES:
1 Palermo 7 Lago Pcrgusa
2 Bosco di Ficllzza 8 Zelkova siCIlIa stand
3 Gorgo Nero 9 Bivicrc di Gcla
4 Gorgo Pollieino, Marcato Cixc, 10 Agrigenlo
Urgo di Pietra Giordano 11 Lago Preola e Gorghi Tondi
5 Abies llebl'Odel1Sis stand
6 Urio Quattrocchi
12 Trapani
13. Lago di Venere, Pantelleria
kill
Main (potential) vegetation formations
Quercus ilex
Quercus pubescens, Q.petraea, Castanea sativa Olea europea, Ceratonia siliqua
Fagus silvatica, Abies alba
• Meadows, Alpine tundra
1- Lithological map
Type of rocks: Conglomeratic-arenaceous
Clayey-arenaceous
Carbonatic
• Clastic (continetali deposition)
Arenaceous-clayey
Evaporitic
Schistose-crystalline
Arenaceous--calcarenitic
II Volcanic
~
FORME DEL lERIlENO
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o Clayey hill
o Clayey hill, carbonatic and gypsium ridge
D Clayey hill with sandy plateau at the top
D Carbonatic relief
Valley floor
D Alluvial plain
D Cry,1alline relief
o Hill. clayey-marly complex
o Coastal plane
Volcanic cone
map
3 - Vegetation map Main (potential) vegetation formations
C Quercus ilex
L Querclls pubescens, Q.petraea, Castanea sativa
C Olea europea, Ceratonia siliqua
C Fagus silvatica, Abies alba
• Meadows, Alpine tundra - - ----
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3 - LEGEND
FORJ::ST VEGETATION
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D
D
No vegetation
Dominant beech forest (Gcranio vCniicoloris·Fu£ion)
Quercus eerris forcst (Qucrectalia pubesecDti-petraeae)
Pinus larieio loerst (Querco-fagetea)
ThOnl1ophilous anu uc'Ciuous oak Forest (Quereion ilieis)
Quercus ilex forest (QueteiOD ilicis)
Quercus suber lorest (Erico-Quercion iIieis)
I\.tural Pinus halepeDsis stands
Disturbed forest
MAQUlSAND SHRUBLAND
GARRIGUE
AQUATIC VEGETATION
AI'lTHROPOGENIC VEGETATION
D D D D D D D
D
Sehlerophyllous evergreen maquis (PistaeiaRhamnctalia altemi)
Shrubland (Pruno-Ruboin ulmirolii)
Etna shmbland (Rumici-Astrago[ctalia)
Thermo-xerophyte formation: Garrigue and grassland Cl'hero-Braehypodictac, Cisto-Erieetalia, Lygeo-StipetaIia, Dianthion mpieolae)
Meso-xerophytic tormation and gmssland (Erysimooiurinetalia bocconei~ Saxifrdgion allstnllis)
Pioneer vegetation of the Elna volcano (Scdum cocrulum, S. oetnense, Genista aetnensis, etc)
Riparian and fluvial vegetation (Populctalia albae, Saliectalia purpnreae, Tamariectalia, etc.)
Lake vegetation (Potamogetinetalin, Phragmitetalia. Magnoearieetalia)
Lagoon vegetation
Gmssl.nd (Seealietac, Stell.rietea mediae)
Anthropogenic lorest (Pinus sp. PI., Cuprcssus sp.pl., Eucalyptus)
4-Mean Air Temperature
CUMI E CORRENTI Tav.118-119
U8ECCIO
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Frinc)pali stazioni pr81.storicl!e
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7 - Archeological Maps
1. Early Faunal and Human Populations
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fig. 7. Bitiwial alld pebl>ll' (oois ("): I (;"a"ra1.o, Granalelio, Marau.a: ~ l"iumc Grande· Bov"ra: a Menti: 4 Bertolino di Mare: ;; S. Stefano di Qui:;q1.lina; (j Hocca del Vnlal'O; 7 El'acle'l I1-lino:\: R Faro Rosselio: 9 [{calmonte: 10 Madtlaluso: 11. Mandrascava; 1.2 Agira: 1:1 ltamacc:1; 14 ;\luglia Nor'd; 15 Fontana?z". Poggio Monaco: 16 Gprbini; Ii Piano Meta: III Koto. lJpPl'" Pa.lcu!olithic/A1(!solitiric ~it(', ... (-;: 1 Fontana Nuuva~ :2 Riparo ~tarenna: ~l G. COI'rugg;:·l Paiil,e: 5 Pedugnggi; G RipaJ'o Sun Con'ado~ '7 Canicnttini Bagni: B C, Gi()\"anna~ 9 G. ACll"a,allta; 10 [(ipa,'o <Ii &;an Ba,iJio: 11 Ripar" San Marco: l~ G. ~an Tcodo,',)\ I~ ~al\ ('a(:,ddo: 14 Piano di S. Foea; 15 Ilipan) del C'ast<>l\o; 16 G. Geraci. Natale, Puled: 17 C. di Nuovo; 18 Conttada Franco; 19 G. di Aequa Fit"",,;:W G. P"reial,,;:n G. Addaun';:!~ Ripa,." Primo Pizzo; 2a G. Niscemi: 2·! G. San Ciro: 25 G. di S. Ro~alia~ 26 G. Cal"hul'ance1i: 27 G. Maccagnone; :!8 G. dei Puntal;, Za' Minien; :!9 Contrada D"ago; :10 G. di Cab ~Iancina; :n G. ('apred,,; :12 G. deJl'Uzzo; :1:) G. n1cchio, i"oJ;dd,1;:n G. ;\hn,ginpane; :l:i G. 1,.!iceJi: :36 G. Eilliliana, Mal"togno; :37 G. dei Genovesi and other u~\'anzo cave~; a8 Fa\'ignana caves: :19 Contrada T,u'dam; -to Riparo Longo; 41 Pcrriere SoW"'o:"~ Hocrazzo; 4:3 P:"'rhe di Bilello: ·t,t Ci:.;;l,l?l·n3lz(1~ Vallcsetco; ·15 Pizzo Don Pictr'o
('
2. The First Farming Societies
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Fig. 23. Early·Middle (0) and Late (1') Neolithic sites: 1 G. Genovesi: 2 G. Maiorana;;j G. Uzzo; 4 G. Puntali; 5 G. Re .. >ina; 6 M. Pellegrino; 7 G, ('...eraei; 8 Le Rocche: 9 CasW1l1.lccio; 10 St"etto; 11 Kronio; 12 Serra del Palco; 1:1 Piano Vento; 14 G. ZubbiaiInfame Diavo!o: 15 Casalicchio; 16 Cala Pisana; 17 Rinella; IS Milazzese; 19 Lipal'i siws: Castellal'O etc; 20 Lipari acropolis: 21 Boccetta; 22 !{omet.l.a: 23 Pietro Pallio; 24 11'1. Alfone; 25 Riparo di San Basilio; 26 C1.ltrufcUi; 27 Naxos; 28 Valcorrente; 29 Fontana di Pepc; 30 Trcl'onLane; a 1. Biancavilla: ;32 Adrano;:3a Font.anazza; 3,\ Muglia bas,;a: 35 A,,>ira; 36 M. Alfbne: :37 Torricella; 38 Pal ike: :lB Caltagirone; 40 Poggio Biddini: 41 Pirrone; 42 Calaforno: 43 G. Masella; 44 l'aolitla; 45 Br1.lca; 4G Scicli; 47 G. Corrllggi; 48 M. Gisil'a; 49 Ognina; 50 l\Iatren,a:.~ 1 Capo Panagia: 52 Swntinello; 53 Megai'll; 54 Petraro; 55 Gisira; 56 Pen'iere Sottano: 57 Castello della Pietra: 58 G. Vecchiuzzo; 59 F'ilieudi: Capo Graziatlo: 60 Basico; 61 G. Conzo. Chiusazza, Palombara
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Fig. 40. Copper J\.",e (0) and Beaker (,) sites: 1 G. Calatarina; 2 G. Conzo, Chiusazza: 3 Gii;ira: 4 Ossini; 5 Calafo1"llo; 6 San Cono; 7 S. Ippolito; 8 TorriceHa: 9 Piano NotMo; 10 Settefarine: 11 Catania; 12 Trefontane; 1.3 Poggio delJ'Aquila; 1.4 G. Monad; 15 Barretta: 16 :\lotta: 17 Pietro Pamo: 18 G. San Basilio: 19 Gioiosa .Marca: 20 Alcara Ii Fusi: 21 G. Fico, ChiusiJla: 22 G. Vecchiuzzo: 2:3 Realrnese: 24 Ma"ianopoli: 25 Caltanissetta; 26 Sornmatino: 27 Rie"i: 28 C,lsalicrhio-Agnonc; 29 G. Zubbia; 30 G. Ticchiara; 31 Serraferlicchio: :>2 Malpasso; :3:, Durrueli; :34 Busone: :3G Capreria: 36 Ribel'a; :37 Kronio; 38 Tranchina; :39 S. Margherita Belke; 40 Ulina; 41 Villafrati; 42 :\1:31'cila; 43 Roccaz7.o; 44 ?,larsala; 4G Motya; 46 E"ice; 47 Mocata; 48 G. Llzzo; 49 Scgesta; :)0 G. Puntali; 51 Carini; 52 Palermo Conca d'Oro sites; 5:, Himera; 54 Torrent" Cannizzam: 55 Moarda; 56 G. Geraci, Puleri: 57 G. Chiusilla; 58 Culi; 59 Naro; 60 S. lvIarti,)o, Stretto, Cisternazza, TorTe Donzelle; 61 Torrebigini; 6:l iVIanicatunga; 63 Torre eusa; 64 G. Palombm'a: 65 Lipari: acropolis: 66 Lipa";: Pinna Cont.e: (il Salina: Malfa; 68 Pana!'ea: Piano Quartara, D""UtO: G9 :\Ianfria; 70 Llstica: G. AZZU'T:.l
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I ......... _---........ .. 2.--
"33 ( e3.
\ c35
-*36 37 f
Fig. 73. Middle Bronze Age sites (oj; with ,:mporled Mycenaean (LH lIlA·IlIB) or CyprIOt pollery e'J: 1 Thapsos; 2 Syracuse; 3 PlemOlyrion;4 Ognina; 5 Matrensa; 6 Cozzo del Pantano; 7 Floridia; 8 G. Chiusazza; 9 G. Calafarina; 10 Buscemi; 11 Lentini: 12 Caltagirone; J:l Molinello; 14 Patemo; 15 Naxos: 16 Messina; 17 Paradiso: 113 Rometta; 19 Milazzo; 20 Lipnri: Castello, Llrnazzo; 21 Pana!'ea: Milazzese; 22 Salina: Portella, SerI'O dei Ciann; 2:3 Filicudi: Capo Graziano; 24 Ustica: I Faraglioni; 25 G. Ferraro; 26 G. dei Puntali; 27 G. Mangiapane; 28 Monte Castellazzo;:29 Marcita;:lO Case Pictra::31 Erbe Bianche;:32 Scirinda;:33 Milcna: 34 Caldare; :35 G. Tkchiara; 36 Cannatello; :37 Madre Chiesa; :38 Parltalica
C'~\~/j;"~-" y ..
\ '~\1 .~:.9)J/ / ( ~ 90/ 038 \, "36
~~~;5
c
\ \
032 0 4 2
·So.
( .28
849
c C
~1 4 .3
'5eG.6
°7 .8
"29
26 ) ., '/13-25-
"27
47
15 ) e50 17
10
/1 1sT",
f 02
\
23 021
)
C- =22
51
Fig. 97. LBA and EIA sites and hoards: 1 Lipari; 2 l\Iilazzo; :3 Rometta; 4 Pozzo di Gotto; 5 Lot1gane: 6 Piano Cannafc; 7 Pietro Pallia; 8 Fiumedinisi; 9 Stretto; 10 Naxos; 11 Paterno; 12 Pietmiut1l',ra; 1:3 Punta Castelluzzo; 14 Lentini (Metapiccala, San Mauro); 15 Carrube: 16 Pantalica; 1.7 Rivetazzo; IS Thapsos: 19 Syracuse; 20 Cozza Pantano; 21 Cassibile: 22 Avo1a: 23 Noto; 24 Boccazza; 25 Mulino della Badia-Madonna dtel Piano; 26 Caltagirone: 27l\Ionte San Maul'O; 28 Dessueri; 29 Cittadella-Morgantina; :10 Sabucina; 31. Scidnda; :32 Calaseibetta (Carcarella); 33 Castellazzo di Palma; 34 Cannatella; 35 SanfAngelo Muxaro; :36 Valledolmo;;n Monte Finestrelle;:>8 Santa Margherita Belke; :39 Timpone Pontillo; 40 San eiro; 41 Mokarta; 42 Capodarso; 4;3 Canicatti; 4·.\ Campobello di Licata: 4;3 :-Jaro; -16 Spaccafort1o; 47 Malvagna hoard; 48 Gratteri hoard; 49 Niscemi hoard: 50 Vizzini (Tre Canal!) hoard: 51 Castelluccio hoard
\\ .r---./~ ~/? ~ , ~~ . 11*/
I 20 18 ./ '!. / ,/ 0 '7*~ ~ ,,44 ,I
. 21 • I .-------- 4" 45"
>t '\ 26,' J 'f" eo' ;'19 .. (/ ( , 58
~ 22~_ J/ ;3 C, }1 15 24" ,,~'" • * 3,,' '-.. "', ",42
~. "'25 i 28 ~9 35 4,<> ,. .. __ .. l-.. .--- 32 <>33 --',.//'- )0>46 2
/'3 14 I<
29,0 0 " " \ * "'" -- \. 31', 39.. '-'- '--.. .. -
, /-'----
6 1//
4~ , 38"
360 837
JO
Fig. 116. Greek and Plzoe'l1ician :;eU{(,!?1"nt& ('I and indigenous site's (<>;, 8th-6th centuries He: t Naxos::2 Catania: :1 Megara Hybiaea; 4 Lentin.i: fj Syracuse; 6 Helonls; 7 Akrai (Palazzolo); 8 Casmene (Monte Casale); H Call1arina; 10 Gela; 11 Zuncle (Messina); 12 Mylai; 13 Her-acJea Minoa; 1-1 Akmgas (Ag1'ig<O)I1to): 15 SclillllS; 16 Motya; 17 Panonnu,; (Palermo); 18 Solunta; J.9 Himera; 20 Monte lato; 21 Segesta; Z2 M. Castellazzo; 2:3 r<:ntella: 24 l'vI. A.dranone: 25 Calta.bellotta; Z(; Mura Pregne: 27 S. Angelo Muxaro; 28 Polizzello; 29 Vassallaggi; :30 JI,-1. Saraceno; al Gibi! Gabib; 82 Sabucina; a;1 Capodars<.l; .34 Terravecchia cit Cuti; 85 Calasdbetta cemeteries: 36 Butera; :37 Dessueri: as J\t 13ubbonia; :19 :Vlorgantina; 40 M. San Mauro; ·11 Cenluripp; ,t2 Mendolito; 4:3 Longane; -H· Pozzo cii Gotto; ·t') Fiumedinisi; 46 Paterno: 47 Villasmundo; 48 Pantalica; '*9 A\'ola; 50 Ossini; 51 Not.o; 52 Tremenzano: 53 Finocchito; ;'4 Giummarito. Murmure; 55 Modica; 56 Castiglione; 57 M. Ca:;asia; 58 Cocolonazzo; 59 MariiHlopoli: 60 Giarratana hoard; 61 San Cataldo hoard
ISBN 05!l240452-
I 780582 404526
Plant and animal communities 127
Table 6.1 [errns used cO de~,cribe MeriilelTanean sclerophvllous 5hrubland [T oma5elli, 'j ~18'1 (j,
.l;J[(j:Jris, 1:-JU 1)
Fr:!Il(.<'
Spain
Italy
Gr<:c:cc
Eastern
Ivkdi t<:rntlI e<l 11
Other .l\'lTL Caiiit>rJlia
High rmtlorral (not usually -subdivided Oil the basis of substl'ata)
A1<l'llli,; (xerophilom, ;,dcwphyiloU5 ;Jnd cyel'grc't'n low trees, geller,illy ver)'
dense Clnd tl11fJt'lll'tr:.lbH
South Africa F)'uboJ
Austral ia f'ditilt'(
Middle matotl'al
(,'11r}'tglil' (,c,oll1ecimc.:s
onl)' Ivilh rd~:rel\ce co
(;l!carcoll,S\lIb,r !';ll';i)
JHdtOI'lW/ 1'/''1:'(1, jtmt! (on siliceous substrata)
Low mawrral
Lc;,s \v('11 ddil1e(L bur sometime:s
.J!/lrrr:~lIl' (or !iON"''' on
silict'OlE ';llb,m'at,l)
Less well dehlle-d, bin ((lllli!1111' is meLt
Plate 6.1 Garrj9\'H~/;;teppe veqet<:d:!o[!, ~,Iotc the areas of b;;re ground tJCtwCf:n ti",c CLiSt-' or: shaped, low growing vegetation
6.2 Plant and animal communities _____ ._. _________ _
.Plant anD animal communities do not, or course, live in isolation from each other. Birds, insects, srnaH mammals etc. al! have their prd'(~rr(',d hahi~;l[ :lnd vvithin the,v make spcciflc usc of pbm matter, whether ,lS t()od or ;)heltV)',
1..\
128 Communities
Table 6.2 HU1;una V31<at!()n in numbers of species (in b(ac:i(cts) in SOniC Cliclluc:risk
qt"~t'a of r'jk(:Lc'c~;pedll sclcrop'yliolJS shrubiand
\>;( (',stern ;\,1editerrancan
(c.g. :-'101'ocI.:0:)
(;CI1"\/(/ (21j H://,mfiJI'ii1l!il1 (22)
1/'1!((/liiti (J 4) ([WI': (12}
(1'/i) Ii.· (12)
n~)f!l!ii." (l0)
T~~}'l!lt';tl{"ll (9)
11fliirt!i!ltJl lr::i'icrl (7)
Ar.!ClII,unIJi!.\ itl) ASP,1I'1gii.i (6)
C(l ro Jl if If I !.,li.'tliidli!,1 (lll !cast 5)
Ulce: (:i)
CilUlm
Medirerram:an
.. 4Ilttg;.·ri.r
/lm:llliJia (;·ilico/uil!e
Ce rillr) Ilia
FlIIlIffilil
}tl.i!lli!lwti
!1I1/~/)tms
1.lwf'Ii.l
Luniccf'1i
AZyrtw O/c,l (}~)'I';)
{}/;agJJ(f/olJ
PhllfYI'CtI J>il!w
Pistdcid (jlieYCUJ
Hila 1Il ;1II.f
Splirtilll1! Sitll'hrHI/(1
Vii'll/mulJi 7i:ci/,/JlfJ
Eastern Ivlediterrill1can
(e.g. Turkey)
Sidl'l'iti.i (about 20)
Hyperimlll (about I'») Srlli!ia (abuut 15)
'l(UI!)'(jf/ (;lholll 12)
P/;/(!mis (ahour 10)
Nhlf/i/i'l/f) (al.)out 7)
EI'oIlIJ (ahmH '»)
Or//,imf (,lboUf J)
GMJIt/,.IJ'i/{ (3)
.//.l/r,1/1/II.< (impossible to dClt:rminr)
Animah and plants .interact as pan of ecosystems, ;,$ discussed in Chapter 7,
C)nfOrtunatcly, research on J\1eJiterrancan animal popubriolls has taken pbcc in a degree of isolation fl.'om dl<1t of plant ecology and there arc fevv syl1lhC'.se~ of rhe animal ecology of the region. However, some of the rnorc commol1 associacions of plant and <lllimal communities arc examined ill the following sections on the characreristic vegelation coml11unltl<:s. In peneral bird.s are
(- ~)
excluded from this immediate discussion but are considered separately in Seclion 6.3.
6.2.1 Sderophyllous shrubland or maquis
Sderophyllous shrubland is the most widespread vegetation type found around the lvlediterranean Basin, usually where precipitation levels range from 350 mm to 1500 mm per annum (faulkner and Hill, 1997). It is absent from the coasral regions of Libya and Egypt. Typical plants include olive (Olea), carob
Plant and animal communities l29
Plate 6~2 Cisti)) !o(!nnifc( (gilir (':stlj~)~, Th;s SP(clCS occurs in '.v/n jf)((''l\ WIlt' or w.'~rrl(),):
fjve ourp:e spots <,t th;: base 0' the octal,>.
(Ceraionift) , Pi5tlfl:ia, Cis/us and mallY labiate herbaceolls species. Some genera are tiltll1d throughout the region but the viidcsprcad distribucion of maqllis belie!> signiJJGHll variarions in tlorlsllc composition bet'vvccl1 the western and (astern regions or the Basin (Qub.c:l, 1981); (here arc rnore species of Ericr] ~ll1d CiJtJts in [<ranee and Morocco, ii)[ example, hut more species of .Sflh;!':l and J>b!omii in Gree-cc ,mel 'Tllrk,~y (scc Table G.2L As well a~ l'(·gionai variarions in typc of sh I'llhhnd, ie is possible (0 distirWllish between macplis and garril~ue on ('aIGtreoll6 and non-calcareous substr<1t(:~, f()I' example tht variou~" spe~ic.s of' biCt{ or Cis/us fuund on non-calcareous soils in the western i'vkditcrrancan,
foam specie,) of oak and two of pine are parcicularly common in sderophyHuus ,brublands - holm oak (Quercus ilex), kcrmcs oak (Q. coccijerrt), cork oak (Q~ "I/bcr) , Q. cit/firinGS, Aleppo pine (Pinus /;(;/cpensis) and Calabrian pine (P. ilrutia)' Their disuibutions mav be regional rather than circum-i\.-1edirerranean; [(Jl' !=x~ul1ple, holm oak docs r;t)( grn~v in Turkey and Calabriall pine is not round in the we~tcrn Mcdirc:rrancan. Other coniFers also grow in sclerophyHolis shrublands, such <[1; junipers (jllniprFw oxyarims, J. ph(/en/cat! and a!cree (Tetrac/inis (.l['tim/(Itrt), 'vvhich is n:stricred to the southern pan of t.he: lhcri:ll1 Peninsula and Ilonhcrn Ati'ica.
Additional important trees arc olives (0/(:(£ mrojJtled) and Phll/cid (the Icnt i~c iJr mastic trec, P. lemiJcm, in the eastern Nlediterraneall, and rhe [erchimh or turpentine cree, P. If:'t'ebim/ms). These may all be fCJUnd in cornrnunities with ,)r wirhout the carob (Cc?rtJtollia). Acro:;s the ivkdirerranean there are abo rile
~,traWbc1Tv trees (Arbutu.i untrio and A. ilildradJf7t:, the lafter Cound only in rhe ,';lstern iVfcdirerrancan) and species of Ct~\"tlf)' Wiatt (i.2.), Phi/~yreil anci'Lt1Ilm.i. There is some indication of ,111 increase in the arb01'CSCtlll ekmcnts oj' ,cieropilyJlous shrubbnd in the C,J;;lCrn Mediterranean (Qub,(I, 1 ~JR 1).
Communities
;\ ,,'rl,'{Y o[ IJ:lediul11 to large 111:ll11l11als is rf)!1Jld in rn;1quis comm\lnirtci.
These: include r<1hhil~ (Oi)'f'tO!,r,gU\' ('lmin;!l{() :md red dt'er dfip!Ii.!i).lfl lhe JiJerian Peninsula maqui:>i is impOrLllll habital J(Jr remaining populalion'. or lhe I1lC'ri<lll lynx (Ly"xparc!illw), "\vhose conservation i~, discussed in Section 9,::;'.5a, Srnall-ll1ammal diversity is relativelv low (flicker <tnd Evans, J ()CiT)
By c!Jntrasc dlert is a ri.ch and ;bundanr rq;rilc fillln;l. 'J'ypical species include thc "Iohallv dlJ'c,;ccned f-lt:nn:mn's wrcoise (Testlfdo j't:!'l/Jr7lmi). sDur-thiehcd
() . I '.1, c'
tortoise (T (i'ilt'Cd) ;md marginaled ronoisc (l: mtU''!,illt!fI!). I .izards inr.:ltl(lc ril(
<w;)rna C:lu(!:na stel/io) and Lilf()('d's wallliza'rd (Pm/dJ'ciJ lil/;mH), while Sll;l
il~"dudc ti~c brgc \vh i p snake (Coiuber jIlK/t!1l7iJ') and the ~\'eS(ern whip sn;,ke (C, l!iridjl{u!1fJ).
A Lti;']Y d'drackrj:'llc assembbge of hirds is t(-)Und in 1l1;1<]uis, including w,trblers CS)'luifi spp.), hUlltings (Fmh{~ri:;;{'l spp.) llnd partridges (A/tetori; Spp,i, Sume birds are locally cornll1on sllch a:-; the black fe·lllmlin (F'IlINi'o/;nus /mflcoltnU.l) in 'T'urkey and Cyprus; others are more widespread such as shrike., (l.twjlis ~pp,) <lflJ finches (Grrdttdis .spp,) (fucker and Evans, 1 C)()7). [vIol'(" OPCl) ground, :,uch do; garriguC', is impnrtilfll I'~-)f' diul'Ilai and 1l0Cll!lmd laplor:,
;t((f2,cred by high densities or prey, Such bird~ of prey include [he shofHoed c<\gle (Circl1ttll5 J',idliCifS) , che ]0 11 g-ic~;f;cd b lIJ:!ard (Buh'(i mji'rllt.i) , (~ojdeH (~;H~k (Aqlti!!1 dJ1'y.,{/tJ;i.\), kestrd (1~'7k;1 til'l'~l1!!1Cli!I!J), engle owl (lJu/Jo h~.f!J(), Scr:ps 0\''/1 (Ow.\' j'C0pJ) , lirdc owl (!i!hmc nUdliit! and Bunclli 's t'~iglt: (Hierflrld!t.\
,fil.wi{tlif:;). There is also a ram~c 0(' insc:ctiv01<JU\ hird.,; such ;r" the ni{!Jlt)';us L ~)
'(' . I [(" r I'" 1 t ' )! ".1 \. ,tlf)},!IJl1!!·,RU.\ C'UnJjJfWUJ ,Wi. _-' !'If;7COlilS), [1t' )ee-e<lCtT V\'~(TO}J' aplilStO'j anu the roller (Cmilddl' ,f!,(fI'/'1.I!w). In roc.ky and dry gr;{:;s habintt:i dnracteris'Cic species indudlc the short-toed lark (Ctdtmdrt'!!lt b1'I[chydrtttY/t!) , crested lark ((;a!aidct triSfrtli!t lhckla LlI-l.: (C/. the/elm'), rawn!, p ipi r (A Iit/;W ,rnllpcstriJ-)' b!advt'arcd ,vhearear (OC'lltlflthf' hi"jNini'll) and severa: ~pl'ci('s or partridge (Aiec/oFt} spp,) nIH'kef' :mel Evans, 1997),
fi.2..1 a Maquis - climax community or not:? 'The preseJ]ce of' l/'(;V:; in SOllle areas of maql1is and garrigw: has i.nrrod uced the deb~ue ,lbout the POSil[OII lI( malluis in a 0ucce~~i()llal s(,'(jI.lCl1(f;:. in SOl'll': instances macluis h"s been int<.:rprcted as a climax vcgcf,]tlon comJllunlty; d.scyvhcrc it is regarded as a stage in succession, either progressive or retrogressive:. Many of thcse idc:a~ iHC exemplified in the work of Tomaselli (1981 b) and B;llbero 1'/ rt!. {[ 9{)O). Hmvever. the a.l'plicJtion of succession theory rn mcdircrranc:l!l CC()~y~l.cms is illcreasingly viev,:cd as inappropriate. This is based on chi.: argument that mcdircrranC<ln vcgct;·1[iofl development is not progressivl alld IlnidirectiOll"ti and therefore successiollal; instcad, f'rt:quclli di»UHh<lllCC:,\
result ill pcnurhation-tkpcndenr comrnunities (sec Sn'tion 7.4). -rite argurlIc!H is compelling but nO[ fully accepted :illd nlUcil or lhe Ji[cr~llLln.' still l'cHeets ih: irdJI!('.llce of Clernemsian succcs.sional ideas.
\V'here nuquis Jnd garriguc arc cOllsidered as dinux communities the twu chardCH:risric specics arc olive «()fed Ok(tJLa) :·u;d ca rob (CC7'(rtU!1ir'i .riiiqlitlL orten fi.)L!Jld in a~soclation \vidl Pisttli'i" fmtisClfs, Mcdilcrral1c;m bllckrhorn (RIJdJJJllus almemm) and PhillJ!iY:t1tmgusti/()!iil, although chis associarion depeIld~
Plant and animal communities
(a) Evergreen sclerophyllous fon-;st
(b)
In conSDQuc:nGH of cutting, tiro elc.
: ~ ti
HiglJ rnaloaai -
t : MidcJ)c rnalOrral
(I
Lo\1./ (fH).iorral -4.
Rm(;soil
Low 01 rnlddle malorml
i ligl1 rnalormi
I
08strucllon lor aqricultural plJPOSCS
··_·····_···1
tt+ ::':.:-'~~: Cllitlvat(;d land
Regf0s~ive
Proqrut;sjve
Cultlvatod iRlld
I t
_.,.. Malonal wiHl
colonisation by pines.
¥
. --.,. Pi;\racii'll<lX malorral wiH! dominance of piilE:'S
r v Evergreen sclerophyllous broacJleaved jore~;j
Figure 6.3 (;;] Tntolcijcal rcg'-cssi·/c ane proql1:,<,<.iVl' '.'.Icccssio" "roil; iif iO torcst Af,,,,· -··orna~iC :j l"1ge 1 b). (l)J n"ec)re~.jC(Ji pr{)qre~l~.!vc S()cc(ssion v .. /th pines \,l/hicl, ten!.] ~o !~~p!dC('
tparaciil'1ax) fcrest,; ot (l;ml brnClciicavC'd evergreen species After TOrfltl\elli (19Bl bl
on geographical distribution. In the .\()uchcm Ibu-i:.l11 Pcninmb, the dv\'arf palnl ((}7Itmar:j'0p.i·!mmilis) ()ftcn grows in associ,]rion with O/cil :md Cerdflmia;
on the nonht'rll C(l(lSI or Crne, rhe Thtophr;L',luS palm (Ph(lcni.x: thcophr,.mi) 1::' typical. From Crccce c'asnvards, tbe strawberry tree (ArbutuJ dlldml'imt) is an importanr associate. In vHllhc:rn Spain and Portugal, climax rnCl'll1is nuy also be dornilldtnl by the tree hcarh (L'ric{1 ({r-hurut). Climax I'll(\qui~ Of nUi;(lUal
extend", along the coasrs or llorthwc.st Spain, SOLllh~'jTi France, u:mnd~.\ourhcrn Italy, southern Grl'ece, western and,ollthern Turkey. Israel, lht' Mcd iTcrraUean isb~lds and parts of Noreh Africa (Tomaselli, 198 i b).
In [he Ylew' of succes51lm-bascd analysts most maqnis is not climactic, hut represents a stage in a progrcs:;ivc succession to f~)rcst or a r(:,uOt~r(;ssion from forest. Through fire, excessive: grazing and klling of ,.-1irna:>; tTees] high or dense rmHonal degrades. l'vbtorral may also become t'st~lhlishcd \vhere cultivation is abandoned. Figure 6.:)(,,) illustrates (he vl:[)c\,a!ised d-wol\:'tic;d sl1ccc%ional )Cl}UCllCC (Tornasdli, 19810), which can 'll!;' comp;tn:d wirh Figure 6.3 \vhere nutorml is colonised by pines and evel1lluily progresses to evergreen sclerophyHous bro;tdleavcd h)rest, ofren dominated by holm oak (Quercus i/o:). The pr(::~<:ncc or pine trees is especiaUy important in progressive sLlccessions, and pine comnlunities are considered. in more dCLlil bdo\v (Seccion C;d i .5),
132 Communities
Al the ,ventr ,lnd cookr ,VI mer margins of irs distribution. sclcrophylloll~ ;;hrubLmd nlerges i11(:o fiJrest L'over, This may hI:' til\;' 1:{)oj'IT!npcr<llT' dC"iduCiIl'. [!J[C\(\ fUrllln Ilorth ill Emopc ur coniferolls f(J/(:Sb at higher ahirudcs, hoch Hlort' typical of !1on-mediterr,Hw:ll1-typc ciinlares. bur the transitioll may be tC, broadk-aved evergre'~ll forests where holm uak ((JIlCi'CIJ,\' i/t'x) is :i1 mOSI 11K Oll iy canopy [1'(:(:, This !~lrl'Sl type is cOllsidered 110;[,
6.2,2 Evergreen oak forest
Holm oak (QuCJ'cus i/ex) may be pre~cllt in shrubland or maquis communitie!) and It lws leaves sil1libr (() those of the evergreen .,l1mb ()Jk" Q. c{)cClFJ'tI alld Q, Ct-d!J~DriIlOS, lIowever, at the \veltCr and cookr peripheries of rnaquis (in r,mberger's cold s(:'miarid and tempCLlte humid ivleditcrranean bith'li ma[n) holm oak m,lY f~)1'll1 contillllOUS U1VlT (Terradas, 1 <)()(»), Thi5 oak is ,', circum· iViedirerranean species, espcci~ Ily ;1 bundam in the western !vlcditcrranean, bu t ahsent from tl)()S~' regiolls wbere summer drought is too sustained. 'rbll\ in rll\: drier parts of the hasin, sllch as Nc)nh Africa. southern Spain and southern Greece, it is mainly found at higher elevations. Holm oak forests are p;1.niw· larly extensive in Spain, J'vl (] rocco, Prance, Italy, Corsica and Sicily. Much of the research 011 the ecology or holm ()ak ({-)i'cst has heen carried our in France <md Spain (Roda ct (1/., 1999).
Holm oak may i()rm mixed j~)JT~b with Aleppo pine (Pinlfs htdepensis) or stOne or umbrella pille (P. piiled) but it [ends ro he the dominant tree species in do~ed {()lTS('), In mixed t()['e,:)t~ the pines are frequently taller rh:lll dlt oab n'crracL\s, 1 ()')lJ) , OrllC'l" riTe'S ;md shrubs may also he present such as "trim/its fIilCc/O, Phi!~)in'il Itlt/jblia, RhanwlI.( (tlttlt'l'iIIIS and PiS/delI'! /('1] {iSCIty, Climbing piallls may be i In po Jt<1 nt, ~llch as ivy (H"timl spp,). honc)'suck Ie (!,oJliartt spp.) :1I1d clematis (Clemtttis spp,l. '1'IIe gr;l~s cover is rarely vcry cXfcnsive.
Until at least the 1970::;, dosed-canopy holm oak f(Jre~t!; were dlOugln uf a~ climax communities and capable of self.·regeneration. It i:; now clear that the: IRC has been closely rJvolll"cd hv people. Pollen :lnalysis SUto-ges(s (hat in southern France it became domin;mt only after 2000 JH" and Sl~t~:<Id wirh the lilcrease in hlllll:lll activity and the rise of agriculrure ill Callo-Rolllan rimes (Tcrracias, 1999i. Today few rt1\,CSts arc undisturbed: mOH bear evidence or
" ~ " .
cuhivdtion and coppicing (RoeLl er til., 1999), Ecologist., are inr<:n~slcd ,IS to whether holrn oak fi')fCSlS arc capahle of scH~
regener;l(ion, ObSefV,l(ions show thaI' when f~)rests :He well c'~tablished, ,here are few oak saplings growing in [he undersrorcy, which sugge~ts a prubkrn ill rhe rccntltn1.enr 0(' younger trl~CS, At the same time there apPC;1J' to be large numbers of seedlings, The question is. therefore, what happens w ,he seedlings co prevent [hcm Crom gro\ving into saplings?
Holm oaks grow slowly. f()l'lning dCI1,\c Cl!1ol)ies, Under reduced light levels and :{ssociJ.Lcd soil l11()i~mre, gcrmlnallOIl :rcorns i:; stimulated and \un'i\"d ()t'", c'xperimem~ inciicHe :lWI hil~h light IL"vels do nOI increase ,?I'mvlh r<1li,~ in ~ccdlings, prc~lll1!abl)! hecause' the: 'reduced kaf area ratio oft~ets any increase in photosynthesis (Retana ct ,r!., J l)<)()). fhis
Plant and animal communities '133
makes the s(::cd!ings shade-co/cran t and they can slIrviw: for years widlOllt sign ific:l!1l growth beneath the canopy, Some ') ')f;"i) of a seedling\ weigh' is ill root biomass in shadv cllvironments ..... a considerable investment in nonphotosynthetic strLlcture~, leading to high maintenance costs and so sInali net carbon vain and slow \!:rowdl rateS, i10\-vever, once a disturbance occurs sccdlilW;
L) (I L.
survival is seriouslv aftectcd and ((:w arc ,dilc w un lU flie ~,\plillr stage. T'he tHain disturhance heto!' j, fire which 1I11)!LHC.'i IIIO.';i lllg'), ,·Xi..cpl
those w'hich :lfC vcr)' large I.Rt'laJla N III, 19(9), Acorn,; are .11<>0 ilnlikcly [() survive fire because of dc.<;iccni!lll. i\,\ ;1 re<;iill regt-'lwl':.l[iol! of h,lrn "fetf nrc i~ d'~'Pl~1 f Ull n:sprc~ut seeds, Acorn prociw.:cion
dIdO gl'l n:fIJ;d tOil oj
W'W ';C-"( Ilill'" " r,>:l1!"cflurnti" ...... ' ., ,>,..- -- ty'· ~ ",-,L, - '-I ¥ ,Y
delayed until the resproms felCh 11'iC Ctl\C, Rn(CllCr;;llioll bv re~proutjng of stumps is hml'jl;r aidt:d by thc:ir alrcady-~~.istll1g, root sys!(~m; rc,~prol1~ growth rates are hiE,h in (he [ll'a year after 2 dismrbance (Ten-ada.s) i 999), rr seedlings arc prevented From gro\'ving iuto saplings (lnd (he number of re~prouting individuals is high ellough to complete regent:rarinJ), then docs it Imlfltr that this is the principal method! At present the answer is dcbJ.tahle. Resprouril1g docs nol introduce new genotypes ilHO ;1 ((-)re<;1 (Rct<llld ('/ Iii., ] 999). In addition, rC.<;!)t'olltin2' sLUmps gr,;dually become sCl1e~cenr I\,wcdl,
l 1..' . \...'. \./
which mig:ht lead [0 loyv produCliotl and eventual degr,ldatiol1 of holm oak fOlcsts. However, lll,my hulm uak forests in france possibly dale ii'om the 1vliddle Ages and as yet show 110 si.gn of decline.
Ald!(ll!gh {ht' :4biliry of holrn oaks lO rcgc:llcralC hom seedlings is 1';\1',' under
closed c<wopics hccau:;e of (he absence of old seedlings. seedling survival rates increase in mixed Aleppo pinc and oak stands as light' levels increase slightly, A., a result holm oak saplings become morc abundallt. In turn this k:Jds to
a gradual rcphKCmC!1C 01' pine by oak Jnd the long-term domin;)nce n! o:dc YOIIJlg pilles are less able to c~lahldl JII:
prrwirkd by an oak canopy (Rcr.ana a 1(':1')\, ''Chc prPblc)~.1 ve r<:;:ruitl1F"m
oFyoung oaks hcnc<lih Aleppo pill!: lends some support to nadirior:al idc,s of vcgetatiun slIccc'ssion from pine ro oak a$ outlined in FiEure 6,)(bi,
'11olm oak f{)rests have been managed since cady hist(~rical rimes, On puo:' solIs, as in central and Wl's[crn Spain and in Porrug,11, bolm oak 'Noodlands have beell managed as dd7e.iris (or monfllr/os ill Portugal), '.rhest are savanna rypc ccosystcrns wi th uees growing in j gcnc~rally non-treed 1alld.~capc. '['hel t' m,(nai';emenc over the cCllluric'i VV;!:' uelC/itlullally for their fiIt'WLlocL (or their acorn~ .lor live(!tock, as shelter f~)r livCM()ck ilnd ;~s pasturl' for sheep <tHd cmde, Today they have a conservatiull val I If: hCClllSC ofrheir high bindi\Tr~ily. Oehcftl systerns are described further in Sections 8.') and 9,3.4. Closed hnim o;lk f~)J\~sl$ ha'lc also been managed since at IcdsLNL~olithic times, generallv a,\ coppice plots CTerradas, 19(9), C~nrcoal and tannin production C used [(:) important bm have now declined. Today their ma:n use is for iirc\vood.
C I !' , " .lome argc .1crt)1VOre;; are lOund in broadlcavcd c¥ergr('cn oak f;.Jr(~SlS, such as red deer (Cervu.\ e!{fjJ!ms), roe deer (C:l/JI'{,(7/ltS cdprcolm) and wild buar ('''/i) .l{.T(!/;t). Large carnivore';; sitch as the brown bear (Urms MctW) , dle wolf (Ctmi.; !upw) and the twu species of lynx (Lynx :ind L jJlfrdirws) ;tTl' generally
134 Communities
rare and found only in a few locations (Tucker and [vans, 1997). The bird bUlla of hl'oaclJc;)VlXi evergreen oak forests is richer (han rh:lt of Mediterranean coniferous forests. There ';11'C important breeding populations or rapror:; such ,), the hUlley huzz<lrd (Pemis apiz!()l'IfS) , short.-toed eagle (CirCildus galliC/n), lesser sponcd cagle (/~quild jIOtlld),j/W) and thc globally threalcned Spani.,h imperial eagle (A, adillbcrti). Kires (kfill'uS mill/lis, AI 1l1igm!ls) , f1yclt:chCl's (Afll.i(/;,'d/JfI s/l'ifltrt and f:;(niu/({ Y('mit(!!'qudtrl) and warble:!'s (the oiivaccolls \varblcr Hippo/llii flft/lidr/, dw olive-tree warbler /--1: Illjz'(/(Ju.!J)!, HUllclli\; w,{rhkr Phyllo.>'cuj>/iS bond/i) an: a.l1 Kyund in evergreen and deciduous oak f(~q'C:1fS (Tucker and Evans, 1 l)Y?),
6.2.3 Coniferous forests
Cuniferous forest vegetation is foundwidcly around the i'v'fcditerranc,m Basin, especially in moumainolls <ll'cas, ;,llld pines f()rtn a major componem, Cecbr [c)resrs are found in (he ;\tbs ['vloufl tains (Cedrus rlt/aJ'ltiOl) , ill Cyprus (C brefliji)/i(!) and in Turkey and Leb~non ((7, lihmli). Companion species include m::q).i es l1lO!l.'j'I;,\\'lf/dll!f Ii! and.li, ubtlis/Itf.tlll) huLly (lIe.\; tlCjIl Nv/ium) ;md yew (j;/X?lJ baCCtlrtf). Firs occupy varying areas in high mountain regiolls; Abies pin.iltjJIJ ill Spa j Il, /l, Nt'/;ror/cwis in ~icily and Calabria, /1, cilicic{l in Turkey and /1, ct'pht/onica in Greece (l,c' Houerou, 1981), 1n addition (here are junipers (jum/)erlls o;\Jccdnu, J phoenict'l1) :1I1d akrcc (Tctrrtclinis artiw!(llit), which is restricted LO the southern part of the lberian Peninsula and northern Afi'ica.
The large mammal diversity of coniferous fCH'eS(S includes thevvolf (erni.\' IUjllis), wild cat (Felis .~y/utstris) and pine tnJiTcn (lV/drIes nUl},!'cs). Tn soniC high;l!titudc: fUICSIS chamoix (Rupicl7jJl'CI ruple/lpm) and wild sheep (OlJis Ilnnllon) may be found (Tucker and EV;}lls, I :)97), Birds ()r /'v1cditcrr,lllC<l1l l()nif(~roll\ 101«.5l5 are- sirnilar lo tho~e of llon-NkditCI'l'aI1C:111 conikrous regions, hcinf~
ciornil);1[cci by a number ofubiC)uilOllS species well as woodpigeo~~s (Co!lfmb~ jJl7!umlJf,{.s) , turtle doves (St!'f.jJtopelitl tUl'iui'), [irecrc.<;l.~ (Re,~u!u.l' igllicdpillw) aile! gIn'!) woodpecker::; (Piws uiricli.i). There arc a few species resuictcd (() Mediterranean conir~~l'Oll.'l Forests (in compdrison w'ith broadleaved forest), Lht Cursic,lJ) nuthatch (SiU£7 lUhitehf:'tzdi) , Kl'i.ipcr's [lmharch (S, l.zriiperi) and the (ross!>il] (Lox'iff on'ui}'{ls/)'({} (Tucker and Evans, 1997).
List of polien types
Abies
Acacia
Acanthus
Acer
Acer: clumps
Aesculus
Agrimonia-type
Agrostemma githago
Ailanthus
Alisma-type
Allium-type
Alnus glutinosa-type
Alnus viridis
Amaranthus
Ambrosia
Ammi-type
Anemone hortensis-type
Anemone palmata-type
Allogramma leptophylla
Anthemis-type
Anthericum
Anthoceros laevis
Anthoceros punctatus
Anthriscus sylvestris-type
Anthyllis
Apiaceae
Apium-type
Arbutus
Arnoseris minima
Al1emisia
Asparagus
Asphodeline
Asphodelus albus-type
Asphodelus fistulosus
Asplenium-type
Aster-type
Asteraceae Subfam. Asteroideae
Asteraceae Subfam. Cichorioideae
Astragalus-type
Athyrium filix-femina
Bellis
Betula
Bidens-type
Boraginaceae
Borago officinalis
Botrychium
Brassicaceae
Bupleunun
Buxus sempervirens
Calendula
Calligonum
Callitriche
Caltha-type
Calystegia
Cannabis sativa
Carduus
Carlina
Carpinus betulus
Carthamus
Caryophyllaceae Subfam. Silenoideae-type
Castanea sativa
Cedrus
Celtis australis
Centaurea nigra-type
Centaurea scabiosa-type
Centaurium
Centranthus
Cerastium-type
Ceratonia siliqua
Ceratophyllum: spine
Cercophora-type
Cerealia-type
Cerinthe
Chaerophyllum hirsutum-type
Chaerophyllum-type
Chamaerops humilis
Cheilanthes-type
Chenopodiaceae-type
Cirsium
Cistaceae
Cistus
Citrus
Cladium mariscus
Clematis
Colchicum-type
Consolida-type
Convolvulus
Coriaria
Corrigiola littoral is
Corylus avellana
Cuscuta
Cyclamen hederifolium
Cyclamen purpurascens
Cynoglossum officinale-type
Cyperaceae
Cyperus-type
Daphne
Daucus
Dianthus superbus-type
Dinoflagellate
Diporotheca
Dipsacus
Dorycnium
Dryopteris dilatata-type
Dryopteris filix-mas-type
Echinops
Echium
Ephedra distachya-type
Ephedra fragilis-type
Epilobium
Equisetum
Erica arborea-type
Erodium
Eryngium
Eucalyptus
Eupatorium
Euphorbia
Euphrasia-type
Fabaceae
Fagus sylvatica
Falcaria-type
Fedia cornucopiae
Ficus carica
Filipendula
Foeniculum-type
Fraxinus oxycarpa
Fraxinus omus
Fumana
Galanthus-type
Gelasinospora
Genista-type
Gentiana-type
Geranium
Geum-type
Gladiolus-type
Glomus
Gnaphalium-type
Gypsophila arrostii
Hedera helix
Hedwigia
Helianthemum
Heliotropium
Helleborus viridis
Heracleum
Herniaria-type
Hippocrepis-type
Hippophae rhamnoides
Humulus lupulus
Hydrocotyle
Hypericum perforatum-type
lIex aquifolium
Iris pseudacorus-type
Isoetes
Jasione
JugJans regia
JUllcaceae
Juniperus-type
Knautia
Lamiaceae
Lemnaceae
Ligusticum mutellina
Ligustrum
Liliaceae-type
Limonium
Linaria-type
Linum
Linum austriacum-type
Linum catharticum-type
Linum usitatissimum
Lithospermum officinale
Loranthus europaeus
Lotus-type
Luzula
Lychnis viscaria-type
Lychnis-type
Lycium
Lycopodium c1avatum-type
Lygeum spal1um
Lysimachia vulgaris-type
Lythrum
Lythrum pOl1ula
Malvaceae
Matthiola-type
Medicago falcata-type
Melampyrum
Mentha-type
Menyanthes trifoliata
Mercurialis annua
Microthyrium
Minuartia mbra-type
Moehringia-type
Monolete rem spore
Montia
Morus
Mougeotia
Myriophyllulll alterniflorum
Myriophyllum spicatum
MYl1us communis
Nerium oleander
Nigella
Nymphaea
Odontites-type
Oenanthe
Olea
Onobrychis
Ononis-type
Onopordum
Onosma
Ophioglossum lusitanicum
Ophioglossum vulgatum
OrJaya grandiflora
Ornithogalum-type
Ornithopus
Osmunda regalis
Osmunda regalis: clumps
Ostrya-type
Papaver rhoeas-type
Parnassia palustris
Paronychia-type
Pediastnun
Pediastnun angulosllm
Pediastnun boryanum var. boryanum s.1.
Pediastmm boryanum var. longicorne
Petasites
Peucedanulll-type
Phillyrea
Phlomis
Phragmites australis
Picea
Pimpine"a major-type
Pinus SlIbgen. Pinus
Pinus SlIbgen. Strobus
Pinus: stomata
Pi stacia
PisUIn sativuITI
Plantago coronopus-type
Plantago lanceolata-type
Plantago maior
Plantago maritima-type
Platanus
Poaceae
Podospora-type
Polygala vulgaris-type
Polygonatllm
Polygonum aviculare-type
Polygonum persicaria-type
Polypodium
popUlus
Potamogeton-type
Potentilla-type
Prunella-type
Prunus-type
Psoralia bituminosa
Pteridium aquilinum
Pteridium aquilinum: clumps
Pteris cretica
Quercus cerris-type
Quercus ilex-type
Quercus pubescens-type
Quercus suber-type
Quercus Undiff. I
Quercus Undiff. 2
Ranunculus acris-type
Ranunculus lingua-type
Ranunculus Subgen. Batrachium
Ranunculus-type
Reseda-type
Rhamnus
Rhinanthus
Rhus
Rhynchospora
Rhynchospora alba-type
Ribes
Riccia
Robinia pseudo-acacia
Romulea
Rosa
Rosaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubus
Rumex
Rumex acetosa-type
Rumex acetosella
Rumex acetosella-type
Rumex obtusifolius-type
Rumex scutatus-type
Ruppia
Sagina
Sagittaria
Salix
Sambucus ebulus
Sambucus nigra
Sanguisorba minor-type
Sanguisorba officinal is
Sanicula europaea
Saxifraga granulata-type
Saxifraga tridactylitis-type
Scabiosa
Scandix-type
Scilla-type
Scirpus
Scleranthus
Scorzonera humilis-type
Scrophularia-type
Scrophulariaceae
Scutellaria-type
Sec ale
Sedum-type
Selaginella denticulata
Senecio-type
SelTatula-type
Sideritis
Silene dioica-type
Silene vulgaris-type
Simethis planifolia
Sison amomUITI
Smyrnium-type
Solanum dulcamara
Solanum nigrum-type
Sorb us-type
Sparganium-type
Spergula-type
Sphagnum
Spirogyra-type
Sporonniella
Stachys-type
Succisa
Tamarix
Taxus baccata
Teucrium
Thalictrum
Thelygonum cynocrambe
Thelypteris palustris
Tilia
Tilletia sphagni
Tofieldia
Torilis arvensis
Trachycarpus fOltuuei
Trifolium pratense-type
Trifolium repens-type
Trifolium-type
Trilete fern spore
Trollius europaeus
Tuberaria
Turgenia latifolia
Typha latifolia-type
Ulmus
Urtica dioica-type
Urtica membranacea-type
Urtica pilulifera
Ustulina deusta
Utricularia
Utricularia: spine
Valeriana tuberosa
Valerianaceae
Valerianella
Verbascum
Verbena officinal is
Veronica
Vibumum tinus
Vi cia-type
Viola
Vitis
Xanthium
Zea mays
Zelkova