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How Did We Get Our Solar System??

• Something called the

__________________________________.

• See, all stars form from a nebula….. Which is

basically a cloud of interstellar matter,

gases, dust ect. Most nebula’s have a lot of

Hydrogen.

• Remember, the center of our solar system is

a STAR…._______________________!!!!

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Planetary Differentiation • In terms of planetary evolution and geologic

processes, differentiation means to make a _________________________body heterogeneous.

• Planetary differentiation, therefore, refers to the processes that cause an essentially homogeneous accreted body that is made up of primordial solar material to become separated into layers having different chemical and/or physical properties. If a planetary body is large enough it will develop a core, _______________________ and crust each of which may be further subdivided. Each layer in the Earth has its own set of subdivisions, for example: upper, middle and lower crust.

Okay….So What Does This Mean??

• Differentiation is a scientific term which really

means “_______________________________".

• Planetary elements which separate include

iron, which is denser, thus Iron sinks to the

center of a planet and forms a core.

• Silicates(silica) however, are less dense, thus

will “rises” to surface forming the crust.

• This is what Earth did.

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Review The Process-

Cloud Collapse:

Formation of Protoplanetary disk:

__________________________: So Over Many Years…This is Where

We Are At…..Our Current Solar

System • Remember, we are located in the

________________________________. We

are soooooo small in the whole scheme of

the Universe. We are nothing compared to

the great beyond……

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The Solar System consists of:

• ________________

• ________________

• _________________

• _________________

_____________________

A _____________________is a large, round

heavenly body that orbits a_______________

and shines with light reflected from the star.

We know of __________________planets that

orbit the sun in our solar system. Plus, a

planet must have its own orbital pattern,

meaning it ________________________cross

the orbit of another planet.

The 8 Planets In Order From The Sun

• _______________________________

• _______________________________

• _______________________________

• _______________________________

• _______________________________

• _______________________________

• _______________________________

• _______________________________

How The Solar System Is Arranged.

The inner and outer planets are divided by

an________________________________________.

The belt is located between Mars and Jupiter

Mercury to Mars=______________________________

( Rocky Planets)

Jupiter to Neptune= ____________________________

( Gas Planets)

What do you think the difference is between a gas

and a rocky planet is?

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Rocky Planets

The _____________________________Planets that are composed of rocky material ( Planets that we can walk on). Planets that have surfaces similar to Earth’s. These are also known as terrestrial planets.

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

Gas Planets There are ____________planets- These planets

are huge gas balls. We cannot

_________________on them. There is no hard

surface, we would just keep on falling into the

center of that planet.

–________________________________ –________________________________ –________________________________ –________________________________

___________________

• Mercury is the planet ________________to the Sun in our Solar System. Small, rocky planet has almost no atmosphere.

• Mercury is about 3,031 miles in diameter. It is the___________________ planet in our Solar System.

• Mercury is only slightly larger than the _________________________________.

Mercury

• Mercury’s temperature is the most

_______________________ of all of the planets.

• Because there is a lack of an atmosphere, the temperature ranges from -280o F to 800o F. The side that faces the sun heats up very rapidly and the side that is away from the sun loses this heat rapidly as well.

• Mercury is very_______________________, like the moon.

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_______________________

Venus is the _____________________planet from the sun in our solar system. It is the ______________________planet in our Solar System. Because of its extreme greenhouse effect.

This planet is covered with fast-moving sulphuric acid clouds ( H2SO4) which trap heat from the Sun. Its thick atmosphere is mostly __________________________( CO2). In fact the atmosphere is 96% Carbon Dioxide.

Venus’ s Greenhouse

• Because of the atmosphere of Venus, it has

a severe______________________________.

This means that the clouds trap in any heat

from the sun, heat can come in, but heat

does not escape Venus’s atmosphere so

easily. Thus the ______________________

in Venus and this is why it is the

_________________planet in the solar

system.

Venus_________________________

This is a planet on which a person would asphyxiate in the____________________ atmosphere, be cooked in the extremely high heat, and be crushed by the enormous atmospheric pressure.

Clouds move up to 220 miles per hour (350 km per hour). The clouds rotate 60 times faster than the planet rotates. The clouds circle Venus in four Earth days.

Venus’ Volcanoes

• There is evidence that Venus has ____________________Evidence includes flood lavas, lava channels, shield volcanoes and lava domes.

• Venus has been resurfaced many times by tectonic and volcanic processes.

• However, the tectonic processes on Venus is probably does not operate like the tectonic plate system on Earth.

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Venus

• It is suspected that Venus does not have

plates, but has “plumes” that allow for

molten material to reach the surface.

-___________________-Our Home

The Earth is the______________________________ from the Sun.

The Earth is the___________________________ planet in our Solar System.

The Earth's axis is tilted from perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic by __________________°. Remember, that is what gives us our seasons.

The Earth has a moon. It is the ___________________________planet with a Moon.

Moon Firsts

• On _____________________________

Apollo 11 Mission was the first mission to

carry humans to the moon.

• ________________________________was

the first man on the moon. He said the

historic words, "One small step for man, one

giant leap for mankind."

Live on TV

• A camera in the Lunar Module provided live television coverage as _____________________________________climbed down the ladder to the surface of the moon.

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______________________________

• This _______________________suggests that the Earth got its moon after the Earth was formed. During Earth’s infancy, there was a massive planetary body that _____________ into Earth.

• Thus ________________________________out a lot of debris into space.

• As the debris went into space, gravity brought the pieces of debris together and then started to orbit the Earth-----that is the birth of our_____________________________________.

Moon _________________……Why?

• If you observe the night sky, you will notice through the_____________________________ that the moon will look different.

• That is correct, the moon goes through phases as it revolves around the Earth.

• You may also ask, why is it that we only see one side of the moon….the _________________________________ and not the darkside?

__________________________

• Well, the moon _____________________ and

rotates around the Earth, it just happens

that one rotation of the moon is

___________________________to one

revolution around the Earth, thus that is why

we just see the nearside of the moon…..not

the darkside.

So Lets Go Through The Phases

• We will start at ___________________…. Here you ___________________________the moon, this is because the sun is not shining on the moon, so we do not see the reflection of the sunlight.

• But remember that the moon revolves around the Earth, as it does so, the moon will go into the light of the sun, and starts to get lit up, this is the waxing stages.

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Waxing Crescent State

• This is the stage that you see that looks like a

crescent. On the

___________________________________

you will see that the right side is lit up.

_____________________________

• Here, ___________________________is lit

up. On the right side….because it is waxing,

receiving light from the sun as it is revolving

around the Earth.

________________________

• I call this 3 quarters, its about almost lit up,

but not quite, it is still all on the right side.

You can also say that the crescent looks

dark, the dark portion looks like a C.

__________________________

• This is were it is claimed that the crazies

come out….. The full moon. The whole side

of the moon is fully lit up.

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Now…The Moon is Going To Get Less

Light…called____________________

• Now…as the moon travels around the Earth,

at this point, the moon will start to receive

less light, thus it is waning. So after Full

moon, you get waning gibbous, 3 quarters of

the moon is lit up and the lit up portion is on

the_________________________ side.

_________________________

• The 3rd Quarter moon is half lit, on the left

side.

___________________________

• The moon is now receiving

_______________________________direct

sunlight, and now just a small portion of the

moon( on the left side) is being lit up.

_____________________________

• ___________________________……after

about 29.5 days, it starts all over again

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Well The Moon Is Also Import in

_______________________________.

• What is an_________________________??

An eclipse is defined as an astronomical

event that occurs when one celestial object

moves into the shadow of another, partially

or fully obscuring it from view.

• Okay…..real terms… there are 2 types of

eclipses…._____________________________

_____________________________________.

_________________________

• Lunar eclipses are special events that only

occur when____________________

conditions are met. First of all, the Moon

must be in________________________.

Secondly, the

___________________________and Moon

must be in a perfectly straight line. If both of

these are met, then the Earth's shadow can

block the Sun's light from hitting the Moon.

Lunar Eclipse

• Lunar Eclipse occur when the

___________________________________

blocks sunlight from striking that moon.

Total Lunar Eclipse

• Total Lunar Eclipse

• The entire Moon passes through Earth's umbral

shadow.

• These events are quite striking due to the Moon's

vibrant _____________________________during the

total phase (totality).

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____________________________

• An eclipse of the ______________________occurs when the Earth passes through the Moon's shadow. A total eclipse of the Sun takes place only during a new moon, when the Moon is directly between the Sun and the Earth.

• When a __________________________________does occur, the Moon's shadow covers only a small portion of the Earth, where the eclipse is visible. As the Moon moves in its orbit, the position of the shadow changes, so total solar eclipses usually only last a minute or two in a given location.

Solar Eclipse

• So a solar eclipse is an eclipse of the sun in

which light from the sun is blocked by

the___________________________.

• Total Solar Eclipse is an eclipse in which light

from the normally visible portion of the sun (

the photosphere) is completely blocked by the

moon.

• The Corona-the outermost layer atmosphere of

the sun is visible during a total solar eclipse.

Well the Moon Also Effects Earth’s

Tides!!!

• See, there is a ________________________ attraction among the Earth, moon and the sun.

• Please remember that gravitational attraction decreases with distance, so the sun does not play a huge role in tides, it is primarily the moon.

• But, because of the sun’s size, it does play a minor role in tidal fluxuations.

Starwars The Imperial March (Darth Vader's Theme) - Star Wars - The Empire Strikes Back Original Soundtrack - 01.mp3

Hmmm, What Are Tides?

• Tides are ____________________________ and falls of large bodies of water.

• The gravitational attraction of the moon causes the oceans to bulge out in the direction of the moon. Another bulge occurs on the opposite side, since the Earth is also being pulled toward the moon (and away from the water on the far side). Since the earth is rotating while this is happening, two tides occur each day.

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__________________________

• Neap tide occurs when

the________________, earth and moon are

aligned __________________________to

each other, basically forming right angles.

_______________________

• Neap tides are __________________________

tides. They occur when the gravitational forces

of the Moon and the Sun are perpendicular to

one another (with respect to the Earth). Neap

tides occur during quarter moons.

• Neap tides have low high tides, but higher low

tides, the difference between the tides are

small.

__________________________

• ______________________________are especially ___________________________(they do not have anything to do with the season Spring). They occur when the Earth, the Sun, and the Moon are in a line. The gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun both contribute to the tides. Spring tides occur during the full moon and the new moon.

• At these times, the high tides are very high and the low tides are very low

-

______________________________…

Why do We Have Them?

• Well, its because of_____________________.

• So lets think, if the other planets are tilted,

then do other planets have seasons as well?

• And the answer is Yes, they do.

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The _________________Seasons

Is the changing seasons caused by the change in the ____________________________the Sun and the Earth?

_______________________If it is, then

– The northern and southern hemisphere should have the same season, not opposite season like we have.

– We should experience real seasonal changes in Hawaii also.

Solstices and Equinoxes

• Equinox: An equinox is one of two opposite points on the celestial sphere where the celestial equator and ecliptic intersect.

• Solstice: A solstice is either of the two times of the year when the sun is at its greatest distance from the equator.

– Spring Equinox ~ March 21

– Summer Solstice ~ June 21

– Fall Equinox ~ September 22

– Winter Solstice ~ December 21

• The dates of the equinoxes and solstices are only approximate dates. – The actual length of a year is about 365 ¼ days (365

days, 5 hours, 49 minutes), not exactly 365 days. We have to add an extra day to a year every four years to keep the seasons synchronized with the seasons (leap year). Over a longer period of time, we need to skip a leap year to compensate the extra minutes we add in every leap year to keep the calendar in sync.

Celestial Equator

Ecliptic Plane

Spring Equinox

Fall Equinox

Winter Solstice

Summer Solstice

During the_____________________________________,

Earth is tilted such that the Sun's rays strike perpendicular to

the surface at the Tropic of Cancer (23.5 degrees north

latitude, corresponding to the tilt of Earth's axis). At (solar)

noon, our Sun is directly overhead in this location (and at a

decreasing height above the horizon north and south of the

Tropic of Cancer). At locations north, our Sun will be at its

highest position above the horizon and will take the greatest

amount of time to cross the sky. All northern locations have

more than 12 hours of daylight. All locations south experience

less than 12 hours of daylight. Locations above the Arctic

Circle (north of 66.5 degrees latitude; 90 degrees minus the

tilt of Earth's axis) receive 24 hours of sunlight. Locations

below the Antarctic Circle (66.5 degrees south latitude)

experience 24 hours of darkness.

_________________________-

• Here the Northern Hemisphere is

pointed_________________________________,

thus we will receive less sunlight, shorter days

and cooler temperatures, but remember, this is

actually when we are closest to the sun…

• In the Southern Hemisphere, they are pointed

towards the sun, so they are enjoying Summer,

longer days and warmer temperatures.

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______________________________

• _____________________________________.

• 12 hours of Day and 12 Hours of Night

• _____________________________________ • The March equinox will occur on March 20 in 2010, marking the

beginning of spring in the northern hemisphere and fall (autumn)

in the southern hemisphere

– _________________________________________

• September 23, 2010. It is also referred to as the

autumnal or fall equinox in the northern hemisphere,

as well as the spring or vernal equinox in the

southern hemisphere

Earth’s orbit DOES NOT EFFECT

SEASONS….Here’s Why.

• Earth is _____________________to our Sun (91 million miles) in winter—January 3

• Earth is ______________________from on our Sun (94 million miles) in summer –July 4

____________________________

"The Red Planet"

Mars, the red planet, is the___________________

planet from the sun and the most Earth-like

planet in our solar system. The reason why it is

red is all of the ________________________in

the Martian Soil.

It is about _________________the size of

Earth and has a dry, rocky surface and a

very thin atmosphere.

________________________

• Mars, was once__________________________. Mars has the largest known volcano in the Solar System…. Olympus Mons. It is so big that it would cover the state of Arizona.

• Huge size is contributed to the volcano being stationary over a hot spot on Mars.

• Mars also has a canyon so big, that it would run across the whole length of the USA, called___________________________. This would be the “Grand Canyon” of the world.

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MARS

• Visits to Mars. Viking 1 and 2 found out that there is a thin ____________________________ atmosphere.

• Mars Pathfinder researched rocks on Mars

• Another mission to Mars was Spirit and ______________________________________, launch in the early 2000’s.

• These are rovers that landed and sent back awesome images of the Martian surface.

• 2012 there was the _______________________.

THE MOONS OF MARS

• Mars has two moons, _____________________

and Demos

• They are both small moons; Phobos is 13.8 miles

(22.2 km) across and Demos is only 7.8 miles

(12.6 km)

• It is hypothesized that these moons are captured

_______________________________.

• They orbit Mars in 7 hours and 30 hours.

• Phobos is being drawn into an inevitable

_________________________________ with Mars.

What’s Next?

• The ________________________that

separates the inner and the outer planets.

• The Asteroid Belt contains many asteroids.

• Asteroids are pieces of rock that is left over

from the initial formation of

the__________________________________.

• The reason that these pieces of rocks were

never incorporated into a planet, it because

of__________________________ very strong

gravitational pull.

• Thus these rocks now, formed into a belt

that circulates around the sun and separate

the inner and outer planets.

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An Asteroids Worth Mentioning

• ___________________, which is now

classified as a dwarf planet, is the largest

asteroid with a diameter of about 540 miles.

• ______________________is an asteroid that

actually has a satellite, Dactyl.

__________________________

Jupiter is the _______________________planet

in our solar system.

This gas giant has a thick atmosphere, 39

known moons.

Jupiter is composed mostly of gas.

______________________________is the

biggest moon of Solar System-belongs to

Jupiter.

MASS AND GRAVITY ON JUPITER

Is ___________________________times the mass of

the Earth, the gravity on Jupiter is only 254% of the

gravity on Earth.

A 100-pound person would weigh 254 pounds on

Jupiter.

JUPITER'S MOONS

Jupiter has __________________________moons and dozens of smaller ones (there are 39 moons known so far). More moons are being found all the

time.

Four Largest Moons

_________________________

_________________________

__________________________

__________________________

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________________________

IO

_____________________is the closest Galilean

moon to Jupiter. Io is a large, rocky, volcanically

active moon of Jupiter. Its _______________spew

out molten sulfur, making Io a very colorful moon.

Io is the most volcanically active body in the Solar

System.

IO

• The________________________ color is contributed to the abundance of sulfur, which covers the surface of Io.

• Because there are so many volcanoes ,Io, there are no impact craters because the surface is continually being resurfaced.

• These volcanoes release a lot of sulfur and sulfur dioxide, giving Io several hues of yellow and some greens and oranges.

.

__________________________

Europa is a large, dense, _______________of

Jupiter. Europa is the smoothest object in

our Solar System. It has a saltwater ocean

under the ice…..does this harbor life?

It also has a volcano that spews 0ut water.

Very ___________________________on

Europa.

________________________________

Ganymede is the_________________________ moon

of Jupiter, a large, icy, outer moon that is scarred

with impact craters and many parallel faults.

Ganymede is the largest moon in the solar system; it

is also larger than the planet Mercury.

There is also ice on Ganymede, suggesting it may

have a salt water ocean underneath its icy crust.

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__________________________

Callisto is a large, icy, dark-colored, low-density outer moon of Jupiter that is scarred with impact craters. In fact it is the _____________________________surface in the Solar System. It is also icy as well.

The second-largest moon of Jupiter; it is roughly the size of Mercury. Callisto has the largest-known impact crater in the Solar System,_______________________________.

Galileo…

• Several probes have been sent out to survey

Jupiter, but the most interesting is the

spacecraft________________________.

• Galileo orbited the planet and its moons

from 1995 through 2003.

• Galileo plunged to its ________________by

falling into Jupiter’s atmosphere.

THE _____________________SPOT

Jupiter's ______________________________is a huge, long-lasting storm in the atmosphere of the Southern Hemisphere of Jupiter

It is an anti-cyclonic (high pressure) storm, much like a gargantuan hurricane. Its color is actually pink to orange.

This whirlwind varies in size and color from year to year. It is about 17,000 miles (28,000 km) long and 9,000 miles (14,000 km) wide; it is the biggest storm in this solar system. It is so big that the three Earths would fit in it with room to spare.

_________________________

Saturn is the ______________________planet

from the sun in our solar system.

It has beautiful rings that are made mostly of

ice chunks (and some rock).

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RINGS OF SATURN

Saturn's beautiful rings are only visible from

Earth using a______________________.

The rings are divided into _____________major

ring divisions.

The larger gap in the rings is called the Cassini

division.

RINGS OF SATURN

• Saturn's rings are suspected to form from an ___________________________________or moons that once orbited around Saturn and were shattered in a collision with a passing asteroid or comet.

• Or the other idea is that an _________________ from the Solar System came too close to Saturn and was torn apart by Saturn’s gravity.

• These are the two hypothesis on how Saturn got its rings.

SATURN’S MOONS

Saturn has a lot of moons (33 discovered as of

August, 2004). There are 18 named moons and

about a dozen others that have not been named

yet. _____________________is the biggest moon.

____________________________

Titan was visited by the Huygens probe in June,2005.

SATURN’S MOONS

• Titan is a very ___________________moon. It is the second largest moon in the solar system.

• Its atmosphere is primarily __________________with some Methane and Argon. There are also traces of water and organic compounds such as ethane and carbon monoxide.

• Thus, with the combination of the Sun’s UV rays and the methane, it is hypothesized that some organic molecules that may slowly drifts down to the surface.

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________________________

• Titan in 2004, there was a mission sent to Saturn

and Titan called the Cassini –Huygens mission.

This was a spacecraft that had a detachable probe,

Huygens that landed on Titan.

• Titan measured a lot of methane closer to the

surface.

___________________________

• Uranus is the ____________________planet from the sun in our solar system.

• This huge, icy planet is covered with clouds and is encircled by a belt of 11 rings and 22 known moons.

• Uranus' blue color is caused by the _______________________________(CH4) in its atmosphere; this molecule absorbs red light.

.

Uranus- The Weird

Seasons

• Uranus' rotational axis is strongly tilted on its side (97.9°).

• Uranus rotates on its side.

• This tipped rotational axis gives rise to extreme seasons on Uranus.

• A _______________________________with another large body eons ago may have tipped Uranus over on its side.

_________________________

• ___________________________is the eighth

planet from the sun in our solar system.

• This giant, frigid planet has a hazy

atmosphere and strong winds.

• Neptune's____________________ color is

caused by the methane (CH4) in its

atmosphere; this molecule ____________red

light.

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___________________________

• Neptune's _______________________________is an Earth-sized hurricane in the thick methane atmosphere of Neptune.

• The storm spins_____________________________.

• Horrendous winds near the spot were measured by Voyager 2 to be about 1,500 miles per hour. These are the strongest recorded winds in our solar system.

• Triton is the________________________ moon of Neptune, with a diameter of 2,700 kilometers (1,680 miles).

• Triton is colder than any other measured object in the Solar System with a surface temperature of -235° C (-391° F). It has an extremely thin atmosphere. Nitrogen ice particles might form thin clouds a few kilometers above the surface.

Triton

Pluto • Pluto was first discovered in 1930 by Clyde W.

Tombaugh at the Lowell Observatory in

Flagstaff Arizona.

• Pluto actually “__________________” a moon,

Charon, discovered in 1978 by Jim Christy.

Pluto

• Pluto is ________________________a planet. Pluto is now considered a _____________________planet because it does not retain the qualities of a true planet.

• The main reason why Pluto was voted off the island is because Pluto does not have its true own orbital plane….meaning it intersects Neptune’s orbit…. And a planet cannot intersect another planets orbit.

• So that is why it is a Dwarf planet.

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What is a Dwarf Planet???

• A_____________________________, as

defined by the International Astronomical

Union (IAU) (in 2006) , is a celestial body

orbiting the Sun that is massive enough to

be rounded by its own gravity but has not

cleared its neighboring region of planets and

is not a satellite. .

Pluto and Beyond.

• Pluto is now considered to be a

_____________________________object.

• The Kuiper Belt extends just beyond Neptune

and this is were short period comets come

from.

• Beyond Pluto’s orbit is

the____________________________, more

comets come from here, but these are long

period comets.

The Belts

• The___________________________ Belt

– Its discovery was in______________________.

– This belt is just beyond the orbit of Neptune, and

is about 30 to 1000 AU from the sun.

– The first object from the Kuiper Belt was

discovered in________________________.

– It is estimated that there are about a billion

________________________________comets

located in the Kuiper Belt.

Kuiper Belt

• It is also suspected that there are also about

100,000 other icy objects in the Kuiper Belt.

• Remember that ___________________is

now a Kuiper Belt object.

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Short Period Comets

• A comet with a period of less than

__________________years. Meaning it

takes about 200 years to orbit the sun.

• The most famous short period comet

is___________________________, last visit

around the earth was in 1986. Next time it

will make a drive by: July, 28,2061.

The Oort Cloud

• This is the ____________________“shell” of comets that surrounds the solar system in comets.

• The distance of this belt is about 10,000 to 100,000 AU from the sun.

• Any comets that come from the Oort cloud are long period comets.

• It is hypothesized that there are up to trillion comets in the Oort Cloud.

Long Period Comets

• A comet with a period of

__________________________________years

and as much as several million years. Meaning,

it takes more than 200 years for the comet to

orbit around the sun.

• Consequently, most long period comets will be

_________________________________when

they reappear in the inner solar system, and

have yet to be catalogued.

Famous Long Period Comets

• ________________________, made its last

drive by in 1997. The next time it is due to

drive by again is not until 2370. A long time

from now.

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Another Famous Long Period Comet

• ___________________________:Bright comet that came within 0.1 AU of earth in 1996. Very long period comet with orbital period estimated around 40,000 years.

Comets

• Comets are considered “__________________” they are composed of ice, small debris and water.

• A comet has a ________________________that contains the ice and debris,

• A gaseous coma (water vapor, CO2, and other gases) and a tail (made of dust and ionized gases.

• When we see a comet, we can see all of these features when they enter and burn up as they pass in our atmosphere.