2/11/2017 3 wildlife management in assam •5 national parks and 19 sanctuaries •4 tiger reserves...
TRANSCRIPT
2/11/2017
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Wildlife Crime: Challenges to
Wildlife Conservation with
Special Emphasis to
Kaziranga National Park
Dr Satyendra Singh, IFS
Director
Kaziranga National Park
INDIA: BASIC INFORMATION
• Location: 08004’ N to 37006’N, 68007’E to 97025’E
• Area: 3,166,414 Sq Km (2.4% of World’s area)
• Population: 1.21 billion (17.31% of World’s population)
• Population Density: 382 per Sq Km
• Literacy: 74.04%
PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS OF INDIA
• The Northern Mountains
• Indo-Gangatic Plains
• The Peninsular Plateau
• Thar Deserts
• The Coastal Plains
FOREST TYPES OF INDIA
• Tropical Wet Evergreen• Tropical Semi Evergreen• Tropical Moist Deciduous • Littoral & Swamp• Tropical Dry Deciduous• Tropical Thorn • Tropical Dry Evergreen• Southern Tropical Broad-
leaved Hill
• Sub Tropical Pine• Sub Tropical Dry Evergreen• Montane Wet Temperate
Forest• Himalayan Moist Temperate
Forest• Himalayan Dry Temperate
Forest• Sub Alpine Forest• Moist Alpine Forest• Dry Alpine Scrub
FOREST AND TREE COVER
• Forest And Tree Cover: 78.29 m ha (23.81% of Country’s Geographical area)
– Very Dense Forest – 83,471 Sq Km
– Moderately Dense Forest – 320,736 Sq Km
– Open Forest – 287,820 Sq Km
– Tree Cover (Outside Forest): 90,844 Sq km
• Total Growing Stock: 6047.15 m cum
• Total Carbon Stock In Country’s Forest: 6663 m tonnes
• Total Annual Consumption of Wood: 48 m cum
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ASSAM: BASIC INFORMATION
• One of 7 North Eastern States
• Location: Latitude 24007’N to 280 00’N
Longitude 89042’E to 96002’E
• Area: 78,438 Sq Km (2.39% of the Country)
• Population: 31.17 million
• Population Density: 397 per Sq Km
• Literacy : 73.18%
• Annual Average Rainfall: 211.76 cm
FOREST IN ASSAM
• Tropical Wet Evergreen
• Tropical Semi Evergreen
• Tropical Moist Deciduous Forest
• Sub-Tropical Broad Leaved Hills
• Sub-Tropical Pine
• Littoral & Swamp
• Bamboo & Cane Breaks
FOREST IN ASSAM
• Forest Cover: 27,673 Sq Km (35.28% of State
Geographical Area)
– Very Dense Forest: 1,444 Sq Km
– Moderately Dense Forest: 11,404 Sq Km
– Open Forests: 14,825 Sq Km
– Total Growing Stock: 214.830 m cum
BIODIVERSITY IN ASSAM (Number of species)
• Mammals: 164
• Primates: 10
• Avian: 810
• Amphibian: 61
• Butterflies: 1530
• Reptiles: 116
• Flowering Plants: 3017
• Wild Orchids: 193
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WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT IN ASSAM
• 5 National Parks and 19 Sanctuaries
• 4 Tiger Reserves and 5 Elephant Reserves
• 2 World Natural Heritage Sites
• Mega Herbivores: Elephants, Rhino, Wild Buffalo
• Other Herbivores: Hog Deer, Chital, Swamp Deer
• Major Carnivores: Tiger, Leopard
WILDLIFE POPULATION
• Elephant- 5620
• Rhinoceros- 2625
• Tiger- 177
• Leopard- 248
• Wild Buffalo- 1980
• Swamp Deer- 1148
• River Dolphin- 258
PRIMATES• Rhesus Macaque- 72,674
• Assamese Macaque- 30,866
• Pig Tailed Macaque- 649
• Stump tailed Macaque- 648
• Slow Loris- 431
• Capped Langur- 17,813
• Golden Langur- 2,772
• Phayre’s Leaf Monkey- 132
• Hoolock Gibbon- 1,517
WILDLIFE TRADE
• Food
• Medicines
• Fur, skins and wools
• Pet trade
• Ornaments
• Forest produce
WILDLIFE TRADE?EXTENT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN WILDLIFE AND ITS DERIVATIVES
• It is estimated that the annual value of non timber &non fish wildlife trade is about 15 Billion US$
(Broad 2001)• Illegal wildlife trade is estimated to be worth US$50 -
150 billion per year. (UNEP 2014)
• Illegal wildlife Trade is the World’s Fourth Largest Illegitimate Business after Drugs, Arms and Human trafficking
• However due to it’s nature, very limited information available about the scale of this Illegal trade.
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Narcotics
Counterfeiting
Human trafficking
Small Arms
Human Organ
Gold
Wildlife
Oil
Diamonds
Art
• India, a country with ~ 2% of the global land mass with ~14% of the human population and ~ 18% of the cattle population of the globe.
• Yet, we are home to ~60 % of the global population of the Tiger, ~70% of the Asian Elephant ~100% of the Asiatic Lions and 70% of One horned Rhino!
• India ranks 6th among the 12 Mega Biodiversity countries of the world.
• 430 Species of Mammals, 530 Species of Reptiles, 207 Species ofAmphibians, 1228 Species of Birds.
• India is seen as the single largest source for wildlife.
BIODIVERSITY OF INDIA
• About 2500 tigers.
• 26 Shikar (Hunting) companies
• Liberal issue of crop protection guns.
• Conversion of large patches of grasslands and forest land for Agriculture.
• Breakdown of strict hunting regulations in place in most Princely states.
• Ban on hunting in most states of India in 1971
• Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
• Party to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) 1975.
ATTITUDE CHANGES ?POST INDEPENDENCE
Hunters Local people Fishermen Tribal
BuyersBuyers
Middlemen
Local Traders
Foreign Traders
Nexus of hunters,middle-man, trader,informer, Poachers,suppliers & buyers
Distributed in thecountry with wellorganized networkwithin as well as inneighbouring countries
Organized Wildlife crime
How large is wildlife crime ?Numbers in global trade Record global prices
Primates --- 25-30,000 Trained falcon –up to US $ 10,000
Live birds --- 2.5 millions Rare parrots - up to US $ 40,000
Reptile skins – 10 millions
Orchids – 10 millions
Rare butterfly – up to US $ 30,000
Rare orchids – up to US $ 2000
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Wildlife Crime Scenario
• Outside market driven poaching, very less domestic demand,
mainly smuggled out.
• South Asian countries are mainly transit for Indian wildlife and
wildlife articles to final destinations.
Main transits are Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Srilanka and
Myanmar.
Main destinations are China, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore,
Vietnam etc
• Large number of species, i.e., Tiger and other big cats,
Rhinoceros, Star Tortoises, Pangolin, Shells -Corals & plants like
Red Sanders, Agarwood, Orchids are under threat from poaching
& global illegal wildlife trade networks.
Mammals
• Smuggling in live mammals relatively rare-but high demand foranimal parts.
Targeted throughout the country-mainly smuggled out to Nepal-China
Parts used: Skin,Claw/Nails,Skull,
Bones etc
Key Challenges for Tiger Crime control
• Poaching, Illegal trade and smuggling
Highly organized & networked
Very well Planned
Highly Technical
Extremely Silent
Inter-state and
Trans-boundary
• Human-wildlife conflicts leading to retaliatory
killing
• Outside market driven poaching, very less
domestic demand.
Myth about Tiger Body Parts
Bile- Medicine to cure Children's
convulsions
Blood- Medicine to strengthen willpower & health
Brain- Medicine to cure pimples &
laziness
Claws-Used to make good luck
charms, jewellery
Fur-Ornamentation, burnt to
get rid of centipedes
Gallstones-Medicine for weak eyes, abscesses on hands
Stomach- Medicine for upset stomachs
Teeth- Good luck charms, treating rabies and sores
Testes & Penis-Tuberculosis of the lymph nodes & for male strength.
Whiskers- Medicine for toothache
Bone -TCM/Wine/Plaster
Kandla
Kandla
Tiger Body Parts Trafficking Routes
Siliguri Dimapur
Dharchula
Sunauli
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Kandla
Kandla
Red Sanders International Trafficking Routes
Major illegal Trade centres
• Delhi
• Dharchula (Uttarakhand)
• Banbasa-Khatima (Uttarakhand)
• Pilibhit-Sampoorna Nagar (UP)
• Siliguri (West Bengal)
• Moreh (Manipur)
• Dimapur (Nagaland)
• Raxaul (Bihar)
• Jaigaon (West Bengal-Bhutan Border)
Poaching rampant in remote and higher reaches ofUttarakhand and Himachal - skins/parts brought mainlyto Delhi for smuggling out
Targeted in the Assam State-Horn in great demand inChina and Taiwan for medicinal purposes
Targeted for its tusk mainly in Orissa, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal and Karnataka
Poached for scales in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, West
Bengal, HP, Uttarakhand, UP, MP and Manipur- smuggled out
to China mainly through Manipur, Siliguri via Nepal
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Targeted for its hair known as “Shahtoosh”-smuggled in from Tibet through Nepal
Alleged to form a part of the barter trade (Tiger bones-Shahtoosh) between Tibet, India and Nepal.
Poached in the Himalayan tract and states of MP, Orissa,Jharkhand, Bihar, Arunachal Pradesh etc.-Bile used formedicinal purposes
Poached in the higher Himalayan ridges of J&K,HP and UK -Musk.
Indian Tent Turtle
Spotted Black Terrapin
Indian Soft Shelled Turtle
Ganges Soft Shelled
Turtle (Fresh Water)
Traded on a large scale - great demand from the East Asian
Countries
Live Turtles mainly catered & traded in UP, Rajasthan, Bihar,Delhi, West Bengal, Orissa and Maharashtra.
Gangetic soft shell turtle and the Common soft shell turtlesmuggled out to Bangladesh.
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Indian Star Tortoise
Star Tortoise catered mainly from Karnataka, Tamil Naduand West Bengal - smuggled to South – East Asia mainlyby air from Chennai, Mumbai etc through carriers-Kept as pets also
SEA PRODUCTSSea Cucumber,Sea Horses & other marine products smuggled outfrom south to Sri lanka by air or sea- Thailand, Malaysia, Singaporeetc.
By land route(train/vehicle) Rameshwaram-Chennai-Siliguri-Nepal-China-
Sea cucumberSea horse
Whale shark
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Shells & Corals being traded in all the states ashandicraft articles which are generally brought fromcoastal areas
Butterfly Plaque as collectors item with
different species
Plants(Schedule-VI)
Kuth root (Saussurea lappa/Saussurea costus)
Pitcher plant Ladies slipper orchid Cycas beddomei
Law Enforcement Response
• Federal governance: Centre and State have
specific roles
• Day to day management of PAs and execution
of Acts – by State Governments
• Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 & Indian Forest
Act 1927-umbrella legal frame work for uniform
level of protection/ enforcement across the
country
Primary Agencies -State Forest Department
State Police Department
Secondary Agencies-Customs, CISF, BCAS,
RPF, DRI, Postal Deptt & BGFs i.e. BSF,
ITBP, SSB, Coast Guard, Assam Rifles etc
• WILDLIFE CRIME CONTROL BUREAU (WCCB)-A
multi-disciplinary body with personnel drawn
from Police, Forest and Customs for
coordination of enforcement actions of above
agencies under WLPA functional since June
2007
• India also a signatory to International
Conventions such as CITES and MoUs with
various countries across the world
• Hunting of all wildlife prohibited
• All trade in wildlife prohibited
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• Endangered plants protected, Collection from
wild prohibited, cultivation, possession etc
regulated
• Foreign Trade Policy governing trade in flora &
fauna
• Provisions of CITES incorporated into Foreign
Trade Policy and violations are dealt under
Customs Act, 1962
• Export-import in wildlife prohibited except
Special purposes (Research, Zoos etc) under
license
Strategy
• Coordination, information sharing & Capacity
building on wildlife crime enforcement with all
the stakeholders
• Exchange of good practices in the field of wildlife
protection and crime enforcement
• Bilateral and Multi – lateral MOUs with concerned
authorities and countries
• Exchange of dossiers of wildlife criminals & full
use of INTERPOL Notices
• Due importance to lesser known species in
illegal trade such as pangolin, medicinal plants,
marine species etc
• Regular meetings with field agencies of the
country and neighbouring countries
• Uniformity in crime enforcement /investigation
Technical Intelligence
• Use of data analytics • Use of electronic surveillance
• Digital stamping takes place in use of• Mobile• Email• ATM/internet banking/credit card• Railway/airlines booking• Money transfer
• Call Data Record(CDR) analysis• Monitoring of e-commerce• Monitoring of Social Media• Dissemination of intelligence to various
agencies working in field
Introduction of State-of-the-Art Analytical Tools for Intelligence Alerts
• Use of Big Data Analytical Tools – linkagesacross databases to see pattern of crimeand generating alerts and watch lists
• Natural Language Processing andvisualization tool for mining data withDepartments, NGOs, Police, Prisons,Volunteers
• OSINT – Information available in media,websites
Centralized Wildlife Crime Database
WCCB has developed an Online Wildlife Crime Database which is
populated daily by field agencies
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Online Wildlife Crime Database of WCCB
816 Division
Forest Officers
51 Tiger Reserves
Chief Wildlife Wardens
Regional Deputy Directors
WCCBDatabase at
WCCB
Online Wildlife Crime Database of WCCB
149 Tiger Poachers
51 Pangolin Poachers
82 Turtle and Tortoise Poachers
48 Rhino Poachers
Number of Criminal Profiles generated from database
Criminal Profiles
Use of technology to trace the origin of Tiger Skin found in illegal
trade
• Digital image of tiger skin seized arerequested and sent to Wildlife Institute ofIndia to match with the Stripes Databasemaintained by them
• Seizure of Tiger Skin outside India alsorequested
Camera trapped images of tiger is stored in the
database
Wildlife Institute of India
More than 2000 tiger stripes pattern collected from various Tiger Reserves of Country
Database Management
Use of Big Data Analytical tools on
– Illegal trade across international borders
– Illegal trade routes
– Means of smuggling – land, sea, air
– Criminal data – local to middlemen to smugglers to
purchasers
– Channel of payment – bank, cash, barter, Hawala,
money laundering
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Wildlife Forensic Interface
Vital Aid To
Detection
Prosecution
Forensic Firearm
Identification and
Ballistics
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Facilities in India
• Present facilities
CFSL Chandigarh,
FSL Gujarat
CFSL Kolkata
Integrated Ballistics Identification System (IBIS)
CHANDIGARH .
GANDHINAGAR . KOLKATTA .
IBIS CONNECTIVITY
WHAT EVIDENCES CAN WE GET
• Biological evidences for DNA• Fingerprints , Footprints , Shoe prints• Tooth Brush-DNA • Body fluids – DNA• Shirts & Clothing• Soil for matching
•
SECONDARY EVIDENCE SAMPLES
• DNA profile can also be carried out even from the small amount of dead cells, being shed by normal physiological process of human beings.
• Articles like
Hair combs,
Tooth brush, Datoon
Tongue cleaner,
Undergarments or clothing etc
can be preserved and sent for DNA analysis.
WHAT EVIDENCES CAN WE GET
• Bidi /Cigarette Buts – DNA
• Hair
• Fibre
• Panparag
• Documentary Evidences
• Disposable cuplates
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Examples of Forensic Interface
1. Crime scene management2. Crime scene reconstruction3. Analysis of evidences & Reporting .4. Polygraph , Brain mapping & Narco analysis5. Blood stains, saliva, excreta, flesh, etc.
examination6. DNA finger printing of the mortal remains7. Deep search metal detectors to probe buried
tools in the ground
Co-ordination with other International Agencies
Capacity Building – Training ProgramNumber of
Trainings/Workshops 2014-16
Police and Forest 61
Sensitization and Awareness ProgramNumber of Sensitization Programs
conducted 2014-16
Local Community 111
Other Agency 187
Digital elevation model
K A Z I R A N G A
K A R B I A N G L O N G
N O R T H B A N K
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KAZIRANGA NATIONAL PARK
A PROTECTED AREA IN HUMAN DOMINATED LANDSCAPE-”TODAY”
IT WAS NOT-”100 YEARS BACK”
1905
2005
1905 PRF TO CREATE AN ASYLUM FOR RHINOS-ONLY FEW INDIVIDUALS LEFT
1908 DECLARED AS RESERVED FORESTS
1916 GAME SANCTUARY
1937 OPENED FOR VISITORS
1950 WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
1974 NATIONAL PARK
1985 INSCRIBED AS WORLD HERITAGE
2005 CELEBRATES CENTENAY
FLORAVEGETATION COVER UNDER DIFFERENT TYPES
1 FORESTS 29.13%– MOIST MIXED DECIDUOUS
2. GRASS LANDS 51.91%
3. WATER BODIES 6.62%
4. SWAMPY/MARSHY AREA 5.21%
5. SAND 7.12%
(GOSWAMI AND BARUA, 1996)
•N (ii)OUTSTANDING EXAMPLE REPRESENTING SIGNIFICANT
ON-GOING ECOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN THE EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF WETLAND ECOSYSTEM AND COMMUNITIES OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS.
•N (iv)CONTAINS THE MOST IMPORTANT AND SIGNIFICANT
NATURAL HABITATS FOR IN-SITU CONSERVATION OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, INCLUDING THOSE CONTAINING THREATENED SPECIES OF OUTSTANDING UNIVERSAL VALUE FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF SCIENCE OR CONSERVATION.
(Rhinos, Tigers, W Buffalow, Swamp Deer, Elephants)
WORLD HERITAGE, 1985
NO FLOODPLAIN ECOSYSTEM IN ISOLATION CAN SUPPORT THIS
MEGA ASSEMBLAGE
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KAZIRANGA TIGER RESERVE
•Notified as Tiger Reserve during 2007
•Total area- 1,030 sq. km.
• Core area- 482 sq. km. (Kaziranga NP and its 1st, 2nd, 3rd
and 5th additions)
• Buffer area- 548 sq. km. (4th and 6th additions of KNP, Laokhowa sanctuary, Burachapori sanctuary, Panbari RF, Bagser RF, Kukurakata RF)
•Big Fives of Kaziranga
•Rhinocerous, Tiger, Elephant, Wild Buffalo and Swamp Deer
Wild Animal Population in Kaziranga
2401 in 2015
1089 in 2017
104 in 2017
1148 in 2016
Areas under KTR Annual FLOOD IN KAZIRANGA
Flood in 2017
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FLOOD 2017
TOTAL MORTALITY: 401*RHINO-31*TIGER-1
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TIGERS IN Kaziranga
Some of the tigers recently trapped by camera
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Tiger mortality (Last 6 years)
Year Number of Tiger Deaths
Natural In-fighting Poaching Poisoning Total
2012 2 2 0 0 4
2013 4 0 1 0 5
2014 1 1 0 1 3
2015 1 2 1 0 4
2016 0 0 0 1 (suspected) 1
2017 1 1 0 1 3
Total 9 6 2 3 20
Increasing rhino population
366
658
939 946
1129 1164
1552
1855
2048
2290 2329 2401
1966 1972 1978 1984 1991 1993 1999 2006 2009 2012 2013 2015
18
5
12
10
8
2
8
0
3 3
5
10
32
11
2425
37
28
4445
2324
44
35
23
48
40
14
2726
12
8
4 4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1965 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000
Rhono Poaching 1965-2001
Nagaon Wl=38 campsEawl=181 camps
8
4 3 4
75
16
6 6 53
11
27 27
17 18
2
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Rhino poaching
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2013 27
2014 27
2015 17
2016 18
2017 02
THE TOOLS THE TOOLS
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Poachers Arrested/NEUTRALIZED and Recoveries
Year No. of Poachers arrested
No. of Poachers neutralized
Arms and ammunitions seized
2014 47 22
0.303 Rifle-11, SBBL gun- 2 Hand made Gun- 4,Ammunition -83 Rds, Silencer- 5
2015 88 23
.303 Rifle- 16 , Hand made gun 2,
.85 mm pistol - 1, .22 rifle-3 , .315 rifle-3 , Ammunition 220 RdsSilencer- 8
2016 59 5
.303 Rifle- 7 , Ak-47 Rifle=-1
.22 rifle- 1, Ak 47 mag-2 no
.303 mag -2 no., Ammunition-120 Rds., Silencer- 2
2017 49 1
.303 rifle-2, AK-47, AK-56, Ammunitions, Tiger skin-1, Tiger bones
Foot patrol
Elephant patrol River patrol
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Patrolling in the fringe areas
Recent Interventions
• E- Surveillance Technology (E-eye)
– 8 nos. of towers mounted with thermal and optical cameras have been installed.
– 24X7 Real time video with zoom and 3600 rotation of camera from control room
– Aerial Surveillance using UAVs Tiger Reserve
• Use of Sniffer Dogs
• Rhino DNA Indexing System
• Deployment of Additional Force
– AFPF (423 nos.)
– Home Guards (135 nos.)
Recent Interventions
• Constitution of Fast Track Courts for Wildlife cases
• Anti Rhino Poaching Task Force
• Involvement of Neighbouring Communities
– Providing Livelihood support
– Development of Villages
– Training on Skill Development
– Intelligence Gathering
Eco Development Committees
• 38 Eco Development Committees(EDCs) since 2009
• APFBC (Externally Aided Project of French Agency) is funding for skill development and Livelihood
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Piggery SHGs in Bahikhuwa EDC
Mium, Sikun Atta and Subansiri
Piggery SHGs in
Bahikhuwa EDC
Nayanjyoti, Nirumai, mimang, majoni
Tamulipather EDC Weaving and Tailoring training
Borbheta EDC, tailoring andWeaving Training
Chebenakobuwa EDCTailoring Workshop
Computer training of 50 Students from EDCs at Erudite Academy, Bokakhat3 Month CCA Computer Course
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Park Reaching Close to People, An effort in linking communities to
Conservation.
Friendly Football Match between staff and fringe villagers in Burapahar Range
School Students on Educational trip inside National Park
Friendly Football Match between staff and fringe villagers in Burapahar Range
‘KICK THE POACHERS’ FOOTBALL TOURNAMENT IN BOKAKHAT
SAPJURI HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS ON EDUCATIONAL TRIP INSIDE PARK
4 Day Workshop On Painting, Crafts and Sculpturing in Chepenakubuwa
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Weaving Center at Rangalu
EDC
3 MonthSTRAINING on Tailoring and
Weaving
2 month -Tailoring and EMBROIDERY
training for Women of Bahikhuwa
EDC
CWRC- Animal Rescue Center• Only Animal Hospital of its Kind (15 Rhino Calf, 9 Elephant calf,
2 hoolock gibbon , 2 jungle cat, 4 leopard are being treated and hand reared)
• Project Leader is Director Kaziranga National Park
• Wildlife Trust of India is partner Organisation
Lessons LEARNT In COMBATING Wildlife CRIME
• Protection Inside the Park
– Anti Poaching Camps
– 24X7 Patrolling by Officials
– E-Surveillance (Thermal and Optical Camera)
– Aerial Surveillance (UAV)
• Protection Outside the Park
– Periphery Patrolling in Vulnerable Areas to stop intrusion
– Search and Raid Operation
– Intelligence is the Key
– Community Development Programme for local people
• Helps in developing Intelligence Network
• Other Measures
– Investigation of Crime
– Use of Forensic Science
– Ballistic Test of Recovered Arms and Ammunition
– Fast Track Courts for Speedy Trial and ConvictionsTHANKS