21 st december, 2009 nirc of icai new delhi ca sudhir varma fca; cia (usa)
TRANSCRIPT
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NGO FORMATION, ACCOUNTS & AUDIT
21st December, 2009NIRC of ICAI
New Delhi
CA SUDHIR VARMAFCA; CIA (USA)
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Formation of NGO’s
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Constituents
1. Trust - Registered document2. Society - Registrar of Societies3. Company - Sec. 25 of the Companies Act,
1956
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Trust
1. No separate Act2. Trust Deeds can be registered3. Settler 4. Corpus5. Trustees 6. Trust Deed
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Trust Deed
1. On a stamp paper as per stamp duty payable on the corpus amount.
2. Must clearly and broadly define objects3. Strength of Board of Trustees4. Powers of the Trustees / remuneration /
benefits5. Broad guidelines for management of
trust6. On dissolution
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Societies
Status- Delhi / state- All India
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Societies
1. In state level at least 7 promoters (not blood related)
2. In all India level at least 8 promoters from 8 different states of India
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Societies
1. Memorandum of Association- name- objects- profits/benefits to promoters/board members- dissolution clause- subscribers
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Societies
1. Rules & Regulations- define rules of membership- define rules for elections- define powers, duties and responsibilities of
the board and each office bearer- define broad parameters of governance
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Societies
1. Registration- covering letter in a file cover- power of attorney- affidavit from secretary / president- NOC for registered office- Memorandum of Association & Rules and
Regulations signed by each promoter on each
page- proofs of addresses for all promoters
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Societies
1. Certificate of Registration2. Certified copies from Registrar of
- Memorandum of Association- Rules & Regulations
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Societies
1. Registrations- PAN- TAN- u/s 12AA of Income Tax Act- u/s 80G of Income Tax Act- IEC code- VAT
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Societies
1. Establish bank account2. Deposit membership fee3. Start members register
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Companies
1. Registration process as usual- apply for name of approval- apply for license to operate as a company
registered u/s 25 of the Companies Act 1956- after obtaining license submit papers for
incorporation- certificate of incorporation issued to mention that
the company is registered u/s 25 of the Companies Act 1956
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SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTSACCRUAL SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTS
CASH SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTS
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SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTSFOREIGN FUNDS
LOCAL FUNDS - SPECIAL PROJECTS - GENERAL
REVENUES
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BALANCE SHEET
Accounting of Fixed AssetsFully donated Partly donated/subsidisedBought from specific grantsDepreciation
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BALANCE SHEET
InvestmentsApproved ListCorpus Investments Special Fund Investments Interest Accrued
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BALANCE SHEET
Current Assets Cash in handBank balancesInventoriesReceivablesReimbursablesAdvances
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BALANCE SHEET
Current Liabilities
PayablesStatutory dues - Provident Fund - TDS - Others
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BALANCE SHEET
Capital Fund
General Fund Corpus Fund - interest accrued on corpus
investments - transfer to corpusSpecific Funds - building fund - others
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BALANCE SHEET
Project Funds(to the extent unutilised)
Project balances Carry Forward for specific projectsBoard Resolutions with Form-10
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BALANCE SHEET
ReservesFacility fund
Staff benefit fund
Other specific funds
SUDHIR VARMA
FCA;CIA(USA)
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INCOME & EXPENDITURE A/C
IncomesDonor wise accountingIncomes from revenue Surplus from projects closedR & D receipts
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INCOME & EXPENDITURE A/C
ExpenditureProject by exp.Program exp.Administration/overhead exp.R & D exp.
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Audit of NGO’s
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Types of Audit1. Transaction based audit2. System / Risk based audit3. Project based audit4. Donor based audit5. Efficiency audit6. Compliance / Statutory audit
- Income Tax - FCRA- Registering authority
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Engagement1. Appointment by appropriate authority2. Engagement letter3. Scope of audit4. Reporting requirements5. Fee
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Audit approach1. “Knowledge of business” objects ; activities2. Audit objectives3. Audit plan 4. Audit process5. Resources
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Transaction based auditSystem / Risk based auditCompliance / Statutory audit (as usual)
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Project based audit1. Understand activity under the project2. Budget for the project3. Separate bank account / books of accounts4. Direct revenues from the project
- grants - donations- revenue incomes
5. Direct project expenses – nature6. Allocation of expenses to projects7. Projects utilization certificates
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Donor based audit1. Donor sanction letter2. Terms & Conditions3. Budget4. Reporting requirements
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1. Corpus / Endowment fund2. Unutilized Grants3. Separate books of accounts for
- foreign grants- local grants- revenue
4. Accrual vs cash system of accounts5. Receipts and payments accounts
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Efficiency audit1. Donors / Governing body / Trustees2. Verification of expenses beyond accounting 3. External help of specialists4. Common sense / matured judgment5. Team leaders
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Computerized Environment1. Size of NGO / No. of transactions2. Familiarity with software in use3. Asses software controls4. Use auditing softwares5. Remain abreast with technology
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Statutory Compliances1. Income Tax Act2. FCRA / FEMA / RBI3. Registration laws4. Labour laws5. VAT / Service Tax6. Commercial laws7. Protection laws8. General laws
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Auditing and assurance standardsAAS1 Basic Principles Governing an AuditAAS2 Objectives and scope of the Audit
of Financial StatementsAAS3 DocumentationAAS4 The Auditor’s Responsibility to consider
Fraud and Error is an Audit of Financial Statements
AAS5 Audit EvidenceAAS6 Risk Assessments and Internal ControlAAS7 Relying Upon the work of an Internal AuditorAAS8 Audit PlanningAAS9 Using the Work of another Auditor
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Auditing and assurance standardsAAS10 Using the Work of an ExpertAAS11 Representations by ManagementAAS12 Responsibility of Joint AuditorsAAS13 Audit MaterialityAAS14 Analytical ProceduresAAS15 Audit SamplingAAS16 Going ConcernAAS17 Quality Control for Audit WorkAAS18 Auditing of Accounting EstimatesAAS19 Subsequent EventsAAS20 Knowledge of the Business
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Auditing and assurance standardsAAS21 Consideration of Laws and Regulations in an
Audit of Financial StatementsAAS22 Initial Engagements – Opening BalancesAAS23 Related PartiesAAS24 Audit Considerations Relating to Entities
Using Service OrganizationsAAS25 ComparativesAAS26 Terms of Audit EngagementsAAS27 Communication of Audit Matters with Those
Charged with GovernanceAAS28 The Auditor’s report on Financial Statements
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Auditing and assurance standards
AAS29 Audit in a Computer information Systems Environment
AAS30 External ConfirmationsAAS31 Engagements to Compile Financial
InformationAAS32 Engagements to Perform Agreed – Upon
Procedures Regarding Financial StatementsAAS33 Engagements to Review Financial
StatementsAAS34 Audit Evidence – Additional Consideration
for Specific ItemsAAS35 The Examination of Prospective Financial
Information
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Q & AThank you