2.1 SPANISH EXPLORER

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AND COLONIES

A ME R I C A : P A T H

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LEARNING TARGETS: I CAN…1.Explain how Spanish explorers built an

empire in the Americas.2.Describe why the Spanish encouraged

settlement in regions of North America.3.Summarize the causes and effects of Native

American resistance to the Spanish.

Bellringer: List facts you already know about Native Americans of the Southwest and about Spanish conquest of the Americas.Vocabulary: hidalgo, conquistador, isthmus, colony, mestizo, presidio, mission, Pueblo Revolt of 1680

• Made 4 voyages to the Americas between 1492 – 1504

• His reports of lands, peoples, and wealth drew other explorers after him.

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS

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“God, gold, and glory” • The three major

motives for conquering the region

• They wanted to spread the Christian religion, gain wealth, and win fame.

Hidalgos –young Spanish men led expeditions against Muslims in Spain for the 3 G’s.The conquistadors, or Spanish conquerors of the Americas, were continuing the tradition.

BUILDING A SPANISH EMPIRE

http://www.legendsofamerica.com/na-pueblorevolt.html

SPAIN’S MAJOR EXPLORERSJ U A N P O N C E D E L E O N

Born into an upper class family in SpainFought against the MuslimsWhile searching in vain for the “fountain of youth,” he explored and named Florida in 1513.

Born to an upper class family

An isthmus is a narrow strip of land that joins two larger land areas.

In 1513 Balboa and his companions became the 1st Europeans to see the Pacific Ocean from American continent.

V A S C O N U N E Z D E B A L B O A

EXPLORERS CONTINUEDFerdinand Magellan• First to cross Pacific Ocean starting from Americas. In

1519, they sailed for 99 days without fresh food or water. Starving, ate the leather on the rigging of their ships.

• Portuguese, yet explored in Spanish ships for the Spanish king.

• Straits of Magellan…crossed the stormy tip of South America.

• Magellan was killed in a fight with people of the Philippine Islands.

• His crew continued on. After 3 years became the 1st humans known to sail around the entire Earth.

EXPLORERS CONTINUEDHernan Cortes• Spanish explorer eager for wealth.• In 1519, he was sent by the Spanish governor of Cuba to conquer

the vast empire ruled by the Aztec people in Mexico.• The Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, had 400,000 inhabitants and was

one of the world’s largest urban centers.• The Aztecs governed 20 million people, a population twice as large

as Spain’s at the time.• Cortez had a force of 600 men.• Cortez learned the Native Americans in the area hated the Aztecs for

conquering and sacrificing untold numbers of them in brutal ceremonies.

• With the help of a Native American princess, Malinche or Dona Marina, Cortez played on the divisions among the NA and rallied thousands of them to his side.

• By 1521 Cortez and his soldiers had destroyed Tenochtitlan, and Cortez became conqueror of one of the largest empires in the world.

Francisco Pizarro• Set out to conquer

the empire of the Incas, entered in what is now Peru in South America

• The Incas continued to resist as the Spanish attempted to take control of more and more of their empire.

EXPLORER’S CONTINUED

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CONTROL OF THE SPANISH EMPIREColonies – areas settled by immigrants who continue to be ruled by their parent

country.• By the 1550s, the Spanish colonies amounted to a large empire in Mexico,

Central America, South America, and the islands of the Caribbean Sea.• The economic activity that took place in the colonies made the Spanish

wealthy.• Labor of enslaved NA and Africans, mined silver and gold, established farms

and ranches• They did not try to drive the Indians out of their land. They forced them to

become part of the colonial economy.• Under the encomienda system, NA were required to farm, ranch, or mine for

the profit of an individual Spaniard.• The Spaniard was supposed to ensure the well-being of the workers.• Living on the same land, a mixed population called mestizos, which is

Spanish for mixed, evolved.

THE SPANISH PUSH NORTHAlvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca and

Estevanico• Shipwrecked near Galveston,

Texas. In 1528, they wandered through the Gulf Coast region of Texas for 8 years.

• De Vaca was Spanish while Estevanico was an enslaved African

• They were rescued by Spanish raiders in Northern Mexico.

• They had heard stories of seven cities of gold located in the north from NA.

• Other explorers were inspired to press northward based on these stories.

MORE NORTHERN EXPLORERSFrancisco Vasquez de Coronado• He also searched for the fabled golden cities.• From 1540 – 1542, he traveled through Texas and pushed as far

north as Kansas.• He found only some nomadic NA.Hernan de Soto• He landed near what is now Tampa Bay, Florida, in 1539. • His route included parts of Florida, Alabama, Tennessee,

Mississippi, Arkansas, and Oklahoma.• They were probably the first Spaniards to cross the Mississippi

River.• De Soto died of fever in Louisiana in 1542.

FORTS FOR DEFENSEThe Spanish government felt the need to encourage settlement in three

neglected areas.1. The Southeast Coast – • Fleets loaded with silver and gold from the Americas sailed from Cuba to

Spain.• They wanted to safeguard these fleets.• In 1565, Pedro Menendez de Aviles, a conquistador, established the

settlement of St. Augustine in Florida.2. The Southwest –• In January 1598, the conquistador Juan de Onate and 400 others claimed

an area they called New Mexico…including parts of Arizona and Texas.• The colony grew to include more than 2000 Spanish people over the next

80 years.

3.The West Coast – • California would

be key to establishing trade routes across the Pacific Ocean.

• Major efforts to colonize this region, however, did not begin until the 1700s.

DEFENSES CONTINUED

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MISSIONARIES• These Spanish settlements were forts, or presidios.• The success of the Spanish outposts was not due to the few

soldiers occupying the forts but to the Franciscans.• These priests and nuns were a Catholic group dedicated to the

work of St. Francis of Assisi,• The settled in Florida and New Mexico as Missonaries.• Missionaries are people who are sent out by their church to teach

people their religion.• They converted NA to Christianity and established dozens of

missions – headquarters where missionaries lived and worked.• With the help of soldiers, they forced the NA into settled villages

or congregacions, where they would farm and worship like Catholic Europeans.

RESISTANCE TO THE SPANISH• Some NA nomadic groups like the Apache of the Southwest, refused

to cooperate with the Spanish.• NA fighting against the Spanish was generally disorganized.• Following years of drought that weakened the Spanish power, the

Pueblo people united in what is called the Pueblo Revolt of 1680.• Widespread sickness and drought had reduced the Pueblo population

to about 17,000.• The Pueblo began to turn back to their traditional religious practices.• In August of 1680 the Pueblo people in NM rose under the leadership

of a man named Pope and drove the Spanish out of Santa Fe.• The Pueblo killed priests, colonists, and soldiers, and destroyed the

Spanish missions.• Years passed before the Spanish were able to return and rebuild.

• In Florida, similar NA rebellions occurred in the late 1600s.

• Some NA combined forces with the English in NA, who were at war with Spain at that time.

• Together they mounted crushing attacks on Spanish presidios in Florida from their own colony in South Carolina.

• This limited the Spanish to a total of two new presidios, San Marcos de Apalachee and Pensacola.

CONTINUED RESISTANCE

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EXIT SLIP1. Summarizing Main Idea: Describe how and where the

Spanish built an empire in the Americas.2. Organizing Information: Create a graphic organizer showing

three reasons why the Spanish Government encouraged settlement in the three regions of North America.

3. Cause and Effect: How did legends and rumors play a part in building European knowledge of the Americas?

4. Interpret the following motto printed in a Spanish book in 1599: “By the sword and the compass, more an d more and more and more.”