2.1 different kinds of animals - degoedeman.nl · 22 2.1 different kinds of animals 1. unicellular...
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2.1 Different kinds of animals1. Unicellularanimalsdonothaveanytissuesandorgans.Whichpartsof
theseanimalsperformthenecessarylifeprocesses?
2. Whoareamoebaenamedafterandwhy?
3. Oneofthecharacteristicsof life isreproduction.Whydounicellularandbilayeredanimalsjustsplitthemselvesupwhentheyreproduce?
4. Readtheextensionbox‘Howdoamoebaemove?’.Usethisinformationtoshow,usingthreesequentialdrawings,howanamoebacatchesitsfood.
The cell organelles
After the Greek God Proteus. He was able to change shape.
Unicellular and bilayered animals do not have specialised organs
for reproduction.
The teacher checks the drawings. This is an example of a correct drawing.
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5. Inthisexperimentyouaregoingtoobserveunicellularanimalsun-derthemicroscope.
What do you need?• Hayinfusion(preparedbyyourteacher)• Materialsforpreparingaslide• Microscope• Drawingpencil• Rubber
Readthedrawingrulesonpage14ofyourtextbook.
What do you have to do?1. Useadroppingpipettetosuckupafewdropsofhayinfusion.Most
unicellularanimalswillgatherinthetoplayerofthehayinfusion,sobesuretocollectyoursamplefromthislayer.
2. Placethedropletofhayinfusiononaslideandpreparetheslideinthewayyoulearnedinchapter1.
3. Drawaleasttwodifferentkindsofunicellularanimalsatthehighestmagnification.Usethetwoseparateboxesbelow.
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Questions
male sex organ
atrial siphon
branchial siphon
nerve
heart
stigmata
anus
stomach
oesophagus
female sex organ
6. Complexanimalshave specialisedorgansandorgan systems. If youreadtheboxonseasquirts,youwilldiscoverat leasttwodifferentorgansororgansystems.Whichtwo?
7. Theimagebelowshowsabiologicaldrawingofaseasquirt.Someor-gansarelabelled.Thetableonthenextpagelistsfivedifferentorgansystems.Writedownalltheorgansunderthecorrectorgansystems.Someorgansmaybeusedmorethanonce.
Nervoussystem
Circulatorysystem
Respiratorysystem
Digestivesystem
Reproductivesystem
Nerve Heart Branchial siphon
Branchial siphon
Male sex organ
Atrial siphon
Stomach Female sex organ
Stigmata Esophagus
Atrial siphon
Stigmata
Anus
(1) Opening for letting in water containing oxygen and food.
(2) Organs for reproduction.
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Questions
2.2 Swim, walk, fly!
8. Someanimalsareabletomoveandothersareabletoperformlocomo-tion.Whatisthedifferencebetweenthetwo?
9. Plantigradescanwalkeasilyonunstablegroundlikesandandwood-landsoil.Explainwhythisispossible.
10.Youaregoingtoprovethathoofedanimalshaveproblemswalkingonunstablesoilswhileplantigradeanimalsdonot.
What do you need?• Apencil• Alargecoin(e.g.a2eurocoin)• Sand• Asmallplasticcontainer(e.g.amargarinetub)
What do you have to do?1. Usetheitemslistedin‘Whatdoyouneed?’todesignanexperiment
toprove thathoofedanimalshaveproblemswalkingonunstablesoilsandplantigradeanimalsdonot.
2. Writedownadescriptionofhowtheexperimentmustbedone.
3. Maketwodrawingsoftheresultsofyourexperiment.
Locomotion is changing place. Moving from one spot to another.
Movement is moving without changing place.
They use the whole of their feet for walking. Their weight is spread
out over a larger surface area. Therefore plantigrades do not sink
into the ground.
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squirrel
plantigrade
deer
unguligradedigitigrade
dog
Questions
11.Althoughplantigrade,digitigradeandunguligradeanimalswalkondif-ferentpartsoftheirfeet,thebuildingplanoftheirlegsissimilar.Theimagebelowshowsthelegbonesofatypicalplantigrade(squirrel),digitigrade(dog)andunguligrade(deer).Usingcolouredpencils,co-lourthesimilarboneswiththesamecolour.
12.Whichisabletorunfastest,aplantigrade,adigitigradeoranunguli-grade?Explainyouranswer.
13.a. Whatisthespecialshapeofabird’swingcalled?
Unguligrades are generally the fastest runners, because they have
the least ground contact with their feet. However the world’s
fastest animal is a digitigrade, the cheetah.
Aerofoil
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Questions
Air that travels over the top of the wing goes faster than the wind
that travels under the wing.
The slower moving wind pushes the wing upwards.
b. Explainhow‘lift’works.
14.Whatisthereasonwhybirdsmustpreentheirfeathers?
15.Cartilaginousfishsinkwhentheystopswimming.Whydoyouthinkthisis?
16.Fisharenottheonlyanimalswithtorpedo-shapedbodies.Namethreeotheranimalsthatalsohavethisbodyshape.
The flight feathers must be kept smooth and flat.
This is done by preening which zips the feathers together.
Because cartilaginous fish do not have a gas bladder.
Examples of correct answers: dolphins, penguins and whales.
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Source: natuurinformatie.nl
17.Pictured below are some skeletons of several animals. Write downwhethereachanimalisaplantigrade,digitigradeorunguligrade.
Gorilla ___________________________
Tiger ___________________________
Americanbison ___________________________
Polarbear ___________________________
plantigrade
digitigrade
unguligrade
plantigrade
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Questions
2.3 Feeding time
18.Lookatfigure2.15inyourtextbook.Theskulloftheherbivoredoesnothaveanycanineteeth.Whyisthis?
19.The intestines of herbivores are relatively long in comparison withtheirbodysize.Whydoyouthinkthisis?
20.Thepicturebelowshowsacateatingarat.Whenyoulookcloselyyouseethatthecatisusingthesideofitsmouthtoeat.Explainwhy.
It does not have to hold any prey.
Plants take a longer time to digest because of the cellulose
cell wall.
The carnassials are situated at the side of a carnivore’s mouth.
Carnassials are used to ‘cut’ meat of their prey.
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21.Carnivoresdonoteatasoftenasherbivores.Whydoyouthinkthisis?Choosethebestanswer.
A. Carnivoreshavelongerintestinesthanherbivoressothefoodstaysintheirbodylonger.
B. Carnivoreshaveproblemsdigestingmeat. C. Carnivores get more energy out of meat than herbivores get out
of plants.
22.Theimageshowsamolarofananimal.Whatwillitsdietconsistof?Explainyouranswer.
23.Youwilllookatseveralskullsofdifferentanimalstofindoutwhatkindoffoodtheyeat.Thisexperimentwillbedoneingroupsoftwoorthree.
What do you need?• Threeorfourdifferentskulls
What do you have to do?1. Lookcarefullyattheskullsandteethoftheanimal.
2. Writedownwhatyouthinktheanimalseat.Usethewordsherbivore/carnivore/omnivore.
3. Describewhichcluesyouusedtogiveyouranswer.
Plants, the surface of this molar is suited for grinding plants.
Answer will depend on the kind of skulls used.
The teacher should check the answers.
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Questions
Skull1isfroma(n)________________because,
Skull2isfroma(n)________________because,
Skull3isfroma(n)________________because,
Skull4isfroma(n)________________because,
Skull5isfroma(n)________________because,
24.Readthetextabout‘Specialists’.
a. Apartfromcatchingants,whatreasoncouldananteaterhaveforflic-kingitstongueupto150timesaminute.
To prevent being stung or bitten by the ants and termites.
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b. Istheaye-ayeaherbivore,acarnivoreoranomnivore?Explainyouranswer.
c. Whatadaptationsdoestheaye-ayehaveforreachingtheinsectsinsidethetreetrunks?
It is an omnivore because it eats plants, like the coconuts,
and meat, like insect larvae.
A very long middle finger.
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Questions
2.4 Breathing
25.Whichorgandoesafishusetobreathe?Choosethebestanswer.
A. gills B. gillcover C. gill arches
26.Whenfisharetakenoutofthewatertheydie.Notbecauseofdehydra-tion,butbecausetheysuffocate.Explainthis.
27.Readthefollowingtextaboutinsectsandfillintheblanks.
Breathing in insects
Insectsdonotuse lungstobreathelikemammals
orbirds.Insteadtheybreathethroughtracheae.
Thesearetube likeorgansthatrunthroughthe
bodyofaninsect.Theabdomen
haslittleholes,calledspiracles.Biginsectsmust
makeapumpingmovementtorefreshtheairintheirtracheae.
The gill covers sticks to the fish’s skin. The fish is not able to take
in enough oxygen.
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28.Togetherwithaclassmateyouaregoingto lookat thegillsofafish.
What do you need?• Dissectingpanordissectingboard• Latexgloves• Forceps(optional)• Dissectingscissors• Dissectingscalpel(optional)• Probe• Teasingneedle• Petridishwithwater• Stereomicroscopeormagnifyingglass• Smallfish(likesardine)ortheheadofabigfish(likemackerel)
What do you have to do?1. Openthemouthofthefishbypushingthelowerjawdown.
2. Liftoneofthegillcoverswiththeteasingneedle.
3. Slidetheprobebetweenthegillcoverallthewaythroughtheopenedmouth.Becarefulnottodamagethegills!
4. Usethescissorstocutthegillcoverloosefromthelowerjaw.Cutfromthebacktothefront.Youhavetocutbothgillcovers.
5. Nowyouareabletobendtheheadofthefishback.Dothisasfaraspossible.Thegillarchesareclearlyvisible.
6. Slidetheteasingneedlegentlybetweenthegillarches.
7. Liftoneofthegillarcheswiththehelpoftheteasingneedle.Youcanusetheforcepstomakethingseasier.
8. Cutthegillarchwhereitisattachedtotheothergillarches.
9. PutthecutgillarchinthePetridishwithwater.
10.Studythegillarchwiththestereomicroscopeormagnifyingglass.
11.Drawabiologicaldrawingofthegillarch.
12.Answerthequestions.
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Questions
Depends on the kind of fi sh. The teacher should check the answer.
One.
Only on one side.
Because then the gill fi laments attached to the gill arches will
unfold.
In the water, because then the fi laments are unfolded.
a. Howmanygillarchesdoesyourfishhave?
b. Athowmanyplacesarethegillarchesattachedwitheachother?
c. Wherearethegillarchesattachedtoeachother?
d. Thegillarchisbestobservedwhileitisinwater.Whyisthis?
e. Whenisthesurfaceareaofthegillarchlarger?Whenitisinthewa-terorwhenitisoutofthewater.Explainyouranswer.
Visit the site www.ovdbricks.nl for more dissection on fi sh. Play the digital game and answer the questions.
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2.5 Sensing the environment
29.What is the main reason that organisms must sense their environ-ment?
30.Readthesentencesbelowandchoosethebestanswer.
a. Birdsofpreydependonsight/hearingwhilehunting. b. Catsseemore sharply/lesssharplythanhumans. c. Becauseofaspeciallayerintheireyes,catscan/cannotseeinthe
dark. d. Manyreptilesandamphibianshaveathirdeyetosee colour/dif-
ferences in dark or light. e. You are/a kestrelisabletoseethissentenceatarangeof23me-
tres.
31.Whenitisdarkandacat’seyesareflashedwithlight,theywilllightup.Whatisthiscalled?
32.Gotothesitewww.ovdbricks.nl.LookunderBiology,chapter2,sour-ces,fortheclip‘Triumphoflife:BatsandMoths.’Watchtheclipandanswerthequestions.
a. Whatdomostbatsusetolocateapreysuchasamoth?
b. Howdoesthefrequencyofthesoundchangewhenabatapproa-chesamoth?
In order to react to changes in their environment. To stay alive.
Eyeshine.
Echolocation using sonar.
Their calling rate increases.
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Questions
c. Whatcounterweaponhavemothsdevelopedagainstthesonarofbats?
d. Whatisthemoth’sreactionwhenitnoticesabat’ssonar?
e. Whatismentionedintheclipaboutbatshuntingabovewater?
f. Writedowntwoimperfectionsinthewaylong-earedbatshunt.
Ears that can detect the bats’ sonar.
First it swerves away, then it plummets, or drops down.
Hunting above water could be an adaption to the moths’ falling
move. When they fall in the water the moths are easy prey
for bats.
(1) The bats are not able to locate possible obstacles.
(2) When the moth does not move, the bat is not able to find it.
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g. Whatdolong-earedbatsusetheirsonarfor?
h. Somespeciesofmothshavetakendrasticmeasurestoavoidbats.Writethismeasuredown.
i. A quote from the clip: “This brings the war full circle.” Explainthis.
33.High-pitchedsoundstravellessfarthanlow-pitchedsounds.Usethisfacttoexplainwhyelephantsuseinfrasoundtocommunicate.
Mainly for locating the rough position of their prey and
locating obstacles in their flight path.
They changed from night animals to day animals.
Probably moths turned to the night to escape birds.
Now they changed to the daytime again to avoid bats.
Unfor-tunately they have to deal with the birds again.
Example of a good answer: A herd can be scattered over a large
area, with no eye contact and lots of trees and bushes in their
environment. High-pitched sounds would soon be lost in these
trees or over long distances.
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Questions
34.Readthefollowingarticleaboutelephantcommunicationandanswerthequestions.
SOURCE 1
Big TalkersEarth’s largest land animals have a lot to say, even when they don’t seem to be making a sound.
Thirsty and hot, 12 elephants plod across the fried African landscape. The water hole is less than a mile away now, and everyone in the herd is looking forward to a good, long drink. Tired calves want to stop, but mothers and aunts nudge them along. The older animals make soft, soothing noises. “We’re almost there,” they seem to say. “Just keep walking.”
Suddenly everyone stops. Huge ears stretch out like satellite dishes. After a minute or two of what seems like silence, the animals turn and walk away from the water hole, fast. As they go, the adults huddle close to the calves.
So what happened? Why did the elephants change their course? They seemed to be listening to something. And whatever it was, they got the message to flee! Yet human ears heard nothing.
Elephants make plenty of sounds that humans can hear, such as barks, snorts, roars, and trumpet-like calls. Often a herd will use such sounds to talk with other elephants. But they weren’t in the air this time.
Second LanguageFor years, elephants puzzled observers with this type of behaviour. But now scientists have solved the mystery. They discovered that elephants have a “secret” language they use for communicating over long distan-ces.
This special talk is based on infrasound, sounds so low in pitch that humans can’t hear them. The sounds can travel for several miles, allo-wing the six-ton animals to keep in touch across grasslands and forests in Africa or Asia.
Translating infrasound helps scientists begin to understand elephant behaviour. For example, it turns out that the elephants heading to the water hole may have heard warning calls from another herd. Perhaps a lion was slurping water and looking hungry. The cat would be no match for an adult elephant, but it might kill a calf. No drink would be worth that risk, so the herd turned away.
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SOURCE 1
Long-Distance CallsElephants use infrasound to communicate many types of messages over long distances. Some of their talk helps hold families together. To under-stand how this works, you need to know a little about elephant families.
Females spend their lives with mothers, sisters, and children. They form tight-knit herds of 10 to 20 members. The oldest female elephant, the matriarch, takes charge. Males live with a herd until they are teenagers. Then they depart, living alone or joining with other males in a “bachelor herd.”
The members of a herd often scatter over large areas to seek food for their mighty appetites. (An adult elephant can eat 136 kilos of grass and plants in a single day!) Long-distance calls let elephants know where their relatives are. And when the matriarch says, “Come here!” the herd gathers within minutes.
Like curious kittens, elephant calves sometimes wander off and get into trouble. When that happens, they cry for help. Adults respond with in-frasound calls and other noises: “It’s okay. We’re coming to help you.”
Adult males and females often live far apart, so they use infrasound to find each other at mating time. Females mate only once every four years or so. When a female is ready, she makes a special series of calls. Males who hear the calls storm toward her. Sometimes two or more males bat-tle fiercely for a chance to court the female.
Hearing AidsElephants tune in to all this talk with their large, powerful ears. An African elephant’s ear can grow to be six feet long and four feet wide. (Asian elephants have much smaller ears.) When straining to hear some-thing, the animal turns toward the sound and opens its ears wide.
At the same time, the elephant may raise its trunk to sniff at the wind. Elephants have a keen sense of smell. Odours may help them figure out what they’re hearing.
Elephants may have yet another way of learning what’s going on around them. Although scientists haven’t proved it, some think elephants can actually feel infrasound as the sound waves travel through the ground.
Source: Winkler, P (September 2001). Big Talkers, National Geographic Explorer, p. 4-7.
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Questions
a. “Earth’slargestlandanimalshavealottosay,evenwhentheydon’tseemtobemakingasound.”Explainthissentence.
b. Whatkindofsoundsdotheelephantsmaketocommunicatewitheachotherwithintheherd?
c. Whatisthe‘secret’languagethatelephantsuse?
d. Translatingthissecretlanguagehelpsthescientistunderstandelephantbehaviour.Writedownanexamplegiveninthearticletoexplainthis.
e. Longdistancecommunicationhelpsholdelephantfamiliestogether.Givethreeexamplesthatprovethis.
Elephants produce infrasound. This is sound we cannot hear but
elephants can.
Infrasound, barks, snorts, roars, and trumpet-like calls.
Communication through infrasound.
For example, it turns out that the elephants heading to the water
hole may have heard warning calls from another herd. Perhaps a
lion was slurping water and looking hun-gry. The cat would be no
match for an adult elephant, but it might kill a calf.
No drink would be worth that risk, so the herd turned away.
The members of a herd often scatter over large areas to seek food for their mighty appetites. (An adult elephant can eat 136 kilos of grass and plants in a single day!) Long-distance calls let elep-hants know where their rela-tives are. And when the matriarch says, “Come here!” the herd gathers within minutes.
Like curious kittens, elephant calves sometimes wander off and get into trouble. When that happens, they cry for help. Adults respond with infrasound calls and other noises: “It’s okay. We’re coming to help you.”
Adult males and females often live far apart, so they use infrasound to find each other at mating time. Females mate only once every four years or so. When a female is ready, she makes a special series of calls. Males who hear the calls storm toward her. Sometimes two or more males battle fiercely for a chance to court the female.
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f. Which three hearing aids does an elephant use to know where thesoundiscomingfrom?
g. Gotowww.ovdbricks.nl.LookunderBiology,chapter2,sources.Openthelink‘Thelostelephant’,andplaythegame.Doyouknowenoughaboutelephantsandtheirwaysofcommunication?
35.Smell,justlikehearing,isusedforcommunication.Whatissmellusedfor?
36.Justlikeinnature,domesticdogsanddomesticcatsleaveterritorialscentmarks.Thesemarkscontainthesameinformationastheterrito-rialmarksoftheircousinsinthewild.Whatcanbelearnedbysniffingaterritorialscentmark?
37.Younganimalsdonothaveaspecificscentinthefirstfewdaysoftheirlives.Forexampledeercalveshavethischaracteristic.Whyisthis?
Their big ears, their trunks and their feet.
Marking territories, fi nding a mate, fi nding food and fi nding
the way.
Who left the mark and whether the dog or cat is healthy.
Males can also smell if a female is ready to mate.
So predators can not fi nd the young.
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Questions
38.Theimageshowsananttrailintoahouse.Theantsfollowaperfectline.Explainwhatsuchatrailisusedforandhowtheantsknowwheretogo.
39.Birds, such as pigeons, also use their smell to find their way backhome.Explainthis.
Such a trail is used to find their way to and from their nests and
food sources. The ants leave scent marks that mark the trail.
Birds smell different kinds of things along the way, such as a town,
corn fields, lakes, and so on. Everything along the way has a
specific scent. These scents are used to find their way home.
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To make sure a species continues to exist.
An organism gets bigger and heavier.
Changes in the way an organism looks or the way it lives.
2.6 Growth and development
40.Whatisthereasonthatorganismsmustproduceoffspring?
41.a. Whatisgrowth?
b. Whatisdevelopment?
42.Writedowniftheprocessesbelowareexamplesofgrowthordevelop-ment.Putatick()intheappropriatebox.
Process Growth Development
Ayoungsparrowstartstogetfeathers.
Acaterpillarhastomoultbecauseitisgettingbigger.
Anewtlarvaundergoesmetamorphosis.
Apolarbearincreasesinweightforitshibernation.
Youhaveincreasedinbodylengthsinceyourbirth.
Insideaduckeggalittleducklingisformed.
Aboygrowsabeardwhenheisanadult.
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43.Whatismetamorphosis?
44.Answerthefollowingquestionsaboutfrogsandnewts.
a. Whatisthereasonthatfrogsandnewtslaytheireggsinwater?
b. Whichtwoorgansdoesatadpoleusetobreathe?
c. Writedowntwofunctionsofatadpole’stail.
d. Whatcouldbeareasonthattadpoleschangeenvironmentduringtheirmetamorphosis?Writedowntworeasons.
The development from larva to adult; the organism changes in the
way it looks and how it lives.
The outside of an amphibian egg is like jelly. It dehydrates when it
is laid on land.
Its gills and its skin.
For moving and for breathing.
(1) They change their way of breathing: from gills and skin to lungs and skin.
(2) They change their diet: from algae to insects.
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e. Whatisabigdifferencebetweenthelarvaeoffrogsandthelarvaeofnewts?
45.Watchtheclip‘Triumphoflife:TadpolesTransformation’.Youcanfindthecliponwww.ovdbricks.nl,Biology,chapter2,sources.Answerthequestions.
a. TadpolesoftheAmericantreefrogundergoatransformationwhenpredators,likedragonflynymphs,arepresent.Onepartofthetrans-formationhastodowithgrowth,anotherpartwithdevelopment.Writedownwhichhastodowithgrowthandwhichwithdevelop-ment.
b. What is the advantage the transformed tadpoles have over thenymphs?
46.Whydoinsectlarvaehavetomoult?
The larvae of newts do not undergo complete metamorpho-sis,
tadpoles do.
Growth: they grow bigger.
Development: they get red tails.
They are faster than the nymphs
Because their exoskeleton, or skin, does not grow with them.
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47.What isthemaindifferencebetweeninsectsthatundergocompletemetamorphosisandinsectsthatundergoincompletemetamorphosis?
48.Onpage…..youwillfindfourpicturesthatrepresentthefourstagesinthelifecycleofabutterfly.Cutthemoutandputthemintherightorder.Writebeloweachstagewhat
1 2
3 4
Complete metamorphosis means that the larvae do not
resemble the adults. With incomplete metamorphosis the larvae
al-ready look like the adults.
Caterpillar starts making pupa Inside the pupa the caterpillar changes
Butterfly emerges out of the pupa
A very long middle finger.
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Summarising puzzle
Thedescriptionsbelowhaveblanks.Youhavetofillintheblankswitha
keywordfromthechapter.
Therearemanydifferentkindsofanimals.Youareanexampleofa_____
_______animal.Themostsimpleanimalsare
____________animals.Allanimalsshowthesevencharacteristicsoflife.
One of these characteristics is ____________. Animals can do this by
swimming,walkingorflying.Mostanimalswalkonfourlegs.Someanimals
walkontheirwholefoot.Theyarecalled____________.Mostcarnivores
are____________.Theirlegsarequitelongsotheycanrunfast._____
_______animalsor____________,likehorses,walkonthetipsoftheir
toes.Birdscanflyusingtheirwings.Wingshaveaspecialcurvedshape
calledan____________.Inordertokeeptheir____________feathers
intiptopcondition,birdsmustpreenthem.Fishswimbypushingwater
away with their ____________. Cartilaginous fish sink when they stop
swimming.Bonyfishhavea____________.Thisorganpreventsthemfrom
sinking.
Allanimalsmusteat.The____________ofcowsareequippedforgrinding
thecellsofplants.Animalsthatonlyeatplantmaterialarecalled______
______.Carnivoresusetheir____________toholdtheirprey.Thesharp,
jaggedmolarsofcarnivoresarecalled____________.Youeatplantsand
meat.Soyouarean____________.Inordertostayalive,animalsneed
____________torespire.Fishbreathethrough____________.Notonly
fishareabletobreatheunderwater.Someinsectslikethemayflynymph
complex
unicellular
movement
plantigrades
digitigrades
Hoofed unguligrades
aerofoil flight
tail fin
swim bladder
molars
canines
herbi-
carnassials
omnivore.
oxygen gills
vores
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arealsoabletodoso.Insectsthatliveonlandbreathethrough______
______.The____________arelittleholesintheabdomenofaninsect.
Mammals,birds, reptilesandamphibiansuse____________ tobreathe.
Animalsareawareoftheirenvironment.Alotofanimalsdependonsight.
Sightisalsoyourmainsensingorgan.Catsandothernightanimalshavea
speciallayerintheireyes.Whenflashedtheylightupinagreenishshine.
Thisiscalled____________.Batshuntwiththeirears.Using_________
___theyknowwhereapreyislocated.Batsareabletohearultrasound.
Elephants canhear a very low-pitched sound, infrasound. Tomake sure
thataspeciescontinuestoexist,animalsproduce____________.Young
animalsundergo____________togetbigger,aswellas____________.
Tadpolesareyoung frogs.Theyundergo______________tobecomean
adultfrog.Theseveralstagesinthelifeofanorganismcanbedepictedin
a____________.Insectsalsochangealotwhilebecomingadults.When
fullygrown,the____________ofbutterfliesform____________.Inside
theychangeintobutterflies.Youngbutterfliesandnymphsofgrasshoppers
mustgothroughaseriesof____________.
tra-
cheae stigmata
lungs
eyeshine echoloca-
tion
offspring
growth development
metamorphosis
larvae
life cycle
pupae
moults