2.07-2.08 remember the structures of the digestive system
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2.07-2.08 Remember the structures of the digestive system. DIGESTION. The process of changing complex solid foods into simpler soluble forms which can be absorbed by body cells. BOLUS – soft, pliable ball – created from chewing and addition of saliva – it slides down esophagus - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The process of changing complex solid foods into simpler soluble forms which can be absorbed by body cells.
BOLUS – soft, pliable ball – created from chewing and addition of saliva – it slides down esophagus
PERISTALSIS – wavelike motions, moves food along esophagus, stomach and intestines
DIGESTION
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Structures of the digestive system
Digestive system Also known as:
Alimentary Canal Digestive Tract Gastrointestinal Tract
Upper GI Lower GI
Over 30’ in length from mouth to anus
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Primary structures Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small intestines Large intestines
Accessory structures Tongue Teeth Salivary glands Pancreas Liver Gall bladder
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Structures of the digestive system
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Structures of the digestive system
Mouth (buccal cavity)
Tongue Teeth Salivary Glands Palate Uvula The physical
breakdown of food begins here first…digestion begins in the mouth
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Structures of the digestive system
Tongue Attached to floor of
mouth Made of skeletal
muscle attached to four bones
Taste buds on the surface Sweet Sour Bitter Salty
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Structures of the digestive system
Teeth Primary (deciduous)
20 “baby teeth” Secondary
(permanent) 32 “adult teeth”
Teeth and tongue aid in physical /
mechanical digestion of food7
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Structures of the digestive system
Salivary glands Parotid gland
Largest salivary gland Ptyalin in saliva converts
starches to simple sugars causes the initial chemical breakdown.
Submandibular gland Sublingual gland
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Structures of the digestive system
Palate – separates the mouth from the nasal cavity
Hard Soft
Uvula Flap of skin
hanging in the
back of the throat
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Structures of the digestive system
Pharynx (throat) Nasopharynx Oropharynx Hypopharynx
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Structures of the digestive system
Esophagus
Muscular tube, 10” long
Connects the pharynx and stomach
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Structures of the digestive system
Stomach Upper left
quadrant of the of the abdominal cavity
Fundus Body Pylorus
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Cardiac sphincter - controls passage of food into stomach and keeps it from going back into the throat.
PYLORIC SPHINCTER – valve, regulates the entrance of food into duodenum
RUGAE – mucous coat lining of stomach in folds when the stomach is empty
Stomach has muscular coat that allows it to contract (peristalsis) and push food into the small intestine
2 – 4 hours for stomach to empty
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Structures of the digestive system
Small intestines – main function is absorption of NUTRIENTS
Duodenum First segment 12’ long
Jejunum Second segment 8’ long
Ileum Third segment 10-12’ long
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Structures of the digestive system Large intestines
Approximately 2” in diameter
5’ long
Responsible for elimination of waste and absorption of water
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Functions of the digestive system
Teeth Define mastication. How is the tooth’s shape
related to its function?
Incisors
Cuspids
Bicuspids
Molars
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Accessory Organs of DigestionPANCREAS
Located behind stomach Exocrine function – secretes digestive
enzymes to break down food. Also has endocrine function. Feather shaped organ
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Functions of the digestive system
LiverProduce and store glucose in the form of GLYCOGENDetoxify alcohol, drugs and other harmful substancesManufacture blood proteinsManufactures bileStore Vitamins A, D and B complex Connects to gall bladder and small intestine by
ducts
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Functions of the digestive system
GallbladderSmall muscular green sac that secretes and stores bile Located in the right upper quadrant of abdominal cavity.When fatty foods digested, bile released by gallbladder
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Functions of the digestive system
Large intestine CHYME – semi-liquid food and
gastric juices Approx 2” in diameter Also called the colon CECUM – lower right portion of large
intestine APPENDIX-blind sac attached to
cecum, having no known function RECTUM – last portion of large
intestine ANUS – external opening of the Lg.
intestine
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Disorders of the digestive system
Anorexia Decreased or poor
appetite
Symptom
Anorexia nervosa Eating disorder
characterized by refusal to eat
Psychiatric disorder
Bulimia nervosa (binge eating and purging) is a psychiatric disorder as well
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Opposite disorder =
obesity
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Obesity is one of the common eating disorders in the United States.
A person is considered obese if their BMI (body mass index is above 30.
How to calculate BMI:
BMI =( lbs/inches² )
(weight in pounds * 703 )
————————————
height in inches²
BMI Weight Status
Below 18.5 Underweight
18.5 -24.9 Normal
25 - 29.9 Overweight
30 & Above Obese
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Disorders of the digestive system
Caries Cavities
How often should you brush and floss?
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Disorders of the digestive system
Cholecystitis Inflammation of the gall bladder
Sx = pain that radiates to right shoulder…frequently after eating fatty foods
How is it treated? - cholecystectomy
Cholelithiasis – gall stones
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Disorders of the digestive system
Cleft palate Hard and/or soft
palate doesn’t close completely during fetal development
Problems swallowing Surgery needed to
repair
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Disorders of the digestive system
Cirrhosis
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Chronic, progressive disease of liverNormal tissue replaced by fibrous connective tissue.
75% caused by excessive alcohol consumption (also caused by Tylenol use)
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Disorders of the digestive system
Constipation When defecation delayed,
feces become dry and hard
Rx – diet with cereals, fruits, vegetables, (roughage), drinking plenty of fluids, exercise, and avoiding tension
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Disorders of the digestive disorders
DiarrheaLoose, watery, frequent bowel movements when feces pass along colon too rapidly
Caused by infection, poor diet, nervousness, toxic substances or irritants in food
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Disorders of the digestive disorders
GastroenteritisInflammation of mucous membrane lining of stomach and intestineCommon cause = virusSxs – nausea, vomiting, diarrhea for 24-36 hoursComplication = dehydrationPrevention…good handwashing
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Disorders of the digestive system
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Reflux of gastric acid into the espohagus
Sx – burning sensation that often worsens with laying flat…gets better with sitting up or raising head of bed
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Disorders of the digestive system
Hepatitis Acute Chronic
Hepatitis A (contaminated food or water borne), B (blood borne), C (blood borne), D, E
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Disorders of the digestive system
Irritable bowel syndrome Cause unknownSx – abdmonial pain, bloating, diarrhea and constipation (alternating)Trt – lifestyle and diet changes, medication
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Disorders of the digestive system
Chron’s Diseaseand Ulcerative Colitis
• Autoimmune disorders
• Type of inflammatory bowel disease
• Sxs – abdominal pain, severe diarrhea, malnutrition
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Disorders of the digestive system
Peptic ulcer - Sore or lesion that forms in the mucosal lining of the stomach
Gastric ulcers in the stomach and duodenal ulcers in the duodenum
Cause – H. pylori (bacteria) is primary cause
Lifestyle factors that contribute: cigarette smoking, alcohol, stress, certain drugs
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Relevance of nutrition to the digestive system
Vitamins Fat soluble
Vitamins A, D, E, K Water soluble
Vitamins C, B
Proteins aid in wound healing
Carbohydrates such as bread and pasta offer quick energy
Electrolytes Calcium Chloride Magnesium Phosphorus Potassium Sodium
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