(202854862) test 2 review notes

7/27/2019 (202854862) Test 2 Review Notes

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CH101A SelectedReview Topics for Test 2

ABOUT VOCABULARY: I have provided a list of important vocabulary itemsintroduced in each chapter. This is not an exhaustive list, and in some cases, Ihave omitted very common characters. As always, make sure to take special care tolearn alternate pronunciations and understand the distinction between modern and

classical definitions of familiar wordsand are good examples of tricky cases.Finally, I am not repeating characters introduced in previous chapters. Though each

test will focus primarily on material covered since the previous test, eve ry t est is cumulat ive, and requires knowledge of everything we have covered in the class.

ABOUT GRAMMAR: THISIS N OT AN EXH ASU TI VE COLLEC TI ON OFGRAMMA R PO INT S. I have provided a selective collection of review topicsfor individual chapters, mostly for things that I think require a little morereview. As always, you are s ti ll respons ib le f or reviewing thoroughly the grammar commentary that accompanie s each lesson.

LESSON 6

Lesson Text:

Lesson Translation:

Viscount Jian of Zhao raised troops and attacked Qi. He commanded those in the army that

if there was anyone who dared to remonstrate, he would be punished as far as death.[There was] an armor-wearing knight named Gong Lu, who gazed at Viscount Jian from adistance and laughed. Viscount Jian said, What are you laughing at? He replied, Imjust thinking of an old joke. Viscount Jian said, If you have the means to explain it, thenthats fine; if you dont, then you die. He replied, At the time of the mulberry-leafharvest, the husband and wife of one of my neighbors households together went out intothe fields. He saw a girl in the mulberries, and he then went and chased her, but was unableto catch her. When he returned, his wife was angry and had left him. I laugh at hisloneliness. Viscount Jian said, Now Im attacking a state and [will] lose a state -- that ismy loneliness. Thereupon he disbanded the army and went home.

Vocabulary: distinguish from), (contrast with )distinguish from ),

Chinese Pinyin English zhao4 The state (and family) of

Zhao jian3 1. Bamboo slip,

document2. To abridge, to be

simple, to examine


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zhao4 jian3 zi3 Viscount Jian of Zhao bing1 Weapon; troops ling4 1. To command, to

make, to allow; anorder, a command*

2. Local magistrate jun1 Army gan3 To dare to, to have the

audacity to; daring,audacious; audacity

jian4 To remonstrate with zui4 Sin, crime, punishment,

blame; to commit a crime, topunish, to blame

pi1 To drape over the shoulders,to wear on the back

jia3 Armor, suit of armor, coat ofarmor

ming2 Name, reputation, fame; tobe named, to be called

lu2 Lu [a personal name] gong1 lu2 Gong Lu [a proper name] wang4 To gaze at from a distance;

to hope; to aspire to, toexpect, hopes, aspirations

Compared to and, it ismore abstract gazing oflooking off into future forwhat one desires

jian4 (#1-3)xian (#4)

1. To see*2. [Marker of passive

voice]3. To have an audiencewith [ruler], to grantan audience to

4. To appear, to bemade manifest, toseem

ke3 What, how, why [questionword]

nai3 But, then, just, only you3 yi3 To have the means to, to

have the wherewithal to jie3 To untie, to loosen, to get rid

of; to solve [a problem], tobreak [a siege], to explain

dang1 (#1-2)dang4 (#3)

1. Occupying [a place ortime]; facing*

2. To be about to [futuremarker]

3. Ought, must, should;to accept as suitable

sang1 Mulberry tree, mulberry-leafharvest

lin2 Neighbor, neighboring, next;to be a neighbor to, to be

next to


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fu1 (#1)fu2 (#2-3)

1. Man, person,husband*

2. Now then..[particle introducingopinion]

3. This, these, that,those [demonstrativepronoun]

yu3 (#1-4)yu2 (#2)1. And*2. With [coverb]3. To give4. To belong to, to be a

part of qi1 Wife ju1 All, together tian2 Field nv3 1. Woman, girl, female,

daughter*2. [Informal second

person pronoun]

yin1 1.

Thereupon,therefore*2. To go through, to

make use of, to takeadvantage of

zhui1 To pursue, to chase, tofollow

huan2 To go back to, to return, togive something back

kuang4 Empty, distant; to be alone,to be without a spouse

jin1 Now, at present wu2 I, me [first person pronoun]

fa2 To attack, to do violence to;to cut down [a tree]

shi4 This, these yu2 shi4 Thereupon (lit. from this) ba4 To end, to close, to

demobilize [an army], todismiss

shi1 1. Army*2. Teacher; to take as

ones teacher

Grammar:

1) Consequence Sentences (6.1) Consequence sentences consist of twocomplete clauses: the first clause provides some pre-condition (if X happens/if thereis X), while the second clause tells you what happens if that precondition is met. In

Lesson 6, the consequence sentence takes the following form:The first clause, , tells you the general pre-conditionthe e x i s t e nc e of

someone/people who dare(s) to remonstrate/criticize. The second clause, ,tells you what will happen if that precondition is metIF there is anyone whodares to remonstrate, then they will be punished with death [or, more literally,

theywill be punished to the extent/extreme () of death]. The information thatprecedes the consequence sentence, ( ) tells you 1) that the


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consequence sentence is taking the form of an order (), 2) that the one doingordering is Viscount Jian of Zhao and 3) that he is directing his order towards thearmy.

IMPORTANT NOTE: Context is the key to identifying consequence sentences,though as you can see, such sentences will usually introduce the precondition clause

with the existential verb , [if] there exists, [if] there is/are. This special

function ofshould be clear if you compare the following sentences:

If there is anyone who dares to eat the flesh of the swift steed, Iwill make them drink wine.

He who dares to eat the flesh of the swift steed I will make him

drink wine. [Or: As for the one who dared to eat the flesh ofthe swift steed, I made him drink wine.]

** For more practice, do the exercises on page

64.

PRACTICE:

1. = If there are good people, Heavenrewards them with good fortune

2. = If there are people drinking ale, Iwill give them a cup

3. = If there is anyone who dares toremonstrate, the duke will send him to go to Lu

4. = If the family has anyone unfilial,the father will send her out

5. = If there is anyone chasing thegirl in the mulberries, he will be punished as far as death

2) XY Sentences (6.3) As we have discussed in class, Chinese of theclassical period lacks a copula equivalent to the English verb tobe or the modern

Mandarin . [In almost all examples that we will see in this course, is ademonstrative pronoun meaning this or that (it can also mean right, to beright/correct).] In order to express the copular (tobe) function, classical Chinese

writers used the XY sentence (what the text calls a nominal sentence), whichsuggests a relationship of correspondence or equivalence through juxtaposition:

[], The husband of Gong Lus neighboring family [is]a petty man.

The Duke of Lu is a kind man

This is the State of Qi

Guan Zhong is one who knows how to cultivate his conduct and

remonstrate with his lord

[], That which Gong Lu desired [was]the woman in the mulberry trees.


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, Duke Mu of Qin [is]a worthy man.

Note the absence of anything that looks like tobe in these sentences. Because weare using English in this class we are compelled to include the verb tobein order tomake our translations grammatical. IMPORTANT NOTE: we will see cases in

which seems to function like tobe, though the thing to remember here is that indicates that someone is usually acting/behaving temporarily in a certaincapacity.3) XY Sentences with(6.4) This is a fairly straightforward form of theXY sentence, though you will struggle with it if you do not understand how touse (3.3). I would suggest reviewing the grammar review sheet for the first test,along with question 7 on the first test and any relevant practice exercises in the

textbook related to. Be prepared for questions using on Test #2.

The place where you are going to is Zhao

The one whom Gong Lu remonstrated with is Viscount Jian of Zhao

What fish flee is shallow water

What I dont drink is ale

,Ale is what I dont drink

Fish is what I like

4) The evolution of as a copula is used as a copula in Mandarin Chinese,but this meaning is avoided in literary Chinese. However, by third century C.E. peoplewere already using it in the modern sense.

Now I am attacking my state and losing a state this is my

loneliness

Now my attacking a state and losing a state is my loneliness

PRACTICE:

1. My home is your home =2. Duke Huan is one who loves his people and does not attack countries =

3. Trees are what birds roost in =4. The person in the mulberries is whom Im laughing at =5. To do good and to die for my lord -- this is virtue =6. That a husband and wife together wear armor this is what Confucius talked about

=

7. What I dare remonstrate about is the dukes fields=8. The lord is he who governs the people, and the people are they who are governed

by the lord =

9. That I did not give Zeng Zi a town is my ignorance =


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10.What I hope for is what you flee =11.If you have the means to disband the army, then thats OK=

LESSON 7

Lesson Text:

Lesson Translation:

Master Bo Ya was strumming the zither, and Zhongzi Qi was listening to him. Just as hewas strumming, his intentions were set on Mt. Tai. Zhongzi Qi said, How wonderful isyour strumming the zither! It rises up loftily like Mt. Tai After a short period of time, BoYas intentions were set on the flowing water. Zhongzi Qi then said, How wonderful isyour strumming the zither! It surges like flowing water! When Zhongzi Qi died, Bo Yasmashed his zither and broke the strings, and to the end of his life he never strummed thezither again. He believed that there was no one in the world worthy of hearing him strumthe zither.

Not only is strumming the zither like thisworthy people are also so. Even thoughthere is a worthy person, if you do not have the means to treat him [well], then how will theworthy one be loyal to the fullest [for you]? The reason why the horse Ji did not arrive athousand li on his own is because he awaited Bo Le and only then arrived.

Vocabulary:

Chinese Pinyin English bo2 1. Senior or elder of a

group of brothers2. Earl

ya2 Tooth, tusk bo2 ya2 zi3 Master Bo Ya (name of a

famous musician) gu3 1. Drum; to drum, tostrum [a stringedmusical instrument]

2. To wield, to brandish[usually a sword or aknife]

qin2 Zither, harp zhong1 1. To gather, to

concentrate2. Bushel [of grain]

(used to measuresalary of official)

zhong1 zi3 qi1 Zhongzi Qi (a close friend of


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) ting1 (#1)

ting4 (#2)1. To listen to, to heed*2. To allow, to permit,

to give permission to fang1 1. Just then, just at that

moment*2. Square3. Scope, method,

technique4. Direction

zhi4 Ambition, will, intention,inclination

tai4 Great, enormous, significant tai4 shan1 Mt. Tai zai1 [Final particle: expresses

exclamation or surprise] shan4 zai1 Great! How wonderful! Im

impressed! Well done! wei1 Lofty, eminent, imposing ruo4 1. To resemble, to be

like, seemingly, as if,by appearance*

2. If3. [Informal second

person pronoun] shao3 (#1-2)

shao4 (#3)1. Small, few, a little;

scarce*2. To belittle, to

consider small3. Young, youth

xuan3 1. To choose, to select,to elect

2. A little bit of time* jian1 Among, in, while liu2 To flow, to cause to flow; a

current tang1 (#1-2)

shang1 (#3)1. Hot water, boiling

water, soup2. Tang (name)3. Seething; flooding*

po4 To smash, to destroy, tobreak, to defeat [an army ora state]; tattered, broken-down

jue2 To cut short, to break, to

interrupt, to take a directroute or shortcut

xian2 String [of a musicalinstrument], bowstring

yi3 wei2 To assume shi4 Human society, the world;

the age, a generation du2 Alone, lonely, solitary; only xian2 Worthy, skilled, talented;

worthy man, skilled man,talented man

yi4 1. Also, again*2. Indeed


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ran2 1. To be so, to be thus,to be right away, toact thusly

2. But3. [Optional adverb

marker: in x-manner]

sui1 Even though, even if

jie1 To join, to connect, to meet,to treat you2 1. Reason, source,

origin; to come from,to derive from

2. From [coverb]*3. To resemble, to be

like xi1 you2 How, why [question word] jin4 To exhaust, to use to the

fullest; exhaustively,entirely, completely,

thoroughly, all, everyone ji4 Ji (name) qian1 One thousand li3 1. Li (measurement of

distance ~1/3 mile)2. Village, ward

dai4 To await, to depend on le4 (#1)

yue4 (#2)1. To take pleasure in,

to enjoy2. Music

bo2 le4 BoLe (name)

Grammar:

1) Verb-Coverb Constructions(7.3) This commentary section focuses primarily on asmall selection of supporting verbsand their special functionwhen combined with coverbs

FIRST thing to remember: These supportingverbsare used immediately before otherverbs to make the second verb passive. This is a little different from the explicit passiveconstructions that we saw in Lesson 9, though the end result is similar, for example,

when you combine the active verb (to love) with the supporting verbyou get easy to be loved (i.e. easily loved) NOT easyto love. If you add a passive subject(the one receiving the love) you might get something like:, which you cantranslate very literally as MiziXia is easy to be loved, or more fluidly MiziXia iseasily loved.Note that Mizi Xia is not doing anything, he is simply receiving the actionof the verb. Here are examples of the other supportingverbs:

difficult to be used to the fullest (i.e. used to the fullest with difficulty)NOT difficultto use to the fullest

sufficient to be pursued (i.e. worthy of being pursued) NOT worthytopursue

able/permissible to be met NOT permissibleto meet


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SECOND thing to remember: To use these supporting verbs in active structures it isnecessary to use a slightly differentpattern:

X + supporting verb + coverb + verb (X refers to the thing used tocarry out the main verb)

XVerb: X is easy to use to do VerbX

Verb: X is hard to use to do Verb

XVerb: X is sufficient to use to do VerbXVerb: X is feasible to use to do Verb

Compare the following passive and active uses of these supporting verbs

The person can be loved The heart can be used to love a person (literally:

theheart is feasible to be used to love aperson)

His laughter can be explained The affair of the woman in the mulberries canexplain his laughter (literally: isfeasible to be used

to explain)

*** As should be familiar to you at this point, the addition of the coverbtells us howaction of the verb was carried out.

THIRD thing to remember: As we saw in Lesson 7, this same pattern can be used with

the coverb (for, for the sake of, on behalf of), as in . Pleasereview the additional examples provided in the textbook and make sure that you can doall of the exercises on page 75.

Its feasible to make plans for Duke Huans sake

Its sufficient to arrive a thousand lifor Bo Les sake

Its difficult to practice filial piety for your fathers sake

Its easy to look for mulberries for my wifes sake

PRACTICE:

1. = The army can be disbanded. Viscount Jian of Zhaocan disband the army.

2. = Ale can be discarded. Confucius candiscard ale. Confucius can depart.

3. = The people can be governed. The people can govern. 4. =A good wife can be found. A good wife can get fish.

PRACTICE:

1. = The people are worthy of having the state governed for them.2. =Is a wicked ruler sufficient to honor the people?3. = There is no one in the mulberries worth abandoning your

wife for.

4. =A husband who possesses virtue is worth waiting for.


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5. =Its difficult to select a zither for Bo YaPRACTICE:

1. Its feasible to mobilize an army for Confucius=2. Its hard to listen to the birds for Master Guans sake =3. Master Zeng finds it hard to receive a city =4. Its sufficient to practice benevolence for my sons sake=5. In Lu there is no one for whose sake it is feasible to explain virtue =

2) Nominalizing clauses with(7.4) Please see Review Topics for Test 1 fornotes on different types of nominalization, esp. nominalization with.

In Lesson 7 we encountered a new type of nominalization with in which nominaliz es a whole sen tence, or to put it another way, brackets(i.e. sets off) thatsentence as a general topic of conversation. In English translation you will usually beable to translate this as thefact that,asfor the fact that,theact of:

As for the act of eating the rulersswift horse, this is not permissibleaccording to [standard]etiquette/propriety.

As for the husbands act of chasing a woman in the mulberry bushes,this is the behavior of a petty man. (OR, more fluidly:The husbandschasing women in the mulberry bushes is the behavior of a petty man;

NOTE howturns the entirety of the first half of the sentence into anoun, theact of)

** IMPORTANT:Note how does not refer to theone who,but rather to acomplete sentence of clause. BE CAREFUL TO CONSIDER THE ENTIRESENTENCE, NOT JUST THE PART MODIFIED BY. For example, if we

omitted from the second example, wed be left with .At first glance, the first half of this sentence () might look very

much like the standard onewhoform of(theone who chased the woman inthe mulberries). However,when we try to make sense of such a reading in the

context of the XYsentence, that reading is proved invalid. In other words,you cannot equate theone who chasedwith (behavior, conduct). It does,however, make perfect sense to describe theact of chasing,with the behaviorof a petty man.

is also frequently used in simple XY sentences to set off the X component as thetopic of the sentence, or to use the language of the textbook, as something being defined:

Peaches are the fruit of trees.

The swift horse is the object of the ruler.


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** Note howis preceded in the above examples by nouns as opposed to verbs.In this case it would be a little strange to say that nominalizes nouns (theyrealready nouns, so how can they be nominalized!).This should be enough of a clue

to indicate that is being used as part of an XY sentence in which the Xcomponent is being defined by the Y component.

3) Explanation Sentences (7.4) Explanation sentences rely on sentencenominalization(described above) and can be identified based on context and logic.

The fact that/ the reason why Xis because of Y

The fact that/the reason why Ji does not himself arrive a thousand li

is because he is waiting for/depending on Bo Le and only then arrives

PRACTICE:

1. = The reason why Viscount Jian of Zhao disbandedthe army was because he listened to Gong Lus words2. = The reason why the minister was loyal to the fullest to

the ruler was because the ruler cherished him

3. = The reason why Gong Lu obtained a wife was becausehe didnt know how to select mulberries

4. = The reason why Confucius put on tatteredclothing and plowed was because he did not receive a city from the duke

5. = The reason why Duke Huan raised troops andattacked Lu was because the Lord of Lu did not respect him

PRACTICE:

1. The reason why I dont love harps is because Bo Ya makes me listen to him =

2. The reason why my entire life I cultivate my conduct is because Master Guan formy sake explained it =

3. The reason why it is difficult to govern the state for the sake of the people isbecause the people do not know loyalty or filial piety =

4. The reason why you do not yourself wait for the duke is because Bo Le makes you

play the harp =

5. The reason why I assume that there are not worthy men in the world is becauseConfucius is dead =

LESSON 8

Lesson Text:


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Lesson Translation:

Duke Mu of Qin once went out and lost his swift horse; he went himself to search for it. Hesaw that some men had already killed his horse, and were just then together eating its flesh.Duke Mu said to them, That is my swift horse! The men were all frightened and stood up.Duke Mu said, I have heard that eating the flesh of a swift horse but not drinking the ale[with it] will kill a person. Immediately he gave them something to drink in turn. Thosewho had killed the horse went away ashamed. After three years, Jin attacked Duke Mu ofQin and besieged him. Those who in the past had eaten the flesh of the horse said to eachother, We can go out and die and repay the grace of having wine to drink with our horsemeat! They then broke the siege. In the end, Duke Mu was able by means of this to resolvehis difficulties and to triumph over Jin; he captured Duke Hui and in this way came home.This [is a case where] a favor was applied and good fortune came back from it.

Vocabulary:

Chinese Pinyin English

qin2 The state of Qin

mu4 Majestic, reverent

qin2 mu4 gong1 Duke Mu of Qin

chang2 1. To taste, toexperience, to try;test

2. In the past* wang2 To lose, to destroy, to die,

to be lost, to escape

jun4 Swift

ma3 Horse

yi3 1. Already; to end, tostop*

2. [Sentence-endingparticle]

sha1 To kill

gong4 Together; both

shi2 (#1,3)

si4 (#2)

1. Food, to eat*2. To cause to eat, to

feed

3. Rice, cooked grain rou4 Meat, flesh

wei4 1. To name, to assume,to think

2.

To say [to


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someone], [coverb]*

zhu1 1. [Particle: pluralmarker]*

2. [Fusion particle:+]

jie1 All, every

ju4 To fear, to dread; fear,timidity

ji2 1. Right then,immediately; then*

2. To go to, to proceedto

ci4 Sequence, order, next

can2 To be ashamed

ju1 1. To occupy [a place],to live [in a place]

2. To pass by (oftime)*

san1 Three; third; three times

nian2 Year

jin4 The state of Jin

wei2 1. To surround, tobesiege*

2. Hand-span(circumference)

wang3 shi2 The past, in the past

xiang1 (#1)

xiang4 (#2,3)

1. Mutually, eachother*

2. Governmentminister; to serve [a

state] as a

government minister

3. Physiognomy; fate,fortune, good

fortune

en1 Grace, favor, kindness,

mercy

yi3 [Final particle: emphasis or

completion of action]

sui4 1. Then, thereupon*2. To follow, to pursue

kui4 To scatter, to destroy; to be

scattered, to be destroyed

zu2 (#1-3)

cu4 (#4)

cui4 (#5)

1. Finally, in the end*2. To die3. Foot soldier4. Hastily5. To crowd, to throng


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sheng4 To triumph over, to defeat,

to be superior to; victory

huo4 To catch, to obtain

hui4 gong1 Duke Hui

Grammar:

Suppressed Coverb Objects(8.2, 8.3) This should be fairly familiar by now. Pleasereview commentary items 8.2 and 8.3. Coverbs usually come before main verb(sometimes after) followed by a coverb-object.

The horse killed the duke with its hoofs

It is with an army that Viscount Jian besieges the state of Lu

Duke Mu killed the horses for the sake of his troops

The horse put out its hoofs and killed the duke with them

Viscount Jian raised troops and besieged the state of Lu with them

You love to eat fish; Ill catchthem for you

The duke cultivates kindness and justice and by means of themgoverns the people

PRACTICE:1. = I returned the horse, and, by means of that, made the

people love me / I returned the horse in order to make the people love me2. = The lord who does good is in awe of his own

ministers, and by means of that, he listens to their remonstrances3. = A worthy knight cultivates virtue all his life, and,

by means of that, he waits to die for his lord4. =Birds roost in tall trees, and, by means of that,

they obtain things that they like to eat

PRACTICE:

1.

Confucius said to the duke, If horses fear each other, then they will be free = 2. The soldiers finally succeeded in attacking Lu, and, by means of that, they killed

the I ruler who was strumming the harp =3. To defeat the army and break the siegethis is what I hope for =

4. Although the men together ate the horse, I was just then ashamed of it =

5. Duke Mu commanded that if there were people who ate his escaped horses, hewould kill them one by one =

6. Why are the people ashamed? They are unable to repay my lords kindness of thepast =


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7. The ministers together planned, and by means of that, they solved the difficulty =

8. After three years went by, Jin immediately sent people to present Confucius with ahorse. Confucius said to them, I have lost a horse before; I am unable to valuethem. Please return it to the duke=

versus (8.4) See textbook p.86 and also the first group of practice exerciseson page 75. (SEE 7.3 PRACTICE EXERCISES)

= The people can be governed= The people can govern

LESSON 9

Lesson Text:

Lesson Translation:

Mizi Xia was loved by the Lord of Wei. The law of the state of Wei was thatanyone who drove the lords carriage unlawfully would be punished by having

his feet cut off. Mizi Xias mother was ill; someone heard of this, and at nightwent to inform him. Mizi Xia drove the lords carriage without authorizationand went out. The lord heard of this and thought him worthy. He said, How

filial! For the sake/reason of his mother, he committed a crime worthy ofhaving his feet cut off! The lord was strolling in his orchard, Mizi Xia ate a

peach and found it sweet,so he didnt finish it and offered [the rest] to the lord.

The lord said, He loves me and disregards its taste! When Mizi Xias looks

faded and [the lords] love slackened, he offended the lord. The lord said,

This man indeed once usurped the use of mycarriage, and moreover he once

fed me the remains of a peach! Therefore, though Mizi Xias conduct did notnecessarily change from before, the reason why he was first considered worthyand afterward offended was because of the change that arose from love to hate.

Vocabulary:

Chinese Pinyin English

mi2 Increasingly

xia2 Flaw, blemish (usually of


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gems or jewels)

mi2 zi3 xia2 Mizi Xia

wei4 1. State of Wei*2. Guards, guardsmen

fa3 Rule, law, custom

qie4 1. Secretly, withoutauthorization*2. To steal

jia4 To drive a carriage; carriage

ju1 Cart, carriage, chariot

yue4 Cutting off the feet (form of

punishment)

mu3 Mother

ji2 1. Sick; illness; ache,aching, sore*

2. Swift, rapidly3.

To criticize, to hate ye4 Night; at night, nightly

gao4 To announce, to request;

announcement

shan4 To monopolize, to usurp;

for ones own use; selfishly

gu4 1. Reason;consequently,

deliberately;

deliberate action*

2. Previously, before,in the past;

precedent,

consistency

fan4 To commit a crime, to

violate, to sin against;

offense, crime

you2 To travel about, to have fun,

to play, to associate [with

friends]

guo3 Fruit; to pan out, to result;

as expected

yuan2 Garden

tao2 Peach, peach tree; peach

blossom

gan1 Sweet; to be sweet, to find

sweet; to spoil [a child];

indulge

feng4 1. To offer [to asuperior], to accept

[from a superior]*

2. Service, attendance


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wang4 To forget

kou3 Mouth, opening

wei4 Taste; to taste

ji2 1. To reach to, toextend to, to come

up to [in quality]

2.

When the time camethat.*

3. And (connectsnouns)

se4 Color, attractiveness,

surface appearance; facial

expression; sexuality

shuai1 To wither, to decline, to

wane, to weaken

chi2 To grow slack, to grow

weak

de2 zui4 yu2 To offend

jiao2 To falsify, to fake, to

pretend, to forge; falsely,

under false pretenses

yu2 Leftover, remaining, extra

wei4 Not yet, never

bi4 To be necessary, to have to;

necessarily

wei4 bi4 Not necessarily, not

inevitably

bian4 To change, to alter; change,

alteration; disaster

chu1 Beginning; initially, from

the beginning, at first,

earlier

qian2 Front, formerly, at first; to

come forward, to step

forward

zeng1 To hate, to detest

Grammar:

Passive Structures with (9.2) The basic pattern for an explicit passiveconstruction takes the following form:

Passive subject + passive verb ++ actor

Passive subject (recipient of action) + action + + actorOr:


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[]

** IMPORTANT:As we have seen, the mere presence ofdoes not indicate apassive construction. You will need to be attentive to the syntax of the sentenceand the context.

=Mizi Xia was loved by the Lord of Wei= The horse was eaten by the people of Qin= The duke governs the people and the people are governed by the duke= Confucius was trusted by Zengzi

Passive Structures with (9.3) A second passive construction usesin amanner similar to the modern Mandarin

Passive subject + + verbOr:

**NOTE:The last example combines both passive structures in order to tell usboth who performs some action (the act of being considered worth) and the onesacted upon (those rulers who rule their states with virtue). Make sure you canyou identify the structure being used in the first half of this example?

PRACTICE:

1. Bo Yas harp was heard by his mother =2. The bird was killed in the field =3. Filial piety is practiced in the state of Qin = 4. When the state was attacked, the rulers carriage was stolen by the troops =

5. The lonely husband was laughed at by the people of Zhao =

Putative Verb Usage (9.4) Putativeuse of a noun or adjective means the use of anoun or adjective such that toAXmeans to call X Aor to consider X to be A

Note: For purposes of later review it will also be useful to express this in terms of LC:

putativeuses of A, as in expressions like A ToA itcan be paraphrased in LC asA Tocall/consider it A. We see this sort of use for example in The ruler heard of this, and considered him worthy.Compare with causative verbs (4.3)and stative verbs (2.4).


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Various Uses of (9.5) Indicates reason or motive; can also be usedas an adverb.

For the reason of his mother, he committed afoot-chopping crime


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LESSON 10

Vocabulary: Grammar:

Temporal Clauses and Nominalization with(10.2) Nominalizationwith uses the possessiveto change a sentence into a noun phrase. This is done simply byplacing the possessivebetween the original sentencessubjectand the rest ofthe sentence. In general, for a sentence with the meaning P, the result of nominalizing

with will be a noun phrase meaning (thefact) that P,although we may have to adaptthe specific way we translate the phrase depending on the specific context. In someinstances we may be able to translate this type of phrase with English counterparts thatalso use possessives (such as 's), though this will not always work. We can see thisbothwith very simple sentences as well as with more complicated-looking ones. Forexample:

Zhuan Zhu is worthy.becomes

[The fact]that Mizi Xia is worthy, or, to express theidea using a possessive construction in English: MiziXiasworthiness/Mizi Xias being worthy.

The more complex sentence,

Duke Mu of Qin fled Qin and went () to Jin.becomes

... [The fact]that Duke Mu of Qin fled Qin and went toJin, or: Duke Mu of Qins fleeing of Qin and going toJin

It might be useful at this point to review and contrast the three ways we have learned tonominalize various structures:

1) Recall how nominalizing is used with verb phrases to create noun phrasesreferring to the agentsof those verb actions. For example, if we nominalize the verb

phrase ([someone] kills the king) we get

(the one who kills the king), anoun phrase that refers to the person (agent) who kills the king (the rest of our

hypothetical sentence might go on to tell us something about this person - (the one who killed the king was my mother).2) , on the other hand, is used with verbs or prepositions (coverbs) to create nounphrases referring to the objects of those verb actions or the objects of the

prepositions. In the above example, the action () was nominalized so that it referred

to my mother (), the 'one who killed.' If we nominalize the same verb with the

particle , the new noun phrase refers to the recipient of the action, or "the onewho is killed" or "that which is killed" or "what is killed" or "who is killed," depending


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on context. If you want to speak of the thing used to do the killing, you would use the

coverb, as in the following example (for more on this see 10.3):

Literally: What (or, that which) my mother used tokill the king was a chariot.

3) By contrast, instead of referring to a specific component of the sentence such as an

agent or an object (like and respectively), nominalizing with creates a nounphrase that refers instead to the whole state of affairs described in the sentence. If weapply each type of nominalization to a basic action-type example from one of our textswe might get:

Action type: (Gong Lu laughs at the neighbor husband)Nominalizing with : (The one who laughs is Gong Lu)Nominalizing with : (What Gong Lu laughs at is the


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neighbor husband)

Nominalizing with : (Gong Lu's laughing at the neighborhusband... or: [The fact]that Gong Lu laughs at hisneighbor)

Note that nominalizes the original action type sentence in its entirety, and creates anew noun phrase. This is not an independent sentence; it is simply a noun phrase! Inprinciple, noun phrases formed with nominalizing may be used in sentences in any ofthe ways that nouns are generally used:as subjects or predicates in XYsentences; assubjects or objects of verbs in action-type sentences, or as objects of prepositions(coverbs) in adverbial phrases. Note also that even in sentences where the subject m ightnot have been explicitly stated in a given context, we can still use the pattern of

nominalization with by making use of the fact that the possessive pronoun stands for a noun plus possessive . Thus in lesson 10 when the Chu minister says,

... On behalf of his coming, I request to be allowed to tieup aperson

we understand the as standing for the implied subject, Yan Ying, plus possessiveparticle:'.' The complete phrase without the possessive pronoun wouldbe:',' or 'Yan Ying's coming.' In the example from Lesson 10, the full noun

phrase that results from nominalization with () serves as the object of thepreposition (coverb) (on behalf of; for; for the sake of). Also, take care to rememberthe convention of concluding a -nominalized phrase with to create a temporalclause (see 10.2). Unfortunately contextual factors (in addition to the presence of where it might not otherwise appear), and not any specific grammatical feature of thenoun phrase itself, are what tell us we need to understand this construction astemporal.

(202854862) test 2 review notes

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