2025-22 satellite navigation science and...
TRANSCRIPT
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2025-22
Satellite Navigation Science and Technology for Africa
Ehsani Reza
23 March - 9 April, 2009
University of Florida, IFASCitrus Research and Education Center CREC
700 Experimental Station RoadLake Alfred FL 33850-2299
U.S.A.
Precision Agriculture
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Reza EhsaniAssistant Professor
Precision Agriculture
Department of Agricultural and Biological EngineeringUniversity of Florida
Satellite Navigation Science and Technology for AfricaTrieste – Italy
23 March 2009 - 9 April 2009
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ObjectivesProvide an overview of:
Navigation and field guidance systems in agriculturePrecision Agriculture conceptPrecision Agriculture components
Yield monitoring and yield mappingSensors and data collection methodsRemote sensing for agricultureGeographic Information Systems (GIS)Data analysisVariable Rate Application (VRT)
Socio-Economic Issues
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Field Guidance
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Traditional Guidance Aids
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Foam Marker Applicator
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Desired line (green line)Desired line (green line)Actual tractor position Actual tractor position
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AutosteeringGuidance Systems
RTK-basedAutosteering Systems
DGPS-basedAutosteering Systems
Light-Bar Guidance Steering Aids
Field Guidance Systems
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Light-bar Guidance Steering Aids
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Autosteering Systems
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EZ-Steer
Trim
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Increase Productivity and Efficiency of Field Operations
Reduce driver fatigue and stress
Ability to drive at night or under poor visibility
Using less experienced drivers
Possibly increase of application speed
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Benefits of Autosteering Systems
Increase productivity and efficiency of field operations
Facilitates the adoption of new and innovative field practices
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Facilitates the Adoption of New and Innovative Field Practices
Controlled trafficStrip-till for cornStrip cropping corn and soybeansPrecise spraying to minimize overlap and skips
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Other Benefits Include
Perfect guess rows Ability to produce “ as applied map”Creating a precise topographic map of the fieldEliminating conventional markers, or foam.
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Applications of Guidance Systems
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Managing Compaction…
Controlled TrafficMore axlesMore tiresBigger tiresRubber tracksSubsoiling
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Mitchell’s Family
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Strip-Tillage
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RTK Nozzle Control Eliminates Overlap due to Waterways
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Autonomous Guidance
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Precision Agriculture - Definition
It is the technique of applying the right amount of input (fertilizer, pesticide, water etc.) at the right location at the righttime to enhance production , decrease input, and/or protect the environment.
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Precision AgricultureSite-Specific Crop Management (SSCM)
Farming by-the-foot
Farming soils and not fields
Prescription farming
Environmentally-friendly farming
Information-based crop production
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History of Precision Agriculture
PostPost--Modern EraModern EraBigger is betterBigger is better
PrecisionPrecisionAgricultureAgriculture
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Yield Monitor & Yield Map
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Climate
SoilWaterDisease
NutrientsYieldYield
Weeds
Plant
Input- Output Relationship
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Data Collection
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Elements of Precision Agriculture
Yield Monitor
SoilNutrients
DiseasePests
Weeds
DataCollection
VRT
Field
GIS
Prescription
Map
GPS
Where and What
Why and So What
Do What and Where
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Precision AgricultureWhat is the yield at this point?
Yield monitoring and location (GPS)Why is the yield high/low here?
Geographic Information System (GIS) and GPS
What can we do to increase yield or reduce input at this point?
Variable Rate Technology (VRT) and GPS
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Elements of Precision Agriculture
Yield monitoring
Gathering input data
Establishing input - output relationships
Developing prescription maps
Applying inputs on a site-specific basis
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Yield Monitoring
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Yield monitoring is the process of continuously recording the grain mass flow through the combine and integrating it with location and grain moisture information.
Yield Monitoring
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Types of Yield Monitors
GrainWheat, Soybean, Corn, Barley, etc.
Non-GrainPotatoes, CarrotsTomatoes, Grapes, StrawberriesCotton, Forage crops
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Yield Map
YieldLocation• DGPS
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What Do We Need to Know to Determine the Crop Yield?
Grain flow rate through the combineArea covered
AreavolumeMassYield /
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MassVV
TTForce12
)12(
V1
V2
eVV12
e depends on crops
Impact Type Mass Flow Sensor
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Components of A Yield Monitor
Ground Speed Sensor
Elevator Speed Sensor
Moisture Sensor
Header PositionSwitch
UK Precision Ag
Mass Flow SensorGPS
DisplayConsole
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Weigh roller
Carrot Yield Monitor
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Profile Yield Sensor Array
Yield Monitor for Grape Harvester
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Scale
Tomato Yield Monitor
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Citrus Mechanical Harvesters
Continuous Canopy Shaker
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Yield Data Contains Useful Information
Soil Type ProductivityVariety & Soil TypeHerbicide & VarietyDisease & VarietyFertility LevelOrganic Matter & Variety
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Yield Map
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Flow
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Speed
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Duration
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Field EfficiencyField Efficiency = harvest time/total time= 61% for the field shownDepends on
Field shapeTurnsPluggingUnloadingOther time losses
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Factors influencing yield variationsLittle Control
Soil TextureClimateTopographyHidden features
Possible Control
Soil StructureAvailable waterWater-loggingNutrient levelspH LevelTrace element levelsWeed competitionPests and diseases
Earl etal 1996
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Soil sensorsPlant sensorsRemote sensing
Aerial images
Cost Effective Data Collection
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Soil Sensors
Electrical Conductivity (EC)Soil Texture Compaction Index (TCI) sensorSoil organic matter sensorSoil pH sensor
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VERIS Technologies EC Device
Soil Electrical Conductivity
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EC MapYield MapYield Map
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EC Ms/m
Soil Survey EC Ms/m
N
Resistance is measuredResistance is measuredat 1ft and 3ft depths andat 1ft and 3ft depths and
recorded as EC.recorded as EC.
EC maps can help identify zones of variable moisture which may help in vineyard planning and
management.
Application of EC Survey for Vineyard Site Selection
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Soil Sensor
Soil Moisture SensorLoad Pins
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64
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Hyperspectral ImagingHyperspectral Imaging
HLB Infected Tree
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Application of handheld computers, GPS, and GIS software for crop scouting
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Rugged PCs
AgLeader SMS MobileTrimble GeoXH
Farm Works Titan RT
RuggedizedTablet
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Pocket PC
Without GPS With GPS
HP iPAQ rx5910HP iPAQ hx4700
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Agricultural Robots
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Variable Rate Application
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Variable Rate Technology (VRT)
VRT consists of machines and systems for applying desired rate of crop production materials at a specific location
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Types of VRT
Sensor BaseNo GPS
Map Based
ApplicationControllerSensor
ApplicationControllerApplicationMap
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Tree Canopy MeasurmentLaser scanner(SICK LMS200)
Inertial sensor(VG440-CA)
Garmin GPS(GPS18-5Hz)
Serial-to-USB adapter(Sealevel 2403)
Notebook computer(CPU: 2.0 GHz)
LabVIEW
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Tree Canopy Measurement
Scanned tree images
D<1m or D>5m1m <= D < 1.6m1.6m <= D < 2.2m2.2m <= D < 2.8m2.8m <= D < 3.4m
3.4m <= D <= 5m
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Variable-rate Technologies for Fertilizer Application
M&D 3.5 Ton Unit (split belt-chain)
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Mid-Tech valve(servo type)
Dickey-John valve(PWM proportional type)
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Sensor Based Nitrogen Application
Sensor
GPS Antenna
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Controller
Ground Speed Sensor
Actuator
Set-point Map Flow meter
Variable Rate Technology (VRT)
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Basis for Variable Rate Application Map
Soil TypeSoil Electrical ConductivityPrevious Yield/ Historic InformationElevationFertility (Soil Sampling)Aerial Images (Bare Soil Image)
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AgLeader PF3100VRT Seeding Application Map
Ground SpeedRadar Gun
Rawson Accu-Rate Processor
Rawson Single Drive
Single Drive Variable Rate SeedingSystem
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VRT Fertilizer Applicators
Spinner Disc
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Variable Rate8 Rows24,444 – 31,111 – 37,77seeds/acre
Uniform Rate8 Rows28,400 seeds/acre
Variable Rate Seeding Corn
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Normalized Yield
S o y b e a n P la n ti ng P o p u la t io n13 5 0 0 0 (7 9 .6 a c .)15 0 0 0 0 (6 6 .0 a c .)18 0 0 0 0 (1 6 .0 a c .)
Variable rate seed map
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VRT Sprayer
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Seed Mapping
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Planter Instrumentation
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REMOTE SENSINGA Cost Effective Source of Data for Precision Agriculture
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What is remote sensing?
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Typical Visible and NIR Reflectance Spectrum ofHealthy Green Plants
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2300 24000
10
20
30
40
50
VISIBLE NEAR IR MIDDLE IR
380
nm
720
nm
1300
nm
CH
LOR
OP
HY
LL A
BS
OR
PT
ION
450
nm
GR
EE
N R
EFL
EC
TA
NC
E P
EA
K 5
40nm
CH
LOR
OP
HY
LL A
BS
OR
PT
ION
650
nm
"RE
DE
DG
E"
~700
nm
960n
m
1.1u
m
WA
TE
R A
BS
OR
PT
ION
1.4
um
MID
-IR
PE
AK
1.6
um
WA
TE
R A
BS
OR
PT
ION
1.9
um
MID
-IR
RE
FLE
CT
AN
CE
PE
AK
2.2
um
UV
RE
FLE
CT
AN
CE
(%
)
LEAF PIGMENTS LEAF CELL STRUCTURE WATER ABSORPTION
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WHAT ARE REFLECTANCE SPECTRA?
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2300 24000
10
20
30
40
50
VISIBLE NEAR IR MIDDLE IR
380
nm
720
nm
1300
nm
UV
RE
FLE
CT
AN
CE
(%
)LEAF PIGMENTS LEAF CELL STRUCTURE WATER ABSORPTION
CANOLA
DRY SOIL
CLEAR WATER
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Yield Map NDVI Map
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……Electromagnetic SpectrumElectromagnetic Spectrum (Light(Light++))
……incoming light is incoming light is preferentiallypreferentiallyabsorbed (reflected) absorbed (reflected) depending on plant depending on plant physiologyphysiology
SpeciesSpeciesPhotosynthesisPhotosynthesisWater ContentWater Content ((BerryBerry))
Remote Sensing
[1][1]
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Crop-Scan Radiometer
450-520 nm 520-600 nm 630-690 nm 760-900 nm
1550-1750 nm
Landsat-7
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Nitrogen sensors Weed sensors
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A healthy plants would look like a huge snowstorm hit, and things would be very bright:
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NIR and Water
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NIR and Water
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Oblique Aerial Photos (Panchromatic)
Images can be manipulated to overlay existing precision farming data such as yield data, pH, etc.
Lines depicting problem areas can be easily hand-drawn on maps
Above left: Tobacco Ringspot Virus on soybeans?
Above right: tile lines or planter/sprayer problems?
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Oblique Aerial Photos (B&W IR, CIR)
Note the variability from one day to the next, due to rain on June 29
Different soil drainage classes are often revealed following a rainfall event
Until a full canopy is established, soil response directly contributes to image
Mature crops (Sep 17) still reveal the basic soil pattern, even though no soil is visible
JUNE 30 JULY 1
JULY 2 AUG 11
SEP 17 OCT 8
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With readily available components: a pair of cheap digital cameras, an infrared filter, a tethered helium balloon, radio control servos and transmitter, we can gather over-head images of field crops. Simultaneous IR and VIS bands are captured with the 2 cameras.The RGB bands are recombined in Adobe Photoshop to create false color infrared images. This low cost system (under $800.00), is a useful tool for educational and agronomic applications.
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This image of early season corn may help locate and explain yield variability.
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Strawberry Patch in May 2002:The 2 left photos were taken by Geo- Vantage flown at 2000 ft. The above photo was taken the same day with an Intel PC camera flown at 500 ft.
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Wireless TechnologyWireless technology is not a new concept in agriculture.
CB RadioCellular phone Radio, TV
Ability to integrate low-cost computers,wireless networks, and the internet forautomatic data collection, control and decision support is a new idea.
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Filed Monitoring ServerFMS is a low-cost internet-based data collecting, networking and storing system.Developed by the Computational Modeling Laboratory at the National Agricultural Research Center (NARC) in Japan.
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FPAA
Field
Programmable
Analog
Array
20 OP-AMPResistorCapacitorCross-bar Switch
Multiplier Soil-moisture sensor
EC sensor
Plant moisture sensor
Humidity sensor
pH Pressure Acceleration
Infrared-Visible LED/LD
Visible-Ultraviolet sensor
Microphone/Vibration sensor
Speaker/Ultrasonic emitter
RF antenna
FPAA
Field
Programmable
Analog
Array
20 OP-AMPResistorCapacitorCross-bar Switch
Multiplier Soil-moisture sensor
EC sensor
Plant moisture sensor
Humidity sensor
pH Pressure Acceleration
Infrared-Visible LED/LD
Visible-Ultraviolet sensor
Microphone/Vibration sensor
Speaker/Ultrasonic emitter
RF antenna
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On-farm ApplicationsWeatherGrain StorageIrrigationLivestock FacilitiesFrost ProtectionEquipment Location and PerformanceSurveillance and SecurityRemote Access and Monitoring
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Real- Time Monitoring on the Farm
Data Analysis
Wireless Data Transfer
Data Acquisition
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Frost Protection in Vineyards
Air TemperatureRelative humidity
Corrective Action
Heater onSprinkler onFogger onIrrigation system on
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FMS in Greenhouses
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Cyber Farmer
Computer with micro-monitor
Wireless field server
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Economics
Wheat, Corn, Soybean ($5 to 20/ acre?)
Sugar beet ($25 - 100/acre or higher?)
How about High-Value crops?
Price of information?
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Social Impacts?
Rural employment ?
Who will provide the service?
Big versus Small farmer?