20201027 peter pres...2020/10/27 · oberwil-lieli wettswil aescha.a. birmensdorf oberglatt...
TRANSCRIPT
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Wasserversorgung
Groundwater Monitoring
Rahel Oechslin / Andreas Peter
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Stadt Zürich
Wasserversorgung
Overview of the presentation
Introduction
Analytical strategy
- Inorganic parameters
- Organic parameters
- Sampling time intervals
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Stadt Zürich
Wasserversorgung
City of Zurich
- 450’000 inhabitants
67 municipalities
- 500’000 inhabitants
- 660 km2 supply area
Supply area of Zurich Water Supply
Zurich
Bachs Hoch-
felden Bülach
Rorbas
Uitikon
Killwangen
Embrach
Dättlikon
Pfungen
Wiesen-
dangen
Elsau
Elgg
Schlatt
ZellKyburgTurbenthal
Wila
Sternenberg
WeisslingenWild-
berg
Russikon
Fehraltorf Bauma
PfäffikonHittnau
Bäretswil
Wetzikon
HinwilGossau
Rüti
Dürnten
Bubikon
Egg
Hombrechtikon
Mönch-
altorf
Grüningen
Stäfa
Oetwil a.S.Meilen
Herrliberg
Ober-
EmbrachBrütten
Lindau
WinterthurHöri
Nieder-
weningen
Ober-
weningen
Rümlang
KlotenNürens-
dorf
Lufingen
Bachen-
bülach
Winkel
Bassers-
dorfOpfikon-
Glattbrugg
Wallisellen
Illnau-
Effretikon
Dietli-
kon
Uster
See-
gräben
Volketswil
Wangen-
Brüttisellen
Dübendorf
Greifen
-see
Schwerzen-
bachFällanden
MaurZumikon
Zollikon
Wädenswil
Horgen
Hirzel
Wollerau
Hütten
Schönen-
berg
Menzingen
Baar Neuheim
Thalwil
Kappel a.A.
Hausen
a.A.
Rifferswil
Zug
ChamStein-
hausen
Hünenberg
Masch-
wanden
Knonau
Obfelden
Ottenbach
Mettmen-
stetten
Langnau
a.A.
Aeugst
a.A.
Richters-
wil
Uetikon
a.S.
Affoltern
a.A.
Adliswil
Hedingen
Bon-
stetten
Stallikon
Arni
Jonen
IslisbergUnterlunkhofen
Oberlunkhofen
Zufikon
Berikon
Oberwil-
Lieli
Wettswil
a.A.Aesch
Birmensdorf
Oberglatt
Nieder-
glatt
Eggenwil
WidenRudolfstetten-
Friedlisberg
Urdorf
Schöfflis-
dorf
Neer-
ach
Steinmaur
Dielsdorf
Buchs
Regens-
berg
Schlei-
nikon
Boppelsen
Nieder-
hasli
RegensdorfDän-
ikon
Würenlos
Otelfingen
Hüttikon
Ober-
engstringen
Schlieren
Weiningen
Untereng-
stringen
Gerolds-
wil
Oetwil
a.d.L.
Spreitenbach
Dietikon
Bergdietikon
Dällikon
Küsnacht
Oberrieden
Rüschli-
kon
Kilch-
berg
Männe-
dorf
Erlenbach
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Stadt Zürich
Wasserversorgung
Lengg
Lake Water Plant
Sihlbrugg
Spring Water Plant
Moos
Lake Water Plant
Hardhof
Groundwater Plant
Water treatment plants
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Stadt Zürich
Wasserversorgung
Quality control in the laboratory
Microbiology (Germs, bacteria)
Limnology (Algae, Plankton)
Chemistry(inorganic compounds, DOC)
Trace compounds(target analysis of organic
compounds and screening
methods)
24 full-time equivalents
>10'000 water samples
> 1'000 analytical parameters
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Stadt Zürich
Wasserversorgung
On-line monitoring
Physical-chemical parameters are constantly recorded.
Sensitive organisms, such as Daphnia species, are used as real-time bio-
monitors.
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Stadt Zürich
Wasserversorgung
construction : 1934/1973, capacity: 150‘000 m3/day
Hardhof Groundwater Plant
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Stadt Zürich
Wasserversorgung
Hardhof Groundwater Plant
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Stadt Zürich
Wasserversorgung
Hardhof Groundwater Plant
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Stadt Zürich
Wasserversorgung
Sampling sites
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Stadt Zürich
Wasserversorgung
Legal requirements
Drinking water is part of the foodstuff regulation. It defines limits
for chemical and microbiological quality parameters
("Höchstwerte").
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Stadt Zürich
Wasserversorgung
Drinking water quality:
Metals > LOQ
Element Health risk Analytical
method
Limit value
(µg/L)
LOQ
(µg/L)
Max. conc
(µg/L)
As Black foot disease ICP-MS 10 0.5 0.7
B teratogenic ICP-MS 1000 5 12
U Nephritis ICP-MS 30 0.5 0.6
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Stadt Zürich
Wasserversorgung
Occurrence of boron (B)
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Stadt Zürich
Wasserversorgung
Element Health risk Analytical
method
Limit value
(µg/L)
LOQ
(µg/L)
Max. conc
(µg/L)
Al Discussed controversially
(Alzheimer’s disease)ICP-MS 200 5 < LOQ
Cd Accumulation in the kidneys, flue-
like symptomsICP-MS 3 0.05 < LOQ
Cr because of Cr(VI) ICP-MS 50 0.5 < LOQ
Cr (VI) Carcinogenic (liver, kidney),
genotoxicityIC-ICP-MS 20 0.05 < LOQ
Cu Gastrointestinal irritation
headache, vomiting, diarrhea)ICP-MS 1000 0.5 < LOQ
Hg Kidney damage, tumors, genotox.
activityAtomic emission
fluorescence
1 0.01 < LOQ
Ni Dermatitis ICP-MS 20 0.5 < LOQ
Pb Neurological effects, renal
function, fertility affectedICP-MS 10 0.5 < LOQ
Sb strong irritating effect on the
gastrointestinal mucosa, cancerICP-MS - 1 < LOQ
Se Gastrointestinal disturbances,
decayed teeth, hair or nail lossICP-MS 10 1 < LOQ
Drinking water quality:
Metals < LOQ (selection)
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Stadt Zürich
Wasserversorgung
Drinking water quality:
Anionic species and ammonia
Compound Health risk Analytical
method
Limit value
(µg/L)
LOQ
(µg/L)
Max. conc
(µg/L)
Cyanide Hypoxia Photometry 50 2 < LOQ
Fluoride Dental and skeletal fluorosis IC 1'500 3 80
Ammonia No health risk (but oxidation to
nitrite, nitrate)Photometry 100 3 < LOQ
Nitrite shortness of breath, cyanosis Photometry 100 1 1.6
Chloride Taste IC - 150 11'000
Sulfate Taste (laxative effect ) IC - 240 15'000
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Stadt Zürich
Wasserversorgung
Drinking water quality:
Organic compounds
Compound Health risk Analytical
method
Limit value
(µg/L)
LOQ
(µg/L)
Max. conc
(µg/L)
HCFCs, e.g.
Tetrachloroethene
Possible carcinogen, nervous
systemGC/MS 10 0.02 0.40
Benzo[a]pyren Carcinogenic GC/MS 0.01 0.005 <LOQ
PAHs Carcinogenic GC/MS 0.1 0.005 <LOQ
BTEX (Benzene,
Toluene, Ethyl benzene,
Xylene)
Liver, kidney, nervous
system, cancerGC/MS 3 0.02 <LOQ
PCBs Enriched in the fat tissue and
human milk, liver, cancerGC/MS - (US-EPA
0.5 µg/L)
0.005 <LOQ
Hydrocarbon Oil
Index C10-C40
? GC/MS 20 not analyzed by WVZ
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Stadt Zürich
Wasserversorgung
Tetrachloroethene
Contamination probably from a nearby industrial site and not from
the waste disposal site
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Stadt Zürich
Wasserversorgung
In addition to the chemical monitoring parameters,
microbiological monitoring is essential for drinking
water control.
Monitoring parameters:
• Heterotrophic plate counts (HPC; cfu)
• E.coli (fecal indicator)
• Enterococcus (fecal indicator)
• Total cell counts (flow cytometry)
Drinking water quality:
Microbiological parameters
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Stadt Zürich
Wasserversorgung
Sampling intervals:
Groundwater wells: 4 - 12 /y
Groundwater sampling sites: 1 - 2 /y
Online at 14 sampling sites: Electric conductivity (dissolved salts)
Drinking water quality:
Sampling intervals
Groundwater flow rate: 5 - 10 m/d
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Stadt Zürich
Wasserversorgung
Drinking water
from the Hardhof
ground water
plant is safe to
drink!