2020 design question - mit6.101 spring 2020 lecture 10 2 2020 design question •when landline...
TRANSCRIPT
• Sensors/Actuators• Opto‐isolators• Triacs• Final Project• CIM
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 1
Quiz 3/19/2020• Start time: 2:35PM to 3:55PM• Notes: one sheet handwritten – double sided
• Calculator allowed – no data retrieval• Quiz questions based on psets, lecture notes through Lecture 11, lab exercise 1‐5– Resonance– Diodes, BJT, MOSFET, JFET circuit– Op‐amps– 1 design problem
• Check your grades!
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 2
2020 Design Question
• When landline telephone rings and in use, room sound system volume decreases by 6db
• Ring signal: 20Hz 70vpp centered at zero• In use voltage: 10VDC• Input impedance 100K min• Response time <0.2 sec
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 3 6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 4
Ring signal: 20Hz 70vppcentered at zero
In use voltage: 10VDCInput impedance 100K minResponse time <0.2 secLED 2V, 10ma6db attenuation
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 5
Heart Rate & Step Monitoring circa 2000
20002015
Sensors/Actuators
• MEMS• Gyros• Triacs• Opto‐isolators• Voice Coils• Electret Microphones• Servos• Motors
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 6
MEMS Accelerometers
• MEMS – MicroElectroMechanical Systems• MEMS components generally 1‐100 microns• Silicon based – MEMS device fabricated on same silicon as circuits
• Analog circuits key to MEMS
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 7
Movement sensing
• Accelerometers– Acceleration – movement from one point to another
– Tilt sensing – measures inclination/angle wrt to gravity
• Gyroscopes– Rotation sensing – measures angular rate.
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 8
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 9
Differential Capacitors*
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 10*6.777J OCW
Differential Capacitors
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 11
sVCCCCV
21
210
With movement a displacement current is generated.
ADI XL50 1 Axis Accelerometer
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 12
2 Axis Acceleromter
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 13
ADXL325 – 3 Axis Accelerometer
• 3-axis accelerometer now used in cell phones, games, iPods, laptops, 6.1xx projects
3 Axis 5G accelerometer
14Lecture 106.101 Spring 2020
Mems
• Passenger sensor• Tire pressure sensor• Airbag deployment• 6.101 Project
– Measure speed/strength– Macro size Mems– Labyrinth game– Step counter
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 15
Gyroscope
• Mems based• Applications
– Image stabilization (cameras)– Rollover sensor (auto‐airbags)– Robot arm control
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 16
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 1017
Credit: STMicroelectronics
Thrysistors ‐ Triacs
• Triac – Triode for Alternative Current• Applications: solid state relays, lights, motors, power systems.
• Operation– When gate current exceeds Igt, device conducts
– Four quadrants: • Q1: G+, MT2+• Q2: G‐, MT2+• Q3: G‐, MT2‐• Q4: G+, MT2‐
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 18
MT2
MT1
G
MAC97 Triac
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 19
Max Rating
$0.54
MAC97 Triac
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 20
Trigger
High Current Triacs
$1.80
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 21
Triac – Operating Environment
• Large dv/dt may cause triacs to turn on. • di/dt during turn on must be limited.• Limit with snubber network: RC
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 22
Optoisolators
• Electrically isolate circuits in two voltage domains
• Isolator achieved through vacuum or air gap
• Typical isolation: 5000 volts rms
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 23 6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 24
$.37
$.90
$.71
LTV847 Max Ratings
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 25
LTV‐847
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 26
What is Common?
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 27
Voice Coil
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 28
services.eng.uts.edu.au/cempe/subjects_JGZ/ems/ems_ch11_ppt.pdf
Electret Microphones
• Condenser mic with permanent permanently charge diaphram
• Inexpensive ~$1• Reasonable frequency response• Built in JFET for amplification
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 29
*
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electret_condenser_microphone_schematic.png
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 30
CMA-4544PF
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 31
Stepper Motors
• DC motors with permanent motors and multiple coils around the body.
• Coils are turned on and off in sequence to cause the motor to turn.
• Because the coils are turned on and off they are easy to control with microcomputer and digital circuits. At any given time, the position of the shaft is known.
• Holding torque requires power.
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 32
www.sparkfun.com/products/9238
$15
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 33
Servos
• Servos are motors with electronic circuitry that controls the angular position of the shaft based on a control signal. If the angle is incorrect the motor is turned on until the correct position is reach.
• Angular position controlled by a 0 – 2.0 ms pulse width.
www.sparkfun.com/products/10189
$12
20KPPS Galvonometer
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 34
Parts
• Free parts from Texas Instruments
• Free parts from and Analog Deviceshttps://form.analog.com/Form_Pages/corporate/parts.aspx
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 35
Final Project
•Schedule, Organization•Choosing a topic•Example projects•Grading•Design Suggestions•Writing workshop
6.101 Spring 2020 36Lecture 10
Final Project: Schedule• Choose project teams (email gim by Fri, Mar 20)
– Teams of two or three. A single person project requires approval of lecturer. Pizza: Wed evening in 36‐6 lobby
– Start project ideas/discussion with staff &Joe Sousa, Linear Engineer
• Project Abstract (due Thu Apr 2, submit on‐line)– Arrange meeting with staff– About 1 page long describing overall project
• Project Proposal Draft (due Thu Apr 9, submit on‐line)– A more detailed proposal with block diagram in preparation for block diagram
discussion with staf, clearly identifying who’s doing what– About 2‐3 pages; to be revised after block diagram conference
• Block Diagram Conference with mentor (by Fri, Apr 10)– Review major components and overall design approach– Specify the device component– s you need to acquire (small budget allocated for each project if component does
not exist in the stock room). Get approval from me
6.101 Spring 2020 37Lecture 10
Schedule (cont’d.)
• Project Design Presentation to class – Tue Apr 14 @7p & Thu 16 2:30p– Each group will make a 10‐15 min electronic presentation
(~10 slides) dividing presentation among team members– Submit PDF on‐line, will be posted on website– Required attendance (2% grade)
• Project Checkoff Checklist to staff (Fri Apr 24)– Each group in discussion with mentor creates a checklist of
deliverables (i.e., what we can expect each team member to demonstrate). Submit PDF on‐line.
• Final Project Demo/Checkoff/Video (Tue/Wed May 5 & 6)– Video posted on‐line with your permission
• Final Project Report (Tu May 12 – 5p)– Submit PDF on‐line, will be posted on website– Sorry, no late reports will be accepted
6.101 Spring 2020 38Lecture 10
Team Organization• Most importantly, you need one• Key decisions made jointly
– Requirements– High level design– Schedule– Who will work on what, who’ll take the lead– Response to slippage
• Lower level design exchanged for examination– Everyone responsible for everything– Design reviews tremendously helpful
• Try it, you’ll like it
• Communicate with each other early and often
6.101 Spring 2020 39Lecture 10
Controlling Schedule
• First, you must have one• Need verifiable milestones• Some non‐verifiable milestones
– 100% of circuit designed, 50% of breadboard completed
• Need 100% events– Module 100% breadboard,
subsystem testing complete• Need critical path chart
– Parts on availability!– Know effects of slippage– Know what to work on when
35% Planning(not all up front)
15% breadboarding
25% moduletest/dubug
25% systemtest/debug
Provide a 4‐7 day contingencyto deal with unforeseen issues
(you’ll use it all!)
6.101 Spring 2020 40Lecture 10
Choosing A Topic• You only have 6 weeks total (once your proposal abstract is turned in)
to do this project.– It is important to complete your project.– It is very difficult to receive an “A” in the class without having something working for the final project.
• The complexity for each team member should 4‐5 times the complexity of the lab assignments.
• Some projects include digital building blocks or mechanical assemblies (infrared, wireless, motors, etc.). However, keep in mind that this is an analog design class and your design will be evaluated on its analog design aspects.
• Complexity, risk and innovation factor.– We will give credit to innovative applications, design approaches– More complex is not necessarily better
6.101 Spring 2020 41Lecture 10
Project Grading (High Level)
• Functionality grading– But it works in LTspice: grade 0%– Unable to demo/test because my partners’ module isn’t
working: grade 0%
• General project grading guidelines– approximately 2x hardest lab: grade 8‐15– Demonstrates a superior understanding of circuits and
implementing complex design ‐ perhaps with interface to external devices, multiple voltages, RF, extremely low signal levels audio, etc. The implementation goes beyond what was in the labs. 16‐25
– a top notch project that really stands outs with complexity, innovation and risk 26‐32
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 42
Guidelines• Use of integrated circuits
– Acceptable when integrated circuit is a component but not the main function of a system
• VCO (voltage controlled oscillator) as part of a spectrum analyzer
• Linear voltage regulator in deriving 3.3v from 5v
– Not acceptable:• 10 watt audio amplifier with 4 watt IC and push pull
amplifier• RF transmitter with function generator as RF source
• Through hole or surface mount parts!• Breadboard before laying out PCB.
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 5 43
Voltmeter ExampleTeensy + digital display
• F: Teensy with external ADC IC• D: same as above but with discrete linear PS.• C: ADC implemented with op‐amps and 555 ramp• B: discrete design (except for display); self zero offset calibration
• A: above design plus energy scavenged power discrete design or powered by 1.5V AA battery
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 44
Thermin
6.101 Spring 2020 45Lecture 10
Bass Guitar Effects Bank
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 46
Analog Guitar Hero
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Character Generator
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 48
Projects Ideas• Pure Circuit
– RF Powered Receiver– RLC Meter– BJT/MOSFET testor– Battery testor (internal resistance)– 1.5‐9V high efficiency USB charger
(discrete components)– Discrete AD Converter– Home‐made accelerometer– Home‐made Fitbit– Character generator
• Practical/Fun– Talking Robot (moving
mouth/lights)– Switchless home lighting control
system– Acceleromter/tilt game
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 49
• Sensor based– Balanced beam– Body power ECG AM transmitter– Road tracking model car– Analog servo controller– Romba robot– Electronic seismograph
• Optics– Audio over Fiber (Digital)– Audio over Fiber (Analog)– Laser based voice snooper
Test Equipment Projects
• Zener diode curve oscilloscope display (2 person)• BJT/MOSFET Curve tracer
– 2 person: use oscilloscope as XY display– 3 person: autosensing BJT/MOSFET, auto lead identification
• Tek 575 Curve Tracer Replacement– autosensing BJT/MOSFET, auto lead identification– Self contained with FPGA and VGA display
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 50
Analog Text Generator
6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 10 51
Some Suggestions• Be ambitious!
– But choose a sequence of milestones that are increasingly ambitious (that way at least part of your project will work and you can debug features incrementally).
– But don’t expect 100+Mhz operating frequencies without problems!
• It’s motivating if there’s something to see or hear or move– Sound, light and motor projects are fun
• High frequency (>100Mhz) circuits are often the limiting factor
6.101 Spring 2020 52Lecture 10
More Suggestions
• Be modular!– Figure out how test your modules incrementally (good for
debugging and checkoff!)– Be clear about signals, voltage levels, frequency passed
between modules
• Don’t be caught by the mañana principle– Six weeks goes by quickly: have a weekly task list.– How does a project run late: one day at a time!– Effort is not the same as progress: “designed but not built” only
means you’ve made a start– Tasks will take longer than you think– Final integration will uncover bugs and noise so test module‐to‐
module interactions as early as you can
6.101 Spring 2020 53Lecture 10
Project Grading (32 points Total)• Deadlines and Participation (7 points)
• Problem Definition and Relevance, Architecture, Design methodology (9 points)– What is the problem– Why is it important– System architecture and partitioning– Design choices and principles used– Circuit design and layout– All of the above should be stated in the project and report
• Functionality (8 points)– Did you complete what you promised (i.e., graded by the checklist)
• Complexity, Innovation, Risk (8 points)6.101 Spring 2020 54Lecture 10
Grading
6.101 Spring 2020 55
A large number of students do "A" level work and are, indeed, rewarded with a grade of "A". The corollary to this is that, since average performance levels are so high, punting any part of the subject can lead to a disappointing grade.
Homework 10%
Quiz 10%
Labs 30%Project 32%
CIM 15%
Participation 3%
Lecture 1
CIM Grading (15 points Total)
• Final report– 5% technical content
• Overview• Circuit detail• Measurements• Error analysis• Conclusions/lessons learned
– 10% writing
6.101 Spring 2020 56Lecture 10
Printed Circuit Boards
• PCB optional for final project
• Department will fund reasonable size two layer PCB– Example: 2.5” x 4” PCB
• Popular software: Altium, KiCad, Eagle, Expresspcb
6.101 Spring 2020 57Lecture 10
Design Suggestions
• Know specifications of devices• Use bypass caps liberally• Use ground plan for high frequencies >10mhz • Keep signal wires short• Beware of parasitic capacitance and inductance –wire, etch; components are not ideal!
6.101 Spring 2020 58Lecture 10