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2020-21

Coordinating Committee

Sri Syed Omer Jaleel, IAS

Commissioner, Intermediate Education &

Secretary, Telangana State Board of Intermediate Education

Hyderabad

Dr. Md. Abdul Khaliq

Controller of Examination

Telangana State Board of Intermediate Education

Md. Abdul Rawoof

Special Officer Urdu

Telangana State Board of Intermediate Education

Educational Research and Training Wing

Ramana Rao Vudithyala

Reader

Vasundhara Devi Kanjerla

Assistant Professor

T. Mahendar Kumar

Assistant Professor

Learning Material Contributors

URDU VERSION

¦¦¦¦††††ZZZZ????''''SYED ABDUL HAMEED

Jr. Lectuere in Chemistry

MAM Govt. Model Jr. College Nampally, Hyd.

ZZZZ****XXXXZZZZ}}}}XXXX��ZZZZ££££

M.A. MATEEN AHMED

Jr. Lectuere in Chemistry

Govt. Jr. College (B) Adilabad

ENGLISH VERSION

Dr. V. Sridhar

J.L. in Chemistry,

A.V.V. Jr. College, Warangal

G. Srilatha

J.L. in Chemistry,

GJC, Kandukuru, R.R. Dist.

Smt. T. Namratha Singh

JL in Chemistry,

GJC (Old) Malakpet, Hyderabad.

Smt. S. Mary Sujatha Madhukar

JL in Chemistry,

Nrupatunga Jr. College,

Baghlingampally, Hyderabad.

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10 - 15 ',¹6Zzg6ðwH] 3- Z»ð

16 - 18 Ò6Y 4- Z»ð

19 - 20 XšuÁÜ p 5- Z»ð

28 - 29 šuÁÜZzgëgƒ%·] f Zzg d 6- Z»ð

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1 ZZZZ»»»»ðððð

Solid State ^kkkkqqqqªªªª

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��ááááYYYYZZZZzzzzgggg��ÛÛÛÛ""""1111¹¹¹¹ÿÿÿÿ GGGGEEEEÕÕÕÕ÷÷÷÷ÃÃÃÃÒÒÒÒyyyy<<<<XXXX .1

ìX',¹®&Ò3ï GGGÃ (Vacancy defect) tãCŠ~îg6,gzZãk~Zq-{à(Ú ��ááááYYYYÚÚÚÚ:::: `:

',ŒÛZggppÆn¸T$µZzgtgzZâVÅ®ZŠ)z~ƒCìXNaCl ÔAgBr Vw:

�áIÚÑÄÃÁ™CìX

tZq-$©ŠöEG

ÚìT~gLgzZV)À˜µ(ZL¬x£x ::::(Frenkel defects) ��ÛÛÛÛ""""1111¹¹¹¹ÿÿÿÿ GGGGEEEEÚÚÚÚAgCl, AgBr Vw: Ð?Ø™Ë{àc*”°£x6,ZK(¯fe�X

�Û"1¹ÿ GEÚÐÑÄ~¶zZµ7ƒCìX

HHHH��????VVVVBBBBŠŠŠŠ,,,,XXXX (Amorphous Substances)$$$$¨ÐÐÐÐ++++ööööEEEEGGGG

ââââŠŠŠŠ}}}} .2

¹ (Amorphous Substances) Z,kâŠ}X~fgZ]ÅF,KM±7ƒCZ7$¨Ð+öEG

âŠ} `:Y@*ìXVB:hóg',óö8z){X

ÐÐÐÐ¾¾¾¾§§§§bbbbZZZZƒƒƒƒ@@@@****ìììì???? (Quartz) óóóóÃÃÃÃZZZZgggguuuu,,,, (Glass)hhhh .3

NâÎ»ƒ@*ìX Quartz h$¨Ð+öEG

Zzg `:ëëëëggggƒƒƒƒ°°°°ŠŠŠŠÐÐÐÐHHHH%%%%ZZZZŠŠŠŠìììì???? .4

ËºmgzZVÆZ§Zs0*ñYäzZáŒÛR#³µ!*gzZáfgZ]Å®ZŠÃëgƒ°Š¹ `:ƒ@*ìX 6 gzZV»ëgƒ°Š Na+ Yà~ NaCl Y@*ìXVw:

~~~~ëëëëggggƒƒƒƒ°°°°ŠŠŠŠHHHHƒƒƒƒ@@@@****ìììì???? Cubic close pack .5

ƒ@*ìX 12 ‚|#~ëgƒ°Š Cubic close pack `:‚‚‚‚||||####~~~~ëëëëggggƒƒƒƒ°°°°ŠŠŠŠHHHHƒƒƒƒ@@@@****ìììì???? Body centered cubic .6

ƒ@*ìX 8 ‚|#~ëgƒ°Š Body centered cubic `:NNNNYYYYààààZZZZzzzzggggZZZZ»»»»ðððð{{{{::::~~~~WWWW\\\\¾¾¾¾§§§§bbbb��ÛÛÛÛtttt™™™™,,,,ÐÐÐÐ???? .7

ÆF,0ÌfZ]Å�Z…Š~F,KMÃNYà¹Y@*ìX ¯ NNNNYYYYàààà:::: `:tNYàÅZq-‚Š{Z»ðƒCìTÆ!*g!*gŠCÙZñYäÐZq-åNYàqÝƒC ZZZZ»»»»ðððð{{{{::::::::

ìTÃZ»ð{:ë�XÆÆÆÆZZZZqqqq----ZZZZ»»»»ðððð{{{{::::~~~~ÄÄÄÄYYYYààààÕÕÕÕooooƒƒƒƒDDDD��???? (FCC) ggggcccc%%%%œœœœ////~~~~$$$$½½½½šššš----ööööEEEEYYYYàààà .8

ƒD�X 14 ÆZq-Z»ð{:~YàÆÕo (FCC) gc%œ/~$½š-öEYà `:ÆÆÆÆZZZZqqqq----ZZZZ»»»»ðððð{{{{::::~~~~ÄÄÄÄYYYYààààÆÆÆÆÕÕÕÕoooo0000****ññññYYYYDDDD��???? (BCC) ŸŸŸŸ%%%%œœœœ////~~~~$$$$½½½½šššš----ööööEEEEYYYYàààà .9

ƒD�X '9' ÆZq-Z»ð{:~YàÆÕo (BCC) Ÿ%œ/~$½š-öEYà `:¶¶¶¶KKKK********]]]](((( 4)))) ¿¿¿¿��ZZZZ!!!!nnnnÆÆÆÆÎÎÎÎZZZZÑÑÑÑ]]]]

ŠŠŠŠJJJJCCCCZZZZzzzzggggggggzzzzZZZZããããJJJJVVVVÆÆÆÆŠŠŠŠggggxxxxyyyyttttZZZZzzzzgggg��ÛÛÛÛttttÅÅÅÅzzzzŸŸŸŸssss####<<<<XXXX .1

ŠJCZzggzZãJVÆâÎt: `:ZyÆŠgxy',¹jã¸]æ0*ðYCìX (i)

È)�ƒD�X (ii)

ããããCCCCŠŠŠŠ~~~~ZZZZõõõõ!!!!ññññZZZZŠŠŠŠ 2

ŠŠŠŠJJJJCCCCZZZZzzzzggggggggzzzzZZZZããããJJJJVVVVÆÆÆÆââââÎÎÎÎ��ÛÛÛÛttttggggzzzzZZZZããããaaaa ŠŠŠŠJJJJCCCCaaaa

Zy~',¹jã¸]æ#³!*gzZggzZâVÆ (i)

Šgxy0*ðYC�X�ƒðqª~ZhñÝ',tƒC�X (ii)

Zy~¤!ggzZãÈ0*c*Y@*ìX (iii)

Zy~',¹jã¸]æ¤/DZ9ZâVÆ (i)

Šgxy0*ðYC�Xkqª~¹ZhñÝ',tƒC�X (ii)

ŠJCÈó$zgc*¤!gƒMh�X (iii)

ÃÃÃÃZZZZ~~~~....<<<<XXXX (Bragg's equation) '''',,,,ZZZZvvvvÅÅÅÅ))))zzzzZZZZ]]]] .2

',ZvÆ AB + BC {�Ðëtx@{™Mh��óŠzu~ÃqÆ£ic*Š{Ã,™Cìª ��ZZZZ[[[[::::

~ƒC�pZ[k Phase ‹tÆ_.�CÙzVÅŠz6,ÂV6,7,äzZàZÃÑZ’ZY~ÆiZZ+Ã,óîÁ AB + BC ~ƒC�Z#� Phase ÆQÏßg]~ (Reflection)

ñ`Æå°ŠÆ',Z',ƒX∴ AB + BC = hl '' (1)

,

BZ = d,

AB = BC

Ð (2) Zzg (1) )zZ]

Zk)zZ]Ã',ZvÅ)zZ]ë�X

��

II - ÒnÛn^ð3


Solutions ²²²²wwww

¶¶¶¶KKKK********]]]](((( 2 ¿¿¿¿FFFF,,,,++++��ZZZZ!!!!ÎÎÎÎZZZZÑÑÑÑ]]]]))))

ZZZZ˜bbbb²²²²wwwwÅÅÅÅ°°°°pppp<<<<XXXX .1

Wö{Ã²wë�X (Homogenous) Šzc*ŠzÐiZZ+ZbZYÆI÷ `:

ÅÅÅÅ°°°°pppp<<<<XXXX (Molality) GGGGLLLLMMMM .2

…~!-CÿE

Æ]Ð.ðVÅ®ZŠGLMBCìX (Kg) Zq-³¤/Zx `:

106 x =

!-CÿE

Æ]Ð.ðVÅ®ZŠ

HHHHìììì???? (ppm) ²²²²wwww»»»»zzzz°°°°�� .3

100 x = ppm )0*g^6,�( `:

ÅÅÅÅ°°°°pppp<<<<XXXX (Mass percentage) ²²²²wwwwÆÆÆÆ‚‚‚‚SSSS .4

100 x = ²w~bÅS

ÐÐÐÐHHHH%%%%ZZZZŠŠŠŠìììì???? (Volume percentage) wwww°°°°œœœœ~~~~ .5

= bz»w

ÃÃÃÃÒÒÒÒyyyy<<<<XXXX (Raoult's Law) ggggZZZZîîîî««««ÆÆÆÆçççç .6

:Zy5+k,âO]Æ²wÆn²w~CÙZq-bz»bz~gg~Š!*îZkÆ?ŸÆgZ„Úƒ `:))))cccc****(((( ~ƒ@*ìX

˜V6,7VŠgzwZg]6,{Øbz»gg~Š!*îìX

bÆ”VÅ®ZŠ²wÆÓxZbZYÆ”VÅ®ZŠ

…ÅS³¤/Zx~GLM (m)

²wÅ]S

²wÅ‚S

²w»]wËb»w°œ~

)c*(˜V6,

²w»gg~Š!*î = p1 ²w»{Øgg~Š!*î; = p

10

…»?Ÿ = x1 ;

!-CÿE

»?Ÿ = x2

ÆÆÆÆ®®®®ÍÍÍÍ////õõõõGGGGÃÃÃÃÒÒÒÒyyyy<<<<XXXX (Henry) {{{{~~~~ .7

’»bz~gg~Š!*î²w~ñ�Š’Æ?ŸÆgZ„pÐƒƒ@*ìX `:p = K

Hx

bz~Š!*î = p ˜V6,

’»x=

KH

’»?Ÿ = x

ÅÅÅÅ°°°°pppp<<<<XXXX (Molarity) ]]]]ÐÐÐÐ....3333ïïïïGGGGGGGG .8

ë�X (Molarity) ËZq-{²w~i”{!-CÿE

Æ]Ð.ðVÅ®ZŠÃ]Ð.3ïGG `:VVVVàààà²²²²wwwwÐÐÐÐHHHH%%%%ZZZZŠŠŠŠìììì????VVVVBBBBŠŠŠŠ££££XXXX .9

(Ideal Solutions) Z,²w�Zg‚iÅåuzŠ~gZî«ÆçÆ@*,ƒD�XVà²w `:n.hexane and n.heptane BD�XVB

benzene and toluene

HHHH��???? (Isotonic solutions) WWWW™™™™””””²²²²wwww .10

ŠØ‰ŠgzwZg]6,Z,Šz²wXÆzßYŠ!*î7VƒVW™”²wBD�X `:»²wZzgpy Saline Vw:**gï

ÐÐÐÐHHHH%%%%ZZZZŠŠŠŠìììì???? (Osmatic pressure) zzzzßßßßYYYYŠŠŠŠ!!!!****îîîî .11

(Osmotic Pressure) Ë²w6,¿zß`Ãgz1ÆneZÑYäzZÑZŸ°Š!*îÃ²w»zßYŠ!*î `:π = CRT ë�X

(Kb) HHHHìììì???? (Ebullioscopic Constant) `��llll~~~~ZZZZŸŸŸŸ††††»»»»xxxx .12

6,Œƒó`�l~ZŸ†»x Non volative solute ²w��Zq- (Molal) Zq-ñÑw `:ÐªCÙHY@*ìX Kb B@*ìZzgZj

(Kf) GGGGCCCCääää»»»»xxxxcccc****`ZZZZ++++AAAA))))ééééEEEEEEEEŠŠŠŠ~~~~ääää»»»»xxxxHHHH��???? .13

6,ŒƒZkÆZ+A)éEEŠ~äÃGCä»x Non volatile solute ²w�� Molal Zq- `:

ÐªCÙHY@*ìX Kf ë�ZzgZkÃ

II - ÒnÛn^ð5

¶¶¶¶KKKK********]]]](((( 4 ¿¿¿¿��ZZZZ!!!!ÎÎÎÎZZZZÑÑÑÑ]]]]))))²²²²wwwwÆÆÆÆÄÄÄÄZZZZllllxxxx0000****ññññYYYYDDDD��XXXXCCCCÙÙÙÙZZZZqqqq----nnnnÆÆÆÆnnnnZZZZqqqq----VVVVwwwwŠŠŠŠ££££XXXX .1

²wÆ&Zlx0*ñYD�X `:X kóâùc*’ƒ}²wB@*ì ó(Solute)

!-CÿE

’ƒZzg (Solvent) Z(²wT~… }}}}²²²²wwww:::: (a)

ók;âùc*’ƒâù²w (Solute) âùZzgZzg!-CÿE

(Solvent) Z(²wT~… ââââùùùù²²²²wwww:::: (b)

BD�Xókóâùc*’ƒVk²w (Solute) kƒZzg

!-CÿE

(Solvent) Z(²wT~… ^kkkk²²²²wwww:::: (c)

BD�X²²²²wwwwÆÆÆÆZZZZllllxxxx

¬¬¬¬xxxxVVVVBBBB …………!!!!----CCCCÿÿÿÿEEEE

²²²²wwwwÅÅÅÅnnnnWxZzg**>zX»Wö{**>zX’~³gzÃgxÅWöl**>zX’~»¯g

’’’

’âù

k

}²w

0*ã~i”{Wx0*ã~i”{Z#-Ÿ5é GGEw0*ã~i”{‰Ãi

âùâùâù

’âù

k

âù²w

"5Ò5å EGGH*~;àgzX»²wÎe*Zzg0*g{»$Ò™ê

E

•~3ƒZ@*=

kkk

’âù

k

k²w

ƒƒƒƒÂÂÂÂ R = 0.083 L bar mol–1 K–1 ììììXXXXZZZZ¤¤¤¤//// 1.52 bar 6666,,,,‰‰‰‰ÃÃÃÃiiiiÆÆÆÆ²²²²wwww»»»»zzzzßßßßYYYYŠŠŠŠ!!!!****ƒƒƒƒ 300K .2

ZZZZkkkk»»»»ZZZZgggg‚‚‚‚iiiiHHHHƒƒƒƒÇÇÇÇ????Šc*ŠHì� `:

π = 1.52 bar zßYŠ!*ƒT = 300K ŠR = 0.083 L bar mol–1 K–1

π = CRT. zßYŠ!*ƒ

0.061M = ‰ÃiÆ²w»Zg‚i


CCCC[[[[<<<<XXXX (Mole fraction) »»»»????ŸŸŸŸ H2SO4 ÆÆÆÆ²²²²wwww~~~~ H2SO4 óóóó98% ääääppppSSSS .3

Ë²wÆZq-bzÆ]Ð.ðVÅ®ZŠZzg²w~ñ�ŠÓxZbZYÆ]]Ð.ðVÅ®ZŠ~0*ðYäzZà `:ÚÃ?Ÿë�X

= ?Ÿ

²wìX 100g �Ûn<�øg};V

0*ãÆñÖÅ®ZŠ

ÆñÖÅ®ZŠ H2SO4

»?Ÿ H2SO4

»»»»????ŸŸŸŸ C2H6O2 ////ZZZZ±±±±ggggSSSSññññ��ŠŠŠŠììììXXXX (C2H6O2) ZZZZ####----££££éééé GGGGGGGG9999††††VVVVwwww 20% ZZZZqqqq----²²²²wwwwTTTT~~~~ .4

CCCC[[[[<<<<XXXX

0*ãƒÇX 80g Z#-£é GG9†VwZzg 20g ¤/Zx²wìX²w~ 100 �Ûn<øg}0*k `:

Å?S

]Ð.ðVÅ®ZŠ Æ

Æ]Ð.ðVÅ®ZŠ

= »?Ÿ (C2H6O2) Z#-£é GG9†ðÃw

HHHHƒƒƒƒÏÏÏÏ???? (Molarity) ÅÅÅÅˆììììXXXX²²²²wwwwÅÅÅÅ]]]]ÐÐÐÐ....3333ïïïïGGGGGGGG 10% w/w 0000****ãããã~~~~‰‰‰‰ÃÃÃÃiiiiÆÆÆÆ²²²²wwwwÅÅÅÅ¶¶¶¶KKKK0000++++„„„„ .5

ª0*ã~ ²w~ 100g ¤/Zx‰Ãi 10 ‰Ãi»²w: 10% w/w

100 − 10 = Zk§b…)0*ã(»ziy90g =

²w»w = 90ml (1 g / mL Yè0*ãÅÑÄ

bzÆ]Ð.ðVÅ®ZŠÓxZbZYÆ]Ð.ðVÅ]®ZŠ

ÆñÖÅ®ZŠ C2H6O2

ÆñÖÅ®ZŠ H2O + ÆñÖÅ®ZŠ C2H6O2

II - ÒnÛn^ð7

‰Ãi»w 1000

‰Ãi»¤/Zx‚@ziy ²w»w

ÅÅÅÅˆììììXXXX²²²²wwww~~~~CCCCÙÙÙÙZZZZqqqq----bbbbzzzz»»»»????ŸŸŸŸ (20% w/w) ÆÆÆÆ²²²²wwwwÅÅÅÅ¶¶¶¶KKKK0000++++„„„„ (Sucrose) 0000****ãããã~~~~hhhhzzzziiii .6

¥¥¥¥xxxx<<<<XXXX

¤/Zx0*ã~i”{ìX 80 ¤/Zxhzi 20 hzi0*ã~ñ�ŠìZkÐ%ZŠ 20% w/w `:

0*ã»ziy = 100 − 20 = 80g

hziÆ]Ð.ðVÅ®ZŠ = =

0*ãÆ]Ð.ðVÅ®ZŠ =

hzi»?Ÿ =

0*ã»?Ÿ = 1 − hzi»?Ÿ= 1 − 0.0129

= 0.9871

gggggggg~~~~ŠŠŠŠ!!!!****îîîî~~~~ZZZZŸŸŸŸ††††ääääHHHHìììì????ËËËË!!!!----CCCCÿÿÿÿEEEE

ÆÆÆÆ????SSSSÆÆÆÆçççç~~~~ttttùùùùÆÆÆÆìììì???? .7

Relative lowering of vapour pressure : "The ratio of lowering of vapour pressure to `:

the vapour pressure of pure solvent" is called relative lowering of vapour pressure.

gg~Š!*î~ZŸ†ä RLVP =

˜V6,

…»gg~Š!*î

x²wÅ]Ð.3ïGG (Molarity of Solution)=

hzi»ziy

hzi»¤/Zx‚@ziy0*ã»ziy0*ã»¤/Zx‚@ziy

hziÆñÖÅ®ZŠ²w~ñ�Š]ñÖÅ®ZŠ


²w»gg~Š!*î

gg~Š!*î~ägZz«ÆçÆ_.:

!-CÿE

»?Ÿì x2 ˜V6,

n2<<<n1 −ñƒñ²wÆn

ÃÃZ0+ZiHY@*YìX n2 Zkn

˜V6, …»ziy = w1

!-CÿE

»ziy = w2

…Å?S = M1

!-CÿE

Å?S = M2

Zk)zZ]Ð!-CÿE

Å?SÃC[HYYìX

��

II - ÒnÛn^ð9


'''',,,,¹¹¹¹6666ZZZZzzzzgggg6666ððððwwwwHHHH]]]]Electro Chemistry and Chemical Kinetics

¶¶¶¶KKKK********]]]](((( 2 ¿¿¿¿FFFF,,,,++++��ZZZZ!!!!nnnnÆÆÆÆÎÎÎÎZZZZÑÑÑÑ]]]]))))

ÐÐÐÐ¾¾¾¾§§§§bbbbmmmmggggBBBBbbbbìììì???? (c) ZZZZzzzzgggg²²²²wwwwÅÅÅÅ]]]]ÐÐÐÐ....3333ïïïïGGGGGGGG (k) ÅÅÅÅzzzzŸŸŸŸssss####™™™™,,,,XXXXttttññññÆÆÆÆ ????ññññÆÆÆÆ .1

ËŠñ‰Zg‚i6,ŠzáZiy',−}�Z»ðÃ,6,e{G‰ƒVZyÆŠgxygÇ‰²wÅ `:

(Molar Conductivity) B{ñ�Šƒó?ñÆ 'V' ?ñÆT~',t0*æ}Æ

BCìX

ÆŠgxyg (K) ZzgñÆ ?ñÆ

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óÈMaäÆ‚B¬ï™Æg8-–`s¯CìX Cl2 `:

WWWWggggÇÇÇÇyyyyÆÆÆÆÃÃÃÃððððŠŠŠŠzzzzZZZZEEEEÑÑÑÑ]]]]ssssXXXX .10

½™CìX (Inert atmosphere) tZdŠgzwZgCø»g~pV~)¬ïc (1) `:gzÝÆøVÃ½ä~ZEwÅYCìX (2)

ÅÅÅÅ‚‚‚‚||||####ÅÅÅÅzzzzŸŸŸŸssss####<<<<XXXX XeO3 .11

ÅÅÅÅ‚‚‚‚||||####:::: XeO3 `::::Z%o0*c*Y@*ìX Sp3 ~iby�CÙ~ XeO3 .1

‚?~%œ/~�CÙ6,Zq-ËZ9Zã�h~Zzg&ÈÙ�h~Åñ�ŠÏÐ‚?Å XeO3 .2

ƒCìX (Pyramidal) %zï


ZZZZkkkkÅÅÅÅ‚‚‚‚888855554444èèèèEEEEGGGG

GGGGZZZZ@@@@****ggggØØØØXXXX ÃÃÃÃ¾¾¾¾§§§§bbbb»»»»ggggHHHHYYYY@@@@****ìììì???? XeOF4 .12

áCìX XeOF4

Åbz~W[0*æÏ™ä6, XeF6

`:XeF6 +H2O XeOF4 +2HF

‚|#ƒCìX Square pyramidal

0000****ããããÆÆÆÆ‚‚‚‚BBBBjjjjgggg++++ZZZZzzzzgggg³³³³gggg++++ÆÆÆÆ¬¬¬¬5555]]]]ssssXXXX .13

jg+ó0*ãÆ‚B¬ï™ÆWx¯CìX `:

³g+ó0*ãÆ‚B¬ï™Æ;=³gkF,˜¯CìX

ââââ....ÞÞÞÞ’’’’))))¬¬¬¬ïïïïƒƒƒƒDDDD��XXXXzzzzŸŸŸŸssss####<<<<XXXX .14

Z9ZãúÆfg=åîg6,½}ƒD�X ns2np6 â.Þµ4møY

G)¬ïƒC�YèZyÆ¤/Dpw `:

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�X ŠvÁÜÆ£¨P»ŠpZm»ZÖg™@*ì�øDfsz�;]Å¯YƒC ~**>zX 15 ¤/z\ `:

gK�CÙ~�#Ö .1

Zd',¹!3©3ï EEGG .2

ZdgzZãZUk .3

********>>>>zzzzXXXXÆÆÆÆ»»»»ŠŠŠŠppppZZZZmmmm::::**>zXŠz�CÙ~‚?Å~0*ðYCìZ#�ŠvÁÜeg�CÙ~‚?6,ŒƒD�X (i)

**>zXZq-’ìZ#�ŠvÁÜkƒD�X (ii)

MÈ¯äÅ&¢A0*ðYCìX **>zX~ (iii)

XWg‚)ñ�Šƒ@*ìX d ƒCìYèZk~ 4 **>zXÅic*Š{Ðic*Š{¤/Ä (iv)

**>zX6ðîg6,)¬ïƒCìYèZkÆ‚?ÆÈÙZíZ¹ÂZ**ðZdƒCìX (v)

II - ÒnÛn^ð21

��????PPPPVVVVßßßßVVVVÅÅÅÅææææŠŠŠŠÐÐÐÐZZZZkkkkÅÅÅÅzzzzŸŸŸŸssss####<<<<XXXX HHHH (Interhalogen compounds) ÎÎÎÎßßßß3333%%%%····]]]] .2

Z#Zq-ß3KóŠzu}ß3KÐ¬ï™@*ìÂ%·]qÝƒD�Z7 ÎÎÎÎßßßß3333%%%%····]]]]:::: `:

ë� (Interhalogen Compounds) Îß3ÁÜ

z){X ClF, ClF3, BrF3 }

ƒD�X ¬xîg6,

˜V6,

(,~�CÙ~�#ÖgppzZáß3ÁÜ = X

gK�CÙ~�#ÖgppzZáß3ÁÜ =

-1 KÅ‰~qªå ƒCìZ#� +7 Zzg +5 Ô +3 Ô +1 Å‰~qª X ß3KƒCìX

::::(Classification) ŠŠŠŠggggzzzzÈÈÈÈ~~~~n

IF7 ClF5, BrF5 ClF3, BrF3 ClF,BrF VwPentagonal bi pyramidal Square pyramidal T-Shaped éó Linear ‚|#

Sp3d3 Sp3d2 Sp3d − Z%o¾¾¾¾§§§§bbbb»»»»ggggGGGGYYYYDDDD��????QQQQyyyyÅÅÅÅ‚‚‚‚888855554444èèèè

EEEEGGGGGGGGeeee��XXXX XeOF4 ZZZZzzzzgggg XeF2 .3

»gƒCìX XeF2 ibyÅiZGlZgZ#Ð¬ï™CìÂ (a `:

¯D�X XeF4 ÆÚƒ~ibyZzgjg+Zq-Šzu}Ð¬ï™Æ 1:5

Linear Square Planar

)c*( )c*(


ÅÅÅÅ‚‚‚‚||||####ÒÒÒÒyyyy<<<<XXXX XeOF4 (b) ÅÅÅÅ‚‚‚‚||||#### XeF6 (a) .4

ÅÅÅÅ‚‚‚‚||||####:::: XeF6 (a) `:Z%ozZµƒ@*ìX Sp3d3 ~iby~ XeF6 (1)

ÆZ§ZsZq-ËZ9Zã�h~ZzgbÈÙZ9Zã�hc*Vñ�ŠƒC�X Xe~XeF6 (2)

ƒCìX Distorted Octahedrel Å‚|# XeF6 ÃtÆ_. VSEPR (3)

: ÅÅÅÅ‚‚‚‚||||#### XeOF4 (b)

Z%ozZµƒ@*ìX Sp3d2 ~Xe~ XeOF4 (1)

ÈÙZ9Zã�hc*V0*ðYC�X (5) ÆZ§ZsZq-ËZ9Zã�h~Zzg0*õ �CÙ Xe~ XeOF4 (2)

ƒCìX Squar Pyramidal ‚?Å‚|# XeOF4 ÃtÆ_. VSEPR (3)

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P4(d) S8(c) Zn(b) »6,(a)

qÝƒCìX NO ÅÓÏ‰Ð NH3 cðWxÆfg) `:

¯@*ìX NO2 **>uW‚àóWxÆ‚B�ƒ™

II - ÒnÛn^ð23

Šîì HNO3 **>zXeZðW‚à0*ã~iƒ™3 NO2 (g) + H2O (l) → 2 HNO3 (aq) + NO

¯@*ìZ#�»6,%6ó**>uF,˜Ð »6,ó−c***>uF,˜Æ‚B¬ï™Æ**>uW‚à »»»»6666,,,,:::: (a)

¬ï™Æ**>zXeZðW‚à¯@*ìX3 Cu + 8 HNO3 (dilute) −c* → 3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NO + 4 H2O

Cu + 4 HNO3 (conc.) %6 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NO2 + 2 H2O

¯CìZ#�i7-%6**>uF,˜Ð¬ï NO2 i7-ó−t**>uF,˜Æ‚B¬ï™Æ ::::Zn (b)

¯CìX NO2 ™Æ4 Zn + 10 HNO3 (dilute) −c* → 4 Zn(NO3)2 + 5 H2O + N2O

Zn + 4 HNO3 (conc.) %6 → Zn(NO3)2 + 2 H2O + 2 NO2

Å‰™ÆËguF,˜¯@*ìX (S) %6**>uF,ó� ::::S8 (c)

S8 + 4 HNO3 → 8 H2SO4 + 48 NO2 + 16 H2O

%6**>uF,óÃ`gkÅ‰™ÆÃ`guF,˜¯@*ìX ::::P4 (d)

P4 + 20 HNO3 → 8 H3PO4 + 20 NO2 + 4 H2O

;;;;'''',,,,ÆÆÆÆ§§§§iiiiÐÐÐÐZZZZññññ****¾¾¾¾§§§§bbbb»»»»ggggÅÅÅÅYYYYCCCCìììì????øøøøDDDDffffssssÆÆÆÆ‚‚‚‚BBBBZZZZññññ****ÆÆÆÆ6666ðððð¬¬¬¬5555]]]]ÅÅÅÅzzzzŸŸŸŸssss####<<<<XXXX .2

AgCl (s) (c) CuSO4 (aq) (b) ZnSO4 (aq) (a)

;',Æ§iÐZñ*Å»g~àe"5Ô.ç JGGÆ‡âyÆ_.ÅYCìX `:

)',zVwZg~(àe"5Ô.ç JGG‡âyÆ_.

200 atm ½ã ŠŠŠŠ!!!!****îîîî::::700k ½ã ŠŠŠŠggggzzzzwwwwZZZZgggg]]]]::::

Al2O3 Zzg K2O ðh~ÏlZg~ + W],yW‚à ÓÓÓÓÏÏÏÏ¬¬¬¬ïïïï::::(Molybdenum) âÉ45åGEHw 6666,,,,zzzzññññRRRR,,,,::::

ZZZZññññ****ÆÆÆÆ¬¬¬¬5555]]]]::::::::


:

:

ZZZZññññ****ÆÆÆÆZZZZEEEEÑÑÑÑ]]]]::::**>zÂ3ŠzVÅ»g~~ZEwÅYCìX (i)

F)**xC**>zX%·]Å»g~~ZEwÅYCìX (ii)

ZEwÅYCìX Reprigerant �g (iii)

ZZZZzzzziiiizzzzyyyy¾¾¾¾§§§§bbbb»»»»ggggÅÅÅÅYYYYCCCCìììì????øøøøDDDDffffssssÆÆÆÆ‚‚‚‚BBBBtttt¾¾¾¾§§§§bbbb¬¬¬¬ïïïï™™™™CCCCìììì???? .3

C2H4 (e) Ag (d) No (c) KI (b) pbs (a)

Ð*ZgZY@*ìÂ (Silent electric discharge) Z#Wx’Ãjã',¹ZyZ` ZZZZzzzziiiizzzzyyyyÅÅÅÅ»»»»gggg~~~~:::: `:(Ozonised ZzizyqÝƒCìZkõÝÃZzizy”{Wx 10x Zzizy»gƒCìXZkÐ

ë�X oxygen)

Zzizy7ÏàÐ¬ï™Æ7Ü¯CìX ::::Pbs (a)

Ð¬ï™ÆW-e+ŠîìX KI Zzizy%î[ ::::KI (b)

Zzizy**>uW‚àÅ‰™Æ**>zXeZðW‚à¯CìX ::::NO (c)

Zzizyó|gÐ¬ï™Æ|gW‚à¯CìX ::::Ag (d)

¯CìTÅW[0*æÏ Ethylene Ozonide Ð¬ï™Æ C2H4 Zzizyó :C2H4 (e)

ÐqÝƒ@*ìX (Formaldehyde)

O

O O

II - ÒnÛn^ð25

ŠŠŠŠ////ÇÇÇÇ{{{{~~~~ZZZZzzzzggggeeeekkkkÆÆÆÆ§§§§iiiiÐÐÐÐ³³³³gggg++++¾¾¾¾§§§§bbbb»»»»ggggÅÅÅÅYYYYCCCCìììì????øøøøDDDDffffssssÆÆÆÆ‚‚‚‚BBBB³³³³gggg++++ÆÆÆÆ6666ðððð .4

¬¬¬¬5555]]]]ÅÅÅÅzzzzŸŸŸŸssss####<<<<XXXXÆÆÆÆ‚‚‚‚BBBB NH3 óóóóCl2 iiiiZZZZZZZZ++++ NH3 iiiiZZZZZZZZ++++ (b) NaOH ZZZZzzzzgggguuuuzzzz−−−−tttt NaOH %%%%6666 ¤¤¤¤////xxxxóóóó (a)

H2S (f) Fe (e) Ca(OH)2 (d) Na2S2O3 (c)

ŠŠŠŠ////ÇÇÇÇ{{{{ÆÆÆÆ§§§§jjjjÐÐÐÐ³³³³gggg++++ÅÅÅÅ»»»»gggg~~~~::::!5½2.ç GYEGEeZðW‚àÃ%6;àgz³guF,˜Æ‚B¤/x™ä6,³g+»gƒCìX (a)

ÆWö}Æ‚B5™¤/x™ä6,³g+»g H2SO4

!5½2.ç GYEGEeZðW‚àÃ‚Š{#Zzg%6 (b)

ƒCìX

Æ¿Ð³g+»gƒCìX HCl 6,KMnO4 (c)

2 KMnO4 + 16 HCl → 2 KCl + 2 MnCl2 + 8 H2O + 5 Cl2

Åñ�ŠÏ~cðWxÆfg=;àgzX³gZàÅ‰ CuCl2 Š6,ó 723K eeeekkkk»»»»§§§§iiii::::Ð³g+»gƒCìX

¬¬¬¬5555]]]]::::³g+¤/xz%6Îe*;àgzW‚àÐ¬ï™ÆÎe*³gZàZzgÎe*³gf$¯CìX (a)

ìX ³g+uŠz−tÎe*;àgzW‚àÐ¬ï™ÆÎe*³gZàZzgÎe*;=³gZV$¯C2 NaOH + Cl2 → NaCl + NaOCl + H2O

³g+óZñ*ÅiZZ+lZgu}‚B¬ï™ÆZñ4³gZàZzg**>zX¯CìX (b)

iZG³g+óZñ*Ð¬ï™Æ**>zXR,Zð³gZàZzg;àgz³guF,˜¯CìXNH3 + 3 Cl2 → NCl3 + 3 HCl

³g+óÎe*¹ÜÐ¬ï™ÆÎe*Üó;àgz³guF,Zzg�¯CìX (c)


Z#³g+ÈMaäÐ¬ï™CìÂg8-–`s¯CìX (d)

³g+óßìÐ¬ï™Æ9u³gZà¯CìX (e)

Zzg�¯CìX HCl Ð¬ï™Æ H2S ³g+ó (f)

ŠîìX HCl ³g+óF,d-öIJ9kÜÐ¬ï™Æ9uÜZzg (g)

2 FeSO4 + H2SO4 + Cl2 → Fe2(SO4)3 + 2 HCl

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II - ÒnÛn^ð27


ššššuuuuÁÁÁÁÜÜÜÜZZZZzzzzggggëëëëggggƒƒƒƒ%%%%····]]]] f ZZZZzzzzgggg dd and f Block Elements and Coordination Compounds

¶¶¶¶KKKK********]]]](((( 2 ¿¿¿¿FFFF,,,,++++��ZZZZ!!!!nnnnÆÆÆÆÎÎÎÎZZZZÑÑÑÑ]]]]))))ïïïïFFFFwwww••••¥¥¥¥xxxx<<<<XXXX "Spin only' ggggzzzzZZZZVVVV»»»»‚‚‚‚???? Fe2+

(aq) .1

`::::

ÅÅÅÅZZZZ9999ZZZZããããúúúússssXXXX Mn2+ ZZZZzzzzgggg Co2+ .2

ìZzgZk~Üs&)�h~ŠZg )c*( ÅZ9Zãú Co2+ `:Z9Zyñ�Š�X

ZzgZk~0*õ)�h~ŠZg ì )c*( ÅZ9Zãú Mn2+

Z9Zyñ�Š�XïïïïFFFFìììì???? Mn2+ ))))ïïïïFFFFZZZZzzzzgggg Zn2+ YYYYVVVV .3

Xd gzZVÆ Zn2+ XWg"5Òø EH~)�h~ŠZgZ9Z÷0*ñYD�XZ#� d gzZVÆ Mn2+ `:Wg"5Òø EH~)�h~ŠZgZ9Z÷70*ñYD�X

HHHHìììì???? Ligand .4

)gzZVc*‚Ó](�%œ/�CÙc*gzZVÃZq-�h~Z9Zy¾ (Co-ordinating entity) ëgƒZâ `:Š}™=Í}gT�Å5»45å G

YGEHBD�X

}}}}::::""""gggg8888----ƒƒƒƒ@@@@****ììììXXXXYYYYVVVV???? CuSO4 YYYYgggg8888----»»»»ƒƒƒƒ@@@@****ììììZZZZ####��********ËËËË{{{{ CuSO4.5H2O .5

Crystal field splitting ~0*ã�gÅ5»45å GY

GEH»xZ�xŠê{TÅzzÐZk~ CuSO4.5H2O `:zZµƒCìXZkntYg8-»Š3ðŠêìX

e Crystal field splitting ‚?Å)ñ�ŠÏÅzzÐþ H2O~ CuSO4 Z#�**Ë{7ƒCXZkntÃðÌg8-ªCÙ7™Yªt"g8-ƒ@*ìX

¶¶¶¶KKKK********]]]](((( 4 ¿¿¿¿��ZZZZ!!!!ÎÎÎÎZZZZÑÑÑÑ]]]]))))ññññiiiizzzzVVVVVVVVwwwwÅÅÅÅææææŠŠŠŠÐÐÐÐzzzzgggg3333,,,,ÆÆÆÆëëëë{{{{%%%%····]]]]ÆÆÆÆÃÃÃÃttttÅÅÅÅzzzzŸŸŸŸssss####<<<<XXXX .1

ëgƒ%·]~ŠJCgzZVŠznÅ¤/:VÃªCÙ™D�X .1 `:Z’Zð¤/:VÃtgzZVt™D�Z#�U*â~¤/:VÃ®~‚Ó]Æ‚B‚BtgzZV .2

Ìt™D�XƒCìTÃëgƒ°Šë�X (Fixed) ëŠJCgzZVÅU*â~¤/Ä¥ .3

U*â~¤/ÄÐÝgzZV&®~‚Ó]ëgƒZ°ZŠÆÒpÐºmkãF,KM~zZµ .4

BCìX (Coordination polyhedra) ƒD�ZzgZ[tkãF,KMëgƒ0*àŠgZƒC�X '6' ZzgU*â~¤/© '3' ~Z’Zð¤/© CoCl3.6NH3 .1 }

ƒC�X '6' ZzgU*â~¤/© '3' ~Z’Zð¤/© CoCl3.5NH3 .2

ÂÂÂÂxxxxllllÃÃÃÃZZZZEEEEwwww™™™™DDDDƒƒƒƒññññøøøøDDDDffffssssÆÆÆÆ********xxxxssssXXXX IUPAC .2

(i) [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 (ii) [Pt(NH3)2Cl(NH2CH3)]Cl

(iii) [Ti(H2O)6]3+ (iv) [NiCl4]2–

Hexa ammine Cobalt(III) chloride (i) `:Dia ammine Chloro methanamine platinium(II) chloride (ii)

Hexa aqua Titanium(III) ion (iii)

Tetrachloro Nickelate(II) ion (iv)

øøøøDDDDffffssssÅÅÅÅzzzzŸŸŸŸssss####<<<<XXXX .3

(a) Ambidentate Ligand (b) Co-ordination number

(c) Co-ordination entity (d) Central metal atom/ion

�ZCÙ6,ŒƒD� (donor) z{Å5»45å GY

GEHi�ŠzÂ!šŠö ::::Ambidentate Ligand (a) `:

BD�X Ambidentate Ligand

tz{ìT~ÃðŠJC�CÙc*gzZV¥®ZŠÆ�CÙc*gzZâV ::::Co-ordination entity (b)

Ð=Í}ƒD�Xz{�CÙc*gzZVTÐ¥®ZŠ ::::(Central metal atom/ion) %%%%œœœœ////~~~~ŠŠŠŠJJJJCCCC��CCCCÙÙÙÙ&&&&ggggzzzzZZZZVVVV (c)

~gzZVc*¤/z:ºmæ¢ac*ðZ0+Zi~F,KMŠØƒñƒD�X��

II - ÒnÛn^ð29

7 ZZZZ»»»»ðððð§§§§CCCC‚‚‚‚ÓÓÓÓ]]]]

Biomolecules


ggggzzzzZZZZVVVVHHHH��????ZZZZkkkkÅÅÅÅZZZZqqqq----VVVVwwwwŠŠŠŠ££££XXXX Zwitter .1

WË{²w~W�F,Úó»g!*¢¤/z\ÐZq-6,zN*y»ZyZ¿~ÑD�ZzgZ�¤/z\ó6,zN*yÃ `:

gzZVë�X Zwitter gzZV¯D�TÃ (Dipolar) Jw™ÆZq-Šzª

]]]]ÃÃÃÃAAAA~~~~ZZZZzzzzgggg))))AAAA~~~~]]]]YYYYVVVV¹¹¹¹YYYY@@@@****ìììì???? .2

²wÅAs™D�Z7 Tollen ó²wZzg Fehting ]~ñ�ŠWiZŠW®ŒàZzg™y¤/z\ `:A~]ë�}‰ÃióâwiZzgÅ5½3ð GHiz){X

²wÅAs7™Mh Tollen Zzg Fehting ]X~WiZŠZ®ŒàZzg™y¤/z\ñ�Š:ƒVÂtZ7)A~]ë�XWWWW��FFFF,,,,ÚÚÚÚHHHH��????ŠŠŠŠzzzzVVVVBBBBŠŠŠŠ££££XXXX .3

0*ñYD�W�F,Ú (-COOH) Zzg»g!*¢¤/z\ (-NH2) z{**xC%·]X~W�¤/z\ `:BD�X

F,˜ Aspartic Zzg Alanine :}

ÑÑÑÑiiiiòòòòZZZZzzzzgggg))))ÑÑÑÑiiiiòòòòWWWW��FFFF,,,,ØØØØVVVVÐÐÐÐHHHH%%%%ZZZZŠŠŠŠìììì???? .4

Z,Z�F,ÚXÅŸ~@*;7ƒCÉZ7½Z~�áïHY@*ìÑiòZ� ÑÑÑÑiiiiòòòòZZZZ��FFFF,,,,ÚÚÚÚ:::: `:Phenylalanine óLysine F,ÚBD�X}:

Z,Z�F,ÚXÅ@*;Ÿ~ƒCìZ7)ÑiòZ�F,Úë�X ))))ÑÑÑÑiiiiòòòòZZZZ��FFFF,,,,ÚÚÚÚ::::F,z){X Aspartic Zzg Alanine }:

%%%%œœœœ////ZZZZððððFFFF,,,,ÚÚÚÚHHHH��????ZZZZyyyyÆÆÆÆÃÃÃÃððððŠŠŠŠzzzzZZZZëëëëZZZZddddwwwweeee��XXXX .5

%œ/ZðF,Ú§C‚Ó]��Y0+ZgZ�xÆ%œ/zV~™zñizéc*Eè6,z”Å~0*ñ `:YD�XZZZZddddwwww::::

ZkÅZ&Ò5»4jè FGGIE{¤ÅzzÐÂZgOS:]ÃZq-±ÐŠzu~±~v™@*ìX DNA .1

3~6,z”Å@*;~æŠ™D�X DNA Zzg RNA .2

%%%%œœœœ////ZZZZððððFFFF,,,,ØØØØVVVVÆÆÆÆ§§§§CCCCZZZZddddwwwwssssXXXX .6

%œ/ZðF,ØVÆ§CZdwøDfs�: `:ZkÅZ

&Ò5»4jè FGGIE{¤ÅzzÐÂZgOS:]ÃZq-±ÐŠzu~±~v™ä» DNA .1

f)ŠZgƒ@*ìXó3~6,z”Å@*;~æŠŠï�X DNA Zzg RNA .2

6,z”Å@*;» xg‚rìX DNA 6,z”Å@*;™@*ìZzg RNA .3

%%%%œœœœ////ZZZZððððFFFF,,,,ØØØØVVVVÆÆÆÆZZZZbbbbZZZZYYYYÃÃÃÃyyyyÐÐÐÐ��???? .7

c*( Purine)Heterocyclic bases %œ/ZðF,ØVÆZbZYâi]óÃ`guF,Zzg**>zX6,Œ `:Pyrimidine

ÆÆÆÆ********xxxxssssXXXX RNA &&&&ZZZZllllxxxxÆÆÆÆ .8

Æ&ZlxøDfs�: RNA

Messenger RNA (m-RNA) (i)

Ribose RNA (r-RNA) (ii)

Transfer RNA (t-RNA) (iii)

¶¶¶¶KKKK********]]]](((( 4)))) ¿¿¿¿��ZZZZ!!!!nnnnÆÆÆÆÎÎÎÎZZZZÑÑÑÑ]]]]»»»»gggg1111;;;;ààààgggg��HHHH��????øøøøDDDDffffssssÅÅÅÅããããCCCCŠŠŠŠ6666,,,,»»»»gggg1111;;;;ààààgggg��ÅÅÅÅŠŠŠŠggggzzzzÈÈÈÈ~~~~¾¾¾¾§§§§bbbbÅÅÅÅˆ???? .1

(Functional groups) ¤¤¤¤////zzzz\\\\ LLLL(c) (Hydrolysis) WWWW[[[[0000****ææææÏÏÏÏ (b) (Taste) ''''××××{{{{ (a)

II - ÒnÛn^ð31

0*à;àgzWË»g1B%·]Ã»g1;àg�¹Y@*ì}‰Ãióhzió+ßi Optically active `:)] (ii) ] (i) ''''××××{{{{ÅÅÅÅããããCCCCŠŠŠŠ6666,,,,ŠŠŠŠggggzzzzÈÈÈÈ~~~~:::: (a)

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α-Helix }:

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II - ÒnÛn^ð33

8 ZZZZ»»»»ðððð********xxxxCCCC6666YYYY

Organic Chemistry


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II - ÒnÛn^ð35

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(aldol)

II - ÒnÛn^ð37

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X;àgzX0*c* α »g!*W±hÓëF,ÚX~Zq- :::: (Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky) HVZ .10

Xì»g!*±hÓëF,Ú¯D�X α Y@*ìucÃ`gkÅñ�ŠÏ~ì½Ð¬ï™Æ

Aldol Z#ŠzZZ®Œàic*™÷ÆŠgxy :::: Cross-Aldol condensation .11

ë�X Cross-Aldol condensation HY@*ìÂZkÃ condensation

Benzaldehyde Acetophenone Benzalacetophone


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