20.2 classification of plants key concept plants can be classified into nine phyla
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20.2 Classification of Plants
KEY CONCEPT Plants can be classified into nine phyla.
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20.2 Classification of Plants
Mosses and their relatives are seedless nonvascular plants. • Nonvascular plants grow
close to the ground to absorb water and nutrients.
• Seedless plants rely on free-standing water for reproduction.
• Liverworts belong to phylum Hepatophyta. – often grow on wet rocks
or in greenhouses– can be thallose or leafy
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20.2 Classification of Plants
• Hornworts belong to phylum Anthocerophyta.
– found in tropical forests and along streams
– flat, lobed body with little green “horns”
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20.2 Classification of Plants
• Mosses belong to phylum Bryophyta.
– most common seedless nonvascular plants– sphagnum moss commonly used by humans as “peat”
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20.2 Classification of Plants
Club mosses and ferns are seedless vascular plants. • A vascular system allows club mosses and ferns to grow
higher off the ground.• Both need free-standing water for reproduction. • Club mosses belong to phylum Lycophyta.
– not true mosses – oldest living group
of vascular plants
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20.2 Classification of Plants
• Ferns and their relatives belong to phylum Pterophyta.
frond
fiddlehead
– whisk ferns and horsetails are close relatives of ferns– ferns have large leaves called fronds
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20.2 Classification of Plants
Seed plants include cone-bearing plants and flowering plants. • Seed plants have several advantages over their seedless
ancestors. – can reproduce without free-standing water, via pollination
– pollination occurs when pollen meets female plantparts
– seeds nourish and protect plant embryo
– seeds allow plants to disperse to new places
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20.2 Classification of Plants
• Gymnosperms do not have seeds enclosed in fruit. – most gymnosperms are cone-bearing and evergreen.– the cone is reproductive structure of most
gymnosperms.– pollen is produced
in male cones.– eggs are produced
in female cones.– seeds develop on
scales of female cones.
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20.2 Classification of Plants
• Cycads are gymnosperms in phylum Cycadophyta.
– look like palm trees with large cones– grow in tropical areas
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20.2 Classification of Plants
• Ginkgos are gymnosperms in phylum Ginkgophyta.– only one species alive today, Ginkgo biloba– grown in gardens and used in urban landscaping
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20.2 Classification of Plants
• Conifers are gymnosperms in phylum Coniferophyta.– most common
gymnosperms alive today
– includes pines, spruce, cedar, fir, and juniper
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20.2 Classification of Plants
• Angiosperms have seeds enclosed in some type of fruit. – A flower is the reproductive structure of angiosperms.– A fruit is a mature ovary of a flower.
• Angiosperms, or flowering plants, belong in phylum Anthophyta.