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Motivation and Emotion

Dr. Arra

Chapter 10

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Motivation and Emotion

Motivation: the driving force behind behavior

that leads us to pursue some things and

avoid others.

Motivation has two components:

1) what people want to do (goals)

2) how strongly they want to do it

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Perspectives on Motivation

PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE

Emphasizes the biological basis ofmotivation

Freud believed that humans are motivatedby drives; internal tension states that buildup until they are satisfied

Two basic drives: sex and aggression(control others and the environment)

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Perspectives on Motivation

Other drives include the need for relatedness to

others, and the need for self-esteem

More recent psychodynamic psychologists have

replaced drives with:1) wishes a representation of a desired state

that is associated with emotion or arousal

2) fears a representation of an undesired statethat is associated with an unpleasant feeling

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Perspectives on Motivation

Conscious vs. Unconscious Motivation

Self-report/stated motives

Motives revealed through projective testsshort term vs. long term

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Perspectives on Motivation

BEHAVIORIST PERSPECTIVE

Learning theorists recognize that theinternal state of an organism influences

reinforcementEX: reinforcers losing their power

Behaviorists believe that motivation is a

combination of ones drives (food, drink,sex) and reinforcement

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Perspectives on Motivation

2 types of drives:

primary

secondary

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Perspectives on Motivation

COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE

Expectancy-Value Theory: motivation as ajoint function of the value people place on

an outcome, and the extent to which theybelieve they can attain it

i.e., we are driven to attain goals that matter

a lot to us but also ones we believe wecan accomplish

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Motivation

Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation

Can be expressed outside of consciousawareness

Reinforcers

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Motivation

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

Alternate approach/view of motivation

Self-Actualization: not a deficiency need;rather growth needs; motives to expand

and develop ones skill and abilities

Maslow believed few people reach thislevel

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Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

Data based on Hierarchy of Needs in A Theory of Human

Motivation in MOTIVATION AND PERSONALITY by

Abraham H. Maslow. Copyright 1979 by Abraham H. Maslow.

Reprinted by permission of Harper & Row Publishers, Inc.

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Motivation

Homeostasisbodys tendency to maintain

a relatively constant state that permits

cells to live and function

Biological functions such as eating,

drinking, and sleeping are regulated by

homeostasis

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Homeostasis

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Emotions

Emotion/affect: a positive or negativeresponse that includes some

combination of physiological arousal,

cognitions, and behaviorComponents of emotion include:

Cognitive: thoughts, beliefs and

expectations Physiological: Internal physical changes

related to arousal

Behavioral: Outward signs of an

emotional state

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Brain Control of Emotion

Limbic system is

involved in

emotional states

Includes the

amygdala,

hypothalamus

Frontal lobesmodulate emotions

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James-Lange vs. Cannon-Bard

Emotion Theories

James-Lange Theory: emotions originate in PNSresponses that the CNS then interprets

Peripheral Theory of Emotion

EX: Seeing an angry bearWe do not run because we are afraid; we becomeafraid (emotion) because we run (visceral response)

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James-Lange vs. Cannon-Bard

Emotion Theories

Cannons arguments against the theory:

Visceral response are slower than emotions

The same visceral responses are associated

with many emotions (e.g. quickened heart

rate: sexual arousal, fear, rage)

Transection of the spinal cord does not impair

emotion

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James-Lange vs. Cannon-Bard

Emotion Theories

Cannon-Bard Theory:

Emotion-inducing stimuli simultaneously elicit both

emotional experiences and bodily responses

EX: seeing an angry bear

Simultaneously become afraid and heart pounds

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Emotional Expression

Emotional Expression: the overt behavioral signs ofemotion

EX: facial expressions, posture, gestures, tone ofvoice

Basic Emotions: anger, fear, happiness, sadness,

disgustPositive Affect: pleasant emotions

Negative Affect: unpleasant emotions

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Facial Expressions

There is an evolutionary link between theexperience of emotion and facial expression ofemotion: Darwin argued that this served to inform others of our

emotional stateDifferent facial expressions are associated withdifferent emotions Ekmans research demonstrated that similar facial

expressions are recognized across different cultures

Blind and sighted children use the same emotionalfacial expressions

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Facial Expressions

Facial-feedback hypothesis: facial

expressions not only indicate a persons

emotional state, they also influence the

physiological and subjective componentsof the emotion

EX: research study, ps hold face in a

particular way, effects heart rate and skintemperature