2019 chemistry written examination
TRANSCRIPT
CHEMISTRYWritten examination
Tuesday 12 November 2019 Reading time: 9.00 am to 9.15 am (15 minutes) Writing time: 9.15 am to 11.45 am (2 hours 30 minutes)
QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK
Structure of bookSection Number of
questionsNumber of questions
to be answeredNumber of
marksA 30 30 30B 10 10 90
Total 120
• Studentsarepermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:pens,pencils,highlighters,erasers, sharpeners,rulersandonescientificcalculator.
• StudentsareNOTpermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:blanksheetsofpaperand/orcorrectionfluid/tape.
Materials supplied• Questionandanswerbookof42pages• Databook• Answersheetformultiple-choicequestionsInstructions• Writeyourstudent numberinthespaceprovidedaboveonthispage.• Checkthatyourname andstudent numberasprintedonyouranswersheetformultiple-choice
questionsarecorrect,andsignyournameinthespaceprovidedtoverifythis.• Unlessotherwiseindicated,thediagramsinthisbookarenotdrawntoscale.• AllwrittenresponsesmustbeinEnglish.At the end of the examination• Placetheanswersheetformultiple-choicequestionsinsidethefrontcoverofthisbook.• Youmaykeepthedatabook.
Students are NOT permitted to bring mobile phones and/or any other unauthorised electronic devices into the examination room.
©VICTORIANCURRICULUMANDASSESSMENTAUTHORITY2019
SUPERVISOR TO ATTACH PROCESSING LABEL HEREVictorian Certificate of Education 2019
STUDENT NUMBER
Letter
2019CHEMISTRYEXAM 2
SECTION A – continued
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eaQuestion 1
AnunderstandingofLeChatelier’sprincipleisusefulinthechemicalindustry.ThepredictionthatcanbemadeusingthisprincipleistheeffectofA. catalystsontherateofreaction.B. catalystsonthepositionofequilibrium.C. changesintemperatureontherateofreaction.D. changesintheconcentrationofreactantsonthepositionofequilibrium.
Question 2ThethermochemicalequationforthecompletecombustionofglucoseisA. C6H12O6+6O2 →6CO2+6H2O ΔH=−2860kJmol−1
B. C6H12O6+3O2 →6CO+6H2O ΔH=−2011kJmol−1
C. C6H12O6 →2C2H5OH+2CO2 ΔH=−69kJmol−1
D. C6H12O6 →2C3H6O3 ΔH=−120kJmol−1
Question 3Acompoundhasthefollowingskeletalformula.
O
ThemolarmassofthecompoundisA. 71gmol−1
B. 74gmol−1
C. 85gmol−1
D. 86gmol−1
SECTION A – Multiple-choice questions
Instructions for Section AAnswerall questionsinpencilontheanswersheetprovidedformultiple-choicequestions.Choosetheresponsethatiscorrect orthatbest answers thequestion.Acorrectanswerscores1;anincorrectanswerscores0.Markswillnotbedeductedforincorrectanswers.Nomarkswillbegivenifmorethanoneansweriscompletedforanyquestion.Unlessotherwiseindicated,thediagramsinthisbookarenotdrawntoscale.
3 2019CHEMISTRYEXAM
SECTION A – continuedTURN OVER
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Question 4OxidativeranciditycanbesloweddownbyaddingA. heat.B. ultraviolet(UV)light.C. sodiumions.D. areducingagent.
Question 5Atthestartoftheday,astudentsetupagalvaniccellusingtwoelectrodes:nickel,Ni,andmetalX.Thisset-upisshowninthediagrambelow.
V
Ni(s) X(s)salt bridge
Ni2+(aq) X2+(aq)
Half-cell 1 Half-cell 2
greensolution
ConsiderthefollowingalternativemetalsthatcouldbeusedtoreplacemetalX:
1.zinc,Zn 2.lead,Pb 3.cadmium,Cd 4.copper,Cu
Attheendoftheday,thestudentcheckedthecolourofthesolutioninHalf-cell1andobservedthatthesolutionwasadarkergreencolour.WhichofthealternativemetalscouldcausethecolourofHalf-cell1tobecomeadarkergreen?A. metals1and3B. metals2and4C. metals1,2and3D. metals3and4
2019CHEMISTRYEXAM 4
SECTION A – continued
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Question 6Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsaboutenzymesiscorrect?A. Theinducedfitmodelsuggeststhattheshapeofanenzymeremainsconstantthroughoutacatalysedreaction.B. Enzymesmayhavetheirtertiarystructurealteredduringacatalysedreaction.C. Enzymescancatalysemostreactionsoverabroadrangeoftemperatures.D. Enzymesmaychangetheequilibriumconstantofacatalysedreaction.
Question 7Amoltenmixtureofequalpartsaluminiumfluoride,AlF3,andsodiumchloride,NaCl,undergoeselectrolysis.Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsaboutthisreactioniscorrect?A. Sodiummetalwillbeproducedatthecathodeandfluorinegaswillbeproducedattheanode.B. Sodiummetalwillbeproducedattheanodeandchlorinegaswillbeproducedatthecathode.C. Aluminiummetalwillbeproducedatthecathodeandchlorinegaswillbeproducedattheanode.D. Aluminiummetalwillbeproducedattheanodeandfluorinegaswillbeproducedatthecathode.
Question 8Considerthefollowingstatementsaboutgalvaniccellsandfuelcells.
Statement number Statement
1 Theoverallreactionisexothermic.
2 Electronsareconsumedatthenegativeelectrode.
3 Boththereducingagentandtheoxidisingagentarestoredineachhalf-cell.
4 Theelectrodesareincontactwiththereactantsandtheelectrolyte.
5 Theproductionofelectricityrequirestheelectrodestobereplacedregularly.
Whichoneofthefollowingsetsofstatementsiscorrectforbothgalvaniccellsandfuelcells?A. statementnumbers2and3B. statementnumbers1and4C. statementnumbers2,4and5D. statementnumbers1,3and5
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SECTION A – continuedTURN OVER
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Question 9Areactionhastheenergyprofilediagramshownbelow.
1201101009080706050403020100
enthalpy(kJ mol–1)
progress of reaction
Whichofthefollowingrepresentstheenergyprofileofthereversereaction?
Final product energy (kJ mol−1)
ΔH (kJ mol−1)
A. 40 +10
B. 50 +10
C. 50 −10
D. 40 −10
Question 10Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsaboutcoenzymesiscorrect?A. Coenzymesalterthesecondarystructureofenzymes.B. Coenzymescanreactwithenzymestoproduceproteins.C. Coenzymescanbindtoenzymestomakeareactionoccur.D. Thetertiarystructureofcoenzymespreventsthemfrombindingwithenzymes.
Question 115mLofethanol,CH3CH2OH,undergoescombustioninatesttubewithadiameterof1cm.Thisexperimentisperformedinafumecupboard.Thetemperatureinthefumecupboardis20°C.Whichoneofthefollowingactionswillreducetherateofreaction?A. Mix2mLofadilutesolutionofsodiumhydroxide,NaOH,withtheethanol.B. Performtheexperimentinatesttubewithadiameterof2cm.C. Increasethetemperatureinthefumecupboardto25°C.D. Increasethevolumeoftheethanolto7mL.
2019 CHEMISTRY EXAM 6
SECTION A – continued
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Question 12A compound has the molecular formula C4H9Cl.Which type of chemical analysis would be most useful in determining whether this compound has a stereoisomer? A. mass spectrometry B. infra-red spectroscopyC. high-performance liquid chromatographyD. nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Question 13Which one of the following statements about flashpoints is correct?A. The flashpoint of butane is lower than 25 °C.B. As a flashpoint increases, the viscosity decreases.C. The flashpoint of a compound is higher than its boiling point.D. The flashpoint of butane is greater than the flashpoint of butan-1-ol.
Question 14The following diagram represents the structure of a non-essential vitamin.
H3C
H3C
O
O
O
O
CH3
CH3
H
10
This vitamin isA. fat-soluble and can be produced by the human body.B. water-soluble and can be produced by the human body.C. fat-soluble and cannot be produced by the human body.D. water-soluble and cannot be produced by the human body.
Question 15 Aspartame has onlyA. one chiral centre.B. two stereoisomers.C. four optical isomers. D. three structural isomers.
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SECTION A – continuedTURN OVER
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Question 16Thenumberofcarbon-to-carbondoublebonds(C=C)inamoleculecanbeidentifiedbyreactingthemoleculewithhydrogengas,H2.Thetypeofreactioninvolvedisanadditionreaction.10.0gofafattyacidbecomesfullysaturatedafterreactingwith0.263gofH2.ThefattyacidisA. oleicacid(M=282gmol−1).B. linolenicacid(M=278gmol−1).C. arachidicacid(M=312gmol−1).D. arachidonicacid(M=304gmol−1).
Question 17Thetraditionofbronzingbabyshoesdatesbackforgenerations.Beforeelectroplating,theshoeispaintedwithaconductivematerial.Thecopper,Cu,electrodeandcoppersulfate,CuSO4,solutioncellusedforelectroplatingashoeisshownbelow.
CuSO4(aq)
Cu electrode
DuringtheelectroplatingprocessA. thecopperelectrodeisoxidisedanditsmassisunchanged.B. theshoeiscoatedwithcoppermetalatthecathode.C. thecopperelectrodeistheoxidisingagent.D. oxygenisproducedatthecathode.
2019CHEMISTRYEXAM 8
SECTION A – continued
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Question 18Whichoneofthefollowinggalvaniccellswillproducethelargestcellvoltageunderstandardlaboratoryconditions(SLC)?
salt bridge
Zn Ni
1.0 M Zn(NO3)2 1.0 M Ni(NO3)2
salt bridge
Fe Pt
1.0 M Fe(NO3)2 1.0 M HCl
salt bridge
Ag Cu
1.0 M AgNO3 1.0 M Cu(NO3)2
salt bridge
Sn Pt
1.0 M Sn(NO3)2 pure water
A. B.
C. D.
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SECTION A – continuedTURN OVER
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Question 19Lactoseiscommonlyfoundinmilkandmilkproducts.Theenzymeusedtohydrolyselactoseinthehumansmallintestineislactase.Lactoseintolerancedescribesthelimitedabilityofhumanstohydrolyselactose.Considerthefollowingstatements.
Statement number Statement
1 Lactose-intolerantpeopleproducetoomuchlactaseenzyme.
2 Insufficientlactaseleadstosomelactosenotundergoinghydrolysisinthehumanbody.
3 Lactose-intolerantpeoplecanaddlactasedropstomilktohelpdigestion.
4 Lactaseassistsinthehydrolysisoflactoseintotwoglucosemolecules.
Whichoneofthefollowingsetsofstatementsiscorrect?A. statementnumbers1,2and3B. statementnumbers1,2and4C. statementnumbers2and3D. statementnumbers3and4
Question 20Theoxidationofsulfurdioxide,SO2,tosulfurtrioxide,SO3,canberepresentedbythefollowingequation.
2SO2(g)+O2(g)⇌2SO3(g) Kc=1.75M−1at1000°C
Anequilibriummixturehasaconcentrationof0.12MSO2and0.16Moxygengas,O2.Thetemperatureofthecontaineris1000°C.TheequilibriumconcentrationofSO3at1000°CisA. 1.5×10−4MB. 4.0×10−3MC. 1.2×10−2MD. 6.3×10−2M
2019CHEMISTRYEXAM 10
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SECTION A–continued
Question 21ThediagrambelowrepresentstheMaxwell-Boltzmanndistributionofanuncatalysedreaction.
number of particles
Eakinetic energy
Theeffectofaddingacatalystcouldbe:1. thecurveflattenstoreflecttheloweractivationenergybarrier2. thecurveshiftstotheright3. theEashiftstotheleft.
Whichofthestatementsabovearecorrect?A. 1onlyB. 1and2C. 2and3D. 3only
Question 22Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsaboutconductinganexperimentisthemostcorrect?A. Preciseresultsmaybebiased.B. Accuracyisassuredifsensitiveinstrumentsareused.C. Amethodisvalidifitidentifiesallcontrolledvariables.D. Repeatingaprocedurewillremovetheuncertaintyoftheresults.
Question 23Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsaboutenthalpychangeiscorrect?A. Thesignoftheenthalpychangeforanendothermicreactionisnegative.B. Thesignoftheenthalpychangeforthecondensationofagastoaliquidisnegative.C. Theenthalpychangeisthedifferencebetweentheactivationenergyandtheenergyofthereactants.D. Theenthalpychangeisthedifferencebetweentheactivationenergyandtheenergyoftheproducts.
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SECTION A–continuedTURN OVER
Question 24Thediagrambelowshowsanelectroplatingcell.
object
power source
metalelectrode
Thecellcontains1Lofanelectroplatingsolution.Theelectroplatingcellisrunforonehourat3A.Whichoneofthefollowingelectroplatingsolutionswilldepositthelargestmassofmetalontotheobject?A. 1MAgNO3
B. 1MCd(NO3)2C. 1MPb(NO3)2D. 1MAl(NO3)3
2019CHEMISTRYEXAM 12
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SECTION A–continued
Question 25Thefollowingconcentration–timegraphreferstoamixtureofthreegases,P,QandR,inanenclosed5.0Lcontainer.Attimet1themixtureisheated.
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
t1
concentration (M)
time (seconds)
Q
P
R
TheequilibriumsystemthatrepresentsthegraphisA. P(g) ⇌2Q(g)+R(g)andtheforwardreactionisexothermic.B. 2Q(g)⇌P(g)+R(g)andtheforwardreactionisendothermic.C. 2Q(g)+R(g)⇌P(g)andtheforwardreactionisexothermic.D. P(g)+2Q(g) ⇌R(g)andtheforwardreactionisendothermic.
Question 26Thecalibrationfactorofabombcalorimeterwasdeterminedbyconnectingthecalorimetertoapowersupply.Thecalibrationwasdoneusing100mLofwater,6.5Vandacurrentof3.6Afor4.0minutes.Thetemperatureofthewaterincreasedby0.48°Cduringthecalibration.4.20gofsucroseunderwentcompletecombustioninthebombcalorimeter.Thetemperatureofthe100mLofwaterincreasedfrom19.6°Cto25.8°C.M(C12H22O11)=342gmol−1
Theexperimentalheatofcombustionofpuresucrose,injoulespergram,isA. 5.9×106
B. 7.3×104
C. 1.7×104
D. 1.2×104
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SECTION A–continuedTURN OVER
Question 27Anorganiccompoundhasamolarmassof88gmol−1.The13CNMRspectrumoftheorganiccompoundshowsfourdistinctpeaks.TheorganiccompoundismostlikelyA. butan-1-ol.B. 2-methyl-butan-1-ol.C. 2-methyl-butan-2-ol.D. 2,2-dimethyl-propan-1-ol.
Question 28Theconcentrationofallofthegasesintheequilibriumreactionsbelowis1.0M.
Reaction1 CH4(g)+2H2O(g)⇌CO2(g)+4H2(g)
Reaction2 N2(g)+3H2(g)⇌2NH3(g)
Reaction3 H2(g)+I2(g)⇌2HI(g)
Reaction4 2NO2(g)⇌N2O4(g)
InwhichreactiondoesKc=1.0M−2?A. Reaction1B. Reaction2C. Reaction3D. Reaction4
2019CHEMISTRYEXAM 14
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END OF SECTION A
Use the following information to answer Questions 29 and 30.TheconcentrationofvitaminCinafilteredsampleofgrapefruitjuicewasdeterminedbytitratingthejuicewith 9.367×10−4Miodine,I2,solutionusingstarchsolutionasanindicator.ThemolarmassofvitaminCis 176.0gmol−1.Thereactioncanberepresentedbythefollowingequation.
C6H8O6(aq)+I2(aq)→C6H6O6(aq)+2H+(aq)+2I−(aq)
Thefollowingmethodwasused:1. Weighaclean250mLconicalflask.2. Usea10mLmeasuringcylindertomeasure5mLofgrapefruitjuiceintotheconicalflaskandreweighit.3. Add20mLofdeionisedwatertotheconicalflask.4. Addadropofstarchsolutiontotheconicalflask.5. TitratethedilutedgrapefruitjuiceagainsttheI2solution.
Question 29WhichoneofthefollowingerrorswouldresultinanunderestimationoftheconcentrationofvitaminCingrapefruitjuice?A. 19mLofdeionisedwaterwasaddedtotheconicalflask.B. TheconcentrationoftheI2solutionwasactually9.178×10−4M.C. TheinitialvolumeoftheI2solutionintheburettewas1.50mL,butitwasreadas2.50mL.D. Thebalancewasfaultyandthemeasuredmassofgrapefruitjuicewaslowerthantheactualmass.
Question 30Ifthemeasuredmassofgrapefruitjuicewas4.90gandthetitrewas21.50mL,whatwasthemeasuredpercentagemass/mass(%m/m)concentrationofvitaminCinthegrapefruitjuice?A. 0.00987B. 0.0723C. 0.354D. 3.36
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TURN OVER
CONTINUES OVER PAGE
2019CHEMISTRYEXAM 16
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SECTION B – Question 1–continued
Question 1 (9marks)Acommercialchocolatespreadiscommonlyusedinsandwichesanddesserts.Thisfoodcontainshighamountsofproteins,triglyceridesandsucrose.Proteinsareanimportantpartoffood.Proteinsarebrokendownintosmallermoleculesduringdigestion.
a. Proteinscanbehydrolysedtoproducealpha(α-)aminoacids.
Identifyonestructuralfeaturecommontoallalpha(α-)aminoacids. 1mark
b. i. Whatistheprocessbywhichaminoacidsareobtainedfromthechocolatespread? 1mark
ii. Identifythechemicalprocessinwhichaminoacidsarepredominantlyusedinthebody. 1mark
iii. Twooftheaminoacidsinthechocolatespreadareasparticacidandcysteine.
DrawthechemicalstructureofthedipeptideCys-Aspathigh pH. 2marks
SECTION B
Instructions for Section BAnswerallquestionsinthespacesprovided.Writeusingblueorblackpen.Givesimplifiedanswerstoallnumericalquestions,withanappropriatenumberofsignificantfigures;unsimplifiedanswerswillnotbegivenfullmarks.Showallworkinginyouranswerstonumericalquestions;nomarkswillbegivenforanincorrectanswerunlessitisaccompaniedbydetailsoftheworking.Ensurechemicalequationsarebalancedandthattheformulasforindividualsubstancesincludeanindicationofstate,forexample,H2(g),NaCl(s).Unlessotherwiseindicated,thediagramsinthisbookarenotdrawntoscale.
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
c. Thetriglyceridesinthechocolatespreadcontainpalmiticacidandpalmitoleicacid.
Whichofthesefattyacidsislikelytohaveahighermeltingpoint?Explainyourreasoning. 2marks
d. Drawthestructureofatriglyceridethatcontainsonlypalmitoleicacidusingsemi-structuralformulas.Circleandlabelthetriglyceridefunctionalgroup. 2marks
2019CHEMISTRYEXAM 18
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SECTION B – Question 2–continued
Question 2 (8marks)a. ThefollowingdiagramrepresentsareactionpathwayforthesynthesisofCompoundQfrom
pent-2-ene.
pent-2-ene
Skeletal formula:
Compound M(contains a chiral carbon)
Name:
Compound Q
Semi-structural formula:
Cr2O72–/H+
H2O/H+
Compound N(no chiral carbon)
i. Drawtheskeletalformulaforpent-2-eneintheboxprovided. 1mark
Twostructuralisomersarepossiblewhenpent-2-eneishydrolysedatahightemperatureinthepresenceofanacidcatalyst.CompoundsMandNareformed.CompoundMhasachiralcarbon,butCompoundNdoesnot.
ii. GivetheIUPACnameofCompoundMintheboxprovided. 1mark
iii. WhenCompoundMisreactedwithacidifieddichromateions,Cr2O72−,CompoundQisformed.
Drawthesemi-structuralformulaofCompoundQintheboxprovided. 1mark
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
b. 2-chloropropanecanbereactedwithammoniatoproduceanunchargedorganicmolecule,CompoundR.
i. Writetheequationforthereactionthatoccurs. 1mark
ii. GivetheIUPACnameofCompoundR. 1mark
iii. NamethetypeofreactionthatproducesCompoundR. 1mark
iv. CalculatethepercentageatomeconomyfortheproductionofCompoundR. 2marks
2019CHEMISTRYEXAM 20
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SECTION B – Question 3–continued
Question 3 (7marks)Thecobalt(II)tetrachlorideion,CoCl42−,dissociatesintothecobalt(II)ion,Co2+,andchlorideions,Cl−,accordingtothefollowingchemicalequation.
CoCl42−(aq)⇌Co2+(aq)+4Cl−(aq)
blue pink
20mLsamplesoftheequilibriummixturewereheatedtotwotemperatures,30°Cand80°C.TheintensityofthepinkcolouroftheCo2+productwasrecordedevery30secondsbymeasuringtheabsorbanceofthesolution.Thehighertheintensityofthepinkcolour,thehighertheabsorbance.Theresultsofthisexperimentareshowninthegraphbelow.
30 °C
80 °Crelative
absorbance
time (seconds)
a. Statewhethertheforwardreactionisexothermicorendothermic.Justifyyouranswerbyreferringtothegraph. 2marks
b. When5mLofwaterwasaddedtotheequilibriummixture,thecolourofthesolutionimmediatelybecamealighterpink.
Describethefinalcolourofthesolutiononceequilibriumisre-established.Explainyouranswer. 2marks
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
c. Fivedropsofsilvernitrate,AgNO3,solutionareaddedtotheequilibriummixtureattimet1. Aconcentration–timegraphforthisreactionisshownbelowfortimesbetweenzeroandt1.
concentration (M)
t1time (arbitrary units)
CoCl42–
Cl–
Co2+
0
Continuethegraphtoshowthechangesthatoccurtothesystemfromt1untilequilibriumis re-established. 3marks
2019CHEMISTRYEXAM 22
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SECTION B – Question 4–continued
Question 4 (7marks)Internalcombustionenginesareusedinlargenumbersofmotorvehicles.Historically,internalcombustionengineshaveusedfuelsobtainedfromcrudeoilasasourceofpower.Asconcernsfortheenvironmenthavegrown,effortshavebeenmadetoobtainfuelforcombustionenginesfromothersources.
a. Onewayofreducingtheenvironmentaleffectsoffossilfuelsistoblendthemwithbiofuels.Acommonmethodistoblendpetrolwithethanolinvaryingratios.Afuelcanbeobtainedbyblending 1moleofoctane,C8H18,and1moleofethanol,C2H5OH.
Thechemicalequationforthecompletecombustionofthisfuelmixtureis
C8H18(l)+C2H5OH(l)+15½O2(g)→10CO2(g)+12H2O(g)
Calculatetheenergyreleased,inkilojoules,when80gofthisfuelmixtureundergoescompletecombustion.Showyourworking. 3marks
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
b. Somecarmanufacturersareexploringtheuseofanacidicethanolfuelcelltopowervehicles.Inthisfuelcell,theethanolatoneelectrodereactswithwaterthathasbeenproducedattheotherelectrode. Amembraneisusedtotransportionsbetweentheelectrodes.Adiagramofanacidicethanolfuelcellisshownbelow.
O2
excessO2
CH3CH2OH
excessCH3CH2OH
H2OCO2
membrane
load
i. Identifytheelectrodeaseitherthecathodeortheanodeintheboxprovidedinthediagramabove. 1mark
ii. Writethehalf-equationforthereactionoccurringattheanode. 1mark
iii. Thecombustionofethanolandthecombustionofoctanereleaseaboutthesameamountofenergypermoleofcarbondioxideproduced.
Identifytwoadvantagesofpoweringavehicleusinganethanolfuelcellinsteadofaninternalcombustionenginepoweredbyoctane. 2marks
2019CHEMISTRYEXAM 24
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SECTION B – Question 5–continued
Question 5 (8marks)High-performanceliquidchromatography(HPLC)wasusedtodeterminethesucroseconcentrationinasampletakenfromacanofsoftdrink.Standardsolutionsweremadeupusingpuresucroseanddeionisedwater.A1mLsampleofeachstandardsolutionwasinjectedintotheHPLCcolumnanditspeakareawasrecorded,asshowninthetablebelow.
Concentration of sucrose (g L−1)
Peak area (mm2)
0.10 700
0.20 1600
0.40 2500
0.60 3300
0.80 4200
Theexperimentalresults(shownasdots)andacalibrationlineoftheconcentrationofsucroseagainstpeakareaareshowninthegraphbelow.
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
peak area (mm2)
0 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40concentration (g L–1)
0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90
25 2019CHEMISTRYEXAM
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SECTION B – Question 5–continuedTURN OVER
a. A5.0mLsampleofthesoftdrinkwasdilutedto100mLinavolumetricflask. A10.0mLaliquotofthissolutionwastransferredtoa250mLvolumetricflaskandfilleduptothe
calibrationmarkusingdeionisedwater. AsampleofthissolutionwasinjectedintotheHPLCcolumn.Thepeakareaofthesamplesolutionat
thesameretentiontimeandunderthesameconditionsasthoseusedtodeterminethecalibrationlinewasfoundtobe1900mm2.
i. DeterminethesucrosecontentofthesampletestedintheHPLC,ingramsperlitre. 1mark
ii. Calculatethepercentagemass/volume(%m/v)ofsucroseinthe5.0mLsampleofsoftdrink. 2marks
iii. Thecanusedtoobtainthesamplecontained330mLofsoftdrink.
Assumingthattheonlysugarinthesoftdrinkissucrose,calculatethemassofsucroseinthecanofsoftdrink. 1mark
b. Basedontheresultsobtained,istheexperimentalmethodvalid?Giveyourreasoning. 1mark
2019CHEMISTRYEXAM 26
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SECTION B – continued
c. Sucroseandaspartamearetypesofsweeteners.
Useyourunderstandingofchemistrytoexplainwhysomepeoplereplacesugarwithaspartame.Inyouranswer,comparesucroseandaspartameintermsof:• metabolicreactions• glycaemicindices• energycontent. 3marks
27 2019CHEMISTRYEXAM
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SECTION B – Question 6 – continuedTURN OVER
Question 6 (10marks)TherearemanyvarietiesofbreadavailabletoconsumersinAustralia.Thenutritionalvaluesforonetypeofwholemealbreadaregiveninthetablebelow.
Per 100 g
Energy 1000kJ
Protein 9.1g
Fats and oils 2.5g
Carbohydrates 41.5g
Sugars 3.0g
Fibre 6.4g
a. Calculatetheenergy,inkilojoules,providedbytheproteinandfatsandoilsin100gofthiswholemealbread. 1mark
b. Nameamodelusedtoexplainthemechanismbywhichanenzymecanbreakdownproteins. 1mark
c. Proteinscanbedenaturedbyanincreaseintemperature.
Describewhathappenstothebondingintheproteinstructurewhenitisdenaturedbyanincreaseintemperature. 1mark
2019CHEMISTRYEXAM 28
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SECTION B – Question 6–continued
d. Carbohydratescanbepresentinthebodyinmanyforms.
i. Namethepolysaccharidethatisusedtostoreenergywithinthebody. 1mark
ii. Explainthedifferenceintheglycaemicindexofamyloseandamylopectin. 2marks
e. Canolaoilisoneoftheusualingredientsinbread.Canolaoilisasourceofomega-3fattyacids.
Whyarethesefattyacidsclassifiedasomega-3? 1mark
29 2019 CHEMISTRY EXAM
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
f. The wholemeal bread undergoes complete combustion in a bomb calorimeter containing 200 g of water. Assume that all of the energy in the combustion is transferred to the water.
i. Calculate the mass of bread needed to raise the temperature of the water by 6 °C. 2 marks
ii. The combustion of the bread was investigated using a different method. The bread was ignited under a beaker containing 200 g of water, which was set on a tripod. The equipment used is shown below.
water
tripod
stand
watch glass
breadflame
beaker
If 1.2 g of bread was needed to raise the temperature of the water by 6 °C using this different method, calculate the efficiency of the energy transfer in this combustion. 1 mark
2019CHEMISTRYEXAM 30
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SECTION B – Question 7–continued
Question 7 (8marks)Thezinc–ceriumbatteryisacommercialrechargeablebatterythatcomprisesaseriesofcells.Duringrecharging,thecellsuseenergyfromwindfarmsorsolarcellpanels.Duringdischarging,energyissuppliedtoelectricgridstopowerlocalfactoriesandhomes.Theelectrolytesarestoredinseparatestoragetanks,andarepumpedintoandoutofeachcellwheninuse.Amembraneseparatesthetwoelectrodesthatareimmersedin1Mmethanesulfonicacid,CH3SO3H.Adiagramrepresentingazinc–ceriumcellisshownbelow.
membrane
load
electrolytetank
Ce4+/Ce3+
electrolytetankZn2+
carbon electrode
zinc electrode
pump pump
pump pump
Thefollowinghalf-cellreactionsoccurinthezinc–ceriumcell.
Zn(CH3SO3)2(aq)+2H+(aq)+2e− ⇌Zn(s)+2CH3SO3H(aq) E0=−0.76VCe(CH3SO3)4(aq)+H+(aq)+e− ⇌Ce(CH3SO3)3(aq)+CH3SO3H(aq) E0=1.64V
a. Writetheequationfortheoveralldischargereaction. 1mark
b. Identifytheoxidisingagentduringdischargingandjustifyyouranswerusingoxidationnumbers. 2marks
31 2019CHEMISTRYEXAM
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
c. Determinethetheoreticalvoltageproducedbyasinglecellasitdischarges. 1mark
d. Writetheionicequationforthereactionoccurringatthepositiveelectrodeduringrecharging. 1mark
e. Otherthantransportingionsbetweentheelectrodes,describeonefunctionofthemembraneinthezinc–ceriumcell. 1mark
f. Specifyonefactorthatwouldlimitthelifeofthezinc–ceriumcell. 1mark
g. Expertshaveregardedthezinc–ceriumcellasahybridofafuelcellandasecondarycell.
Whywouldthisbethecase? 1mark
2019CHEMISTRYEXAM 32
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SECTION B – Question 8–continued
Question 8 (9marks)Anunknownorganiccompoundcontainscarbon,hydrogenandoxygen.Itisknownthat:• thecompounddoesnotcontaincarbon-to-carbondoublebonds(C=C)• themolecularionpeakisfoundatamass-to-chargeratio(m/z)of74• the13CNMRhasthreedistinctpeaks.
a. Asmallpeakinthemassspectrumcanbeidentifiedatm/z=75.
Explainthepresenceofthispeak. 1mark
b. i. Usetheinformationprovidedtogivetwopossiblemolecularformulasforthiscompound. 2marks
ii. The1HNMRspectrumofthecompoundshowsthreesetsofpeakswithapeakarearatioof3:2:1.
Whatdoesthisinformationtellyouaboutthestructureofthecompoundanditsmolecularformula?Justifyyouranswerbyreferringtotheinformationgivenaboutthepeaksinthe 1HNMRspectrum. 2marks
c. Therearemanystructuralisomersofthiscompound.
Drawthestructuralformulasoftwopossibleisomers. 2marks
33 2019CHEMISTRYEXAM
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
d. Theinfra-red(IR)spectrumofthecompoundisshownbelow.
100
50
0
transmittance (%)
wave number (cm–1)4000 3000 2000 1500 1000 500
BA
Data:SDBSWeb,<http://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp>, NationalInstituteofAdvancedIndustrialScienceandTechnology
i. IdentifythefunctionalgroupsresponsiblefortheabsorptionpeakslabelledAandBinthe IRspectrum. 1mark
A
B
ii. Usingthe1HNMRinformationgiveninpart b.ii.andtheIRspectrumprovidedabove,drawthestructuralformulaofthecompound. 1mark
2019 CHEMISTRY EXAM 34
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SECTION B – Question 9 – continued
Question 9 (15 marks)A student designed an experiment to investigate current efficiency during the electrolysis of a sodium chloride, NaCl, solution. Current efficiency is the amount of product produced, expressed as a percentage of the theoretical amount of product, calculated using Faraday’s law. When the products of an electrolysis are gases, current efficiency can be calculated using the following.
current efficiency = volume of gas producedvolume of gas expected baased on Faraday,s law
× 100%
All experimental work was carried out under standard laboratory conditions (SLC). The experiment involved the use of a Hoffman electrolysis apparatus.The following is the first section of the student’s report.
What is the effect on current efficiency during electrolysis when the concentration of a sodium chloride, NaCl, solution is changed?
AimTo investigate the effect on current efficiency during electrolysis when the concentration of a sodium chloride, NaCl, solution is changed
ProcedureStep 1: Rinse the Hoffman electrolysis apparatus with distilled water.Step 2: Fill the Hoffman electrolysis apparatus with distilled water so that the bottom of the meniscus in
both tubes is level with the 170 mL mark.Step 3: Connect the power supply and ammeter to the electrodes of the Hoffman electrolysis apparatus.Step 4: Turn on the power supply and start timing. Record the current displayed on the ammeter.Step 5: After five minutes turn off the power supply and record the volume level on each of the tubes.Step 6: Repeat steps 2–5 four times.Step 7: Average the readings of the initial and final volumes at each electrode and current readings.Step 8: Repeat steps 1–7 using 1.5 M NaCl solution instead of distilled water.Step 9: Repeat steps 1–7 using 4 M NaCl solution instead of distilled water.
a. Identify the dependent variable. 1 mark
35 2019CHEMISTRYEXAM
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SECTION B – Question 9–continuedTURN OVER
b. i. Identifyasafetyriskassociatedwiththechemicalsproducedduringtheexperiment. 1mark
ii. Whatarethesafetymeasuresrequiredtoreducethesafetyriskidentifiedinpart b.i.? 1mark
AdiagramoftheHoffmanelectrolysisapparatus,correctlyfilledasrequiredinStep2,isshownbelow.
170 mL
160 mL
150 mL
140 mL
130 mL
120 mL
110 mL
100 mL
90 mL
80 mL
70 mL
60 mL
50 mL
40 mL
30 mL
20 mL
10 mL
0 mL
170 mL
160 mL
150 mL
140 mL
130 mL
120 mL
110 mL
100 mL
90 mL
80 mL
70 mL
60 mL
50 mL
40 mL
30 mL
20 mL
10 mL
0 mL
graphite electrode
powersupply+ –
graphite electrode
stopcock stopcock
2019CHEMISTRYEXAM 36
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SECTION B – Question 9–continued
Theresultsforsteps1–7oftheprocedurearegivenbelowinPart1.
Part 1 – Distilled water
Trial Initial volume (mL) Final volume (mL) Current (A)
Negative electrode
Positive electrode
Negative electrode
Positive electrode
1 170.0 170.0 100.2 135.3 2.0
2 170.0 170.0 100.3 135.3 2.0
3 170.0 170.0 99.9 135.0 2.0
4 170.0 170.0 99.8 134.8 2.0
5 170.0 170.0 100.1 135.1 2.0
Average 170.0 170.0 100.1 135.1 2.0
c. AretheresultsinPart1precise?Justifyyouranswer. 1mark
d. Writethehalf-equationforthereactionthatwouldbeexpectedtobeobservedatthenegativeelectrode. 1mark
e. i. CalculatethevolumeofgasexpectedatthenegativeelectrodeforPart1oftheexperimentusingFaraday’slaw. 3marks
37 2019CHEMISTRYEXAM
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SECTION B – Question 9–continuedTURN OVER
ii. CalculatethecurrentefficiencyforPart1oftheexperiment. 1mark
Theresultsforsteps8and9oftheprocedurearegivenbelowinPart2andPart3.
Part 2 – 1.5 M NaCl (Step 8 of the procedure)
Initial volume (mL) Final volume (mL) Current (A)
Negative electrode
Positive electrode
Negative electrode
Positive electrode
Average 170.0 170.0 98.0 133.2 2.0
Part 3 – 4 M NaCl (Step 9 of the procedure)
Initial volume (mL) Final volume (mL) Current (A)
Negative electrode
Positive electrode
Negative electrode
Positive electrode
Average 170.0 170.0 95.2 100.0 2.0
f. Whatconclusioncanbedrawnfromtheresultsforparts1,2and3?Giveyourreasoning. 2marks
g. Statethechangethestudentshouldmaketotheirexperimentaldesigntoensuretheyachievetheiraim.Justifyyouranswer. 2marks
2019 CHEMISTRY EXAM 38
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SECTION B – continued
h. Scientists may use scientific posters to convey their research results to other scientists.
State two different aspects of the electrolysis experiment that the student should include in the discussion section of their scientific poster. 2 marks
39 2019CHEMISTRYEXAM
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SECTION B–continuedTURN OVER
CONTINUES OVER PAGE
2019CHEMISTRYEXAM 40
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SECTION B – Question 10–continued
Question 10 (9marks)Climatechangehasbeenidentifiedasathreattotheenvironment.Fossilfuelsarerecognisedasasignificantcontributortotheriseincarbondioxidelevelsintheatmosphere.Thereplacementoffossilfuelsasanenergysourcerepresentsachallengeandhasbeenthefocusofresearchforanumberofyears.However,therearedifferentopinions/viewsaboutthesuitabilityofusingabiofuel,suchasbiodiesel,asareplacementforfossilfuels.Someextractsrepresentingdifferentviewpointsareshownintheboxbelow.
1‘Biofuelsarefuelsthatareproducedfrombiologicalsourcessuchastrees,plantsormicroorganisms.Theyarecarbonneutral,becausetheydonotresultinfossilcarbonbeingreleasedintotheatmosphere.’
2‘AllgoodsolutionsareneededintheenergytransitionrequiredtoachieveEurope’sclimategoals–andsustainablebiofuelsarecriticaltotransportdecarbonisation.’
3‘Manyscientistsviewbiofuelsasinherentlycarbon-neutral:theyassumethecarbondioxide(CO2)plantsabsorbfromtheairastheygrowcompletelyoffsets,or“neutralises,”theCO2emittedwhenfuelsmadefromplantsburn.’4‘…ouranalysisaffirmsthat,asacureforclimatechange,biofuelsare“worsethanthedisease.”’5‘…althoughsomeformsofbioenergycanplayahelpfulrole,dedicatinglandspecificallyforgeneratingbioenergyisunwise.’
Sources:1CarbonNeutralEarth,<www.carbonneutralearth.com/biofuels.php>;2SejersgårdFanø,quotedinErinVoegele, ‘EUreachesdealonREDII,setsnewgoalsforrenewables’,Biodiesel Magazine,15June2018,<www.biodieselmagazine.com>;
3&4JohnDeCicco,‘Biofuelsturnouttobeaclimatemistake–here’swhy’,TheConversation,5October2016, <http://theconversation.com/au>;5AndrewSteerandCraigHanson,‘Biofuelsarenotagreenalternativetofossilfuels’,
The Guardian,30January2015,<www.theguardian.com/au>
a. Usingthechemistrythatyoustudiedthisyearandtheinformationabove,discussthecarbonneutralityandthesustainabilityofusingbiodieselasafuelfortransport. 4marks
41 2019CHEMISTRYEXAM
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SECTION B – Question 10 – continuedTURN OVER
2019CHEMISTRYEXAM 42
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b. HazelnutsareatreecropthathasbeengrownformanyyearsinMediterraneanenvironmentsasatreenutforfood.Theyhavebeeninvestigatedasapotentialsustainableandhigh-yieldingfeedstockforbiodiesel.Thespeciesiswell-adaptedtolessproductivesoilandproducesahighamountofverygoodqualityoil.Inadditiontooilyield,hazelnutoilhasauniquefattyacidcomposition(highmonounsaturatedfattyacids,predominantlyoleicacid).
Reference:ThomasMolnar,‘Growinghazelnutsforbiofuelproduction’,eXtension,31January2014, <https://impact.extension.org/>
PetrodieselproducedfromcrudeoilismainlycharacterisedasC12H24.
Comparebiodieselproducedfromhazelnutoiltopetrodieselintermsof:• chemicalstructure• energycontentperkilogram• flowthroughfuellines.
Inyouranswer,youshouldindicatehowthesedifferenceshaveanimpactontheselectionofbiodieselasatransportfuel. 5marks
END OF QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK
Instructions
This data book is provided for your reference. A question and answer book is provided with this data book.
Students are NOT permitted to bring mobile phones and/or any other unauthorised electronic devices into the examination room.
CHEMISTRYWritten examination
DATA BOOK
© VICTORIAN CURRICULUM AND ASSESSMENT AUTHORITY 2019
Victorian Certificate of Education 2019
CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK 2
Table of contents Page
1. Periodic table of the elements 3
2. Electrochemical series 4
3. Chemical relationships 5
4. Physical constants and standard values 5
5. Unit conversions 6
6. Metric(includingSI)prefixes 6
7. Acid-base indicators 6
8. Representations of organic molecules 7
9. Formulas of some fatty acids 7
10. Formulas of some biomolecules 8–9
11. Heats of combustion of common fuels 10
12. Heats of combustion of common blended fuels 10
13. Energy content of food groups 10
14. Characteristic ranges for infra-red absorption 11
15. 13C NMR data 11
16. 1H NMR data 12–13
17. 2-aminoacids(α-aminoacids) 14–15
3 CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK
TURN OVER
1. P
erio
dic t
able
of t
he el
emen
ts
1 H
1.0
hydr
ogen
2 He
4.0
heliu
m
3 Li
6.9
lithi
um
4 Be
9.0
bery
llium
5 B
10.8
bo
ron
6 C
12.0
ca
rbon
7 N
14.0
ni
troge
n
8 O
16.0
oxygen
9 F 19.0
fluorine
10
Ne
20.2
ne
on
11
Na
23.0
so
dium
12
Mg
24.3
m
agne
sium
13
Al
27.0
al
umin
ium
14
Si
28.1
si
licon
15
P 31.0
ph
osph
orus
16
S 32.1
su
lfur
17
Cl
35.5
ch
lorin
e
18
Ar
39.9
ar
gon
19
K
39.1
po
tass
ium
20
Ca
40.1
ca
lciu
m
21
Sc
45.0
sc
andi
um
22
Ti
47.9
tit
aniu
m
23
V
50.9
va
nadi
um
24
Cr
52.0
ch
rom
ium
25
Mn
54.9
m
anga
nese
26
Fe
55.8
iro
n
27
Co
58.9
co
balt
28
Ni
58.7
ni
ckel
29
Cu
63.5
co
pper
30
Zn
65.4
zi
nc
31
Ga
69.7
ga
llium
32
Ge
72.6
ge
rman
ium
33
As
74.9
ar
seni
c
34
Se
79.0
se
leni
um
35
Br
79.9
br
omin
e
36
Kr
83.8
kr
ypto
n
37
Rb
85.5
ru
bidi
um
38
Sr
87.6
st
ront
ium
39
Y
88.9
yt
trium
40
Zr
91.2
zi
rcon
ium
41
Nb
92.9
ni
obiu
m
42
Mo
96.0
m
olyb
denu
m
43
Tc
(98)
te
chne
tium
44
Ru
101.
1 ru
then
ium
45
Rh
102.
9 rh
odiu
m
46
Pd
106.
4 pa
lladi
um
47
Ag
107.
9 si
lver
48
Cd
112.
4 ca
dmiu
m
49
In
114.
8 in
dium
50
Sn
118.
7 tin
51
Sb
121.
8 an
timon
y
52
Te
127.
6 te
lluriu
m
53
I 12
6.9
iodi
ne
54
Xe
131.
3 xenon
55
Cs
132.
9 ca
esiu
m
56
Ba
137.
3 ba
rium
57–7
1 la
ntha
noid
s
72
Hf
178.
5 ha
fniu
m
73
Ta
180.
9 ta
ntal
um
74
W
183.
8 tu
ngst
en
75
Re
186.
2 rh
eniu
m
76
Os
190.
2 os
miu
m
77
Ir
192.
2 iri
dium
78
Pt
195.
1 pl
atin
um
79
Au
197.
0 go
ld
80
Hg
200.
6 m
ercu
ry
81
Tl
204.
4 th
alliu
m
82
Pb
207.
2 le
ad
83
Bi
209.
0 bi
smut
h
84
Po
(210
) po
loni
um
85
At
(210
) as
tatin
e
86
Rn
(222
) ra
don
87
Fr
(223
) fr
anci
um
88
Ra
(226
) ra
dium
89–1
03
actin
oids
104
Rf
(261
) ru
ther
ford
ium
105
Db
(262
) du
bniu
m
106
Sg
(266
) se
abor
gium
107
Bh
(264
) bo
hriu
m
108
Hs
(267
) ha
ssiu
m
109
Mt
(268
) m
eitn
eriu
m
110
Ds
(271
) da
rmst
adtiu
m
111
Rg
(272
) ro
entg
eniu
m
112
Cn
(285
) co
pern
iciu
m
113
Nh
(280
) ni
honi
um
114
Fl
(289
) flerovium
115
Mc
(289
) m
osco
vium
116
Lv
(292
) liv
erm
oriu
m
117
Ts
(294
) te
nnes
sine
118
Og
(294
) og
anes
son
57
La
138.
9 la
ntha
num
58
Ce
140.
1 ce
rium
59
Pr
140.
9 pr
aseo
dym
ium
60
Nd
144.
2 ne
odym
ium
61
Pm
(145
) pr
omet
hium
62
Sm
150.
4 sa
mar
ium
63
Eu
152.
0 eu
ropi
um
64
Gd
157.
3 ga
dolin
ium
65
Tb
158.
9 te
rbiu
m
66
Dy
162.
5 dy
spro
sium
67
Ho
164.
9 ho
lmiu
m
68
Er
167.
3 er
bium
69
Tm
16
8.9
thul
ium
70
Yb
173.
1 yt
terb
ium
71
Lu
175.
0 lu
tetiu
m
89
Ac
(227
) ac
tiniu
m
90
Th
232.
0 th
oriu
m
91
Pa
231.
0 pr
otac
tiniu
m
92
U
238.
0 ur
aniu
m
93
Np
(237
) ne
ptun
ium
94
Pu
(244
) pl
uton
ium
95
Am
(2
43)
amer
iciu
m
96
Cm
(2
47)
curiu
m
97
Bk
(247
) be
rkel
ium
98
Cf
(251
) ca
lifor
nium
99
Es
(252
) ei
nste
iniu
m
100
Fm
(257
) fe
rmiu
m
101
Md
(258
) m
ende
levi
um
102
No
(259
) no
beliu
m
103
Lr
(262
) la
wre
nciu
m
The
valu
e in
bra
cket
s ind
icat
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CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK 4
2. Electrochemical series
Reaction Standard electrode potential (E0) in volts at 25 °C
F2(g) + 2e– ⇌ 2F–(aq) +2.87
H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ 2H2O(l) +1.77
Au+(aq) + e– ⇌ Au(s) +1.68
Cl2(g) + 2e– ⇌ 2Cl–(aq) +1.36
O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e– ⇌ 2H2O(1) +1.23
Br2(l) + 2e– ⇌ 2Br–(aq) +1.09
Ag+(aq) + e– ⇌ Ag(s) +0.80
Fe3+(aq) + e– ⇌ Fe2+(aq) +0.77
O2(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ H2O2(aq) +0.68
I2(s) + 2e– ⇌ 2I–(aq) +0.54
O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e– ⇌ 4OH–(aq) +0.40
Cu2+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Cu(s) +0.34
Sn4+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Sn2+(aq) +0.15
S(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ H2S(g) +0.14
2H+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ H2(g) 0.00
Pb2+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Pb(s) –0.13
Sn2+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Sn(s) –0.14
Ni2+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Ni(s) –0.25
Co2+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Co(s) –0.28
Cd2+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Cd(s) –0.40
Fe2+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Fe(s) –0.44
Zn2+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Zn(s) –0.76
2H2O(l) + 2e– ⇌ H2(g) + 2OH–(aq) –0.83
Mn2+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Mn(s) –1.18
Al3+(aq) + 3e– ⇌ Al(s) –1.66
Mg2+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Mg(s) –2.37
Na+(aq) + e– ⇌ Na(s) –2.71
Ca2+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Ca(s) –2.87
K+(aq) + e– ⇌ K(s) –2.93
Li+(aq) + e– ⇌ Li(s) –3.04
5 CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK
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3. Chemical relationships
Name Formula
number of moles of a substance n mM
n cV n VVm
= = =; ;
universal gas equation pV = nRT
calibration factor (CF) for bomb calorimetry CF = VItT∆
heat energy released in the combustion of a fuel q = mc∆T
enthalpy of combustion ∆H qn
=
electric charge Q = It
number of moles of electrons n e QF
( )− =
% atom economymolar mass of desired product
molar mass of all reactants×
10001
% yieldactual yield
theoretical yield×
1001
4. Physical constants and standard values
Name Symbol Value
Avogadro constant NA or L 6.02 × 1023 mol–1
charge on one electron (elementary charge) e –1.60 × 10–19 C
Faraday constant F 96 500 C mol–1
molar gas constant R 8.31 J mol–1 K–1
molar volume of an ideal gas at SLC (25 °C and 100 kPa)
Vm 24.8 L mol–1
specificheatcapacityofwater c 4.18 kJ kg–1 K–1 or 4.18 J g–1 K–1
density of water at 25 °C d 997 kg m–3 or 0.997 g mL–1
CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK 6
5. Unit conversions
Measured value Conversion
0 °C 273 K
100 kPa 750 mm Hg or 0.987 atm
1 litre (L) 1 dm3 or 1 × 10–3 m3 or 1 × 103 cm3 or 1 × 103 mL
6. Metric (including SI) prefixes
Metric (including SI)
prefixes
Scientific notation Multiplying factor
giga (G) 109 1 000 000 000
mega (M) 106 1 000 000
kilo (k) 103 1000
deci (d) 10–1 0.1
centi (c) 10–2 0.01
milli (m) 10–3 0.001
micro (μ) 10–6 0.000001
nano (n) 10–9 0.000000001
pico (p) 10–12 0.000000000001
7. Acid-base indicators
Name pH range Colour change from lower pH to higher pH in range
thymol blue (1st change) 1.2–2.8 red → yellow
methyl orange 3.1– 4.4 red → yellow
bromophenol blue 3.0– 4.6 yellow → blue
methyl red 4.4– 6.2 red → yellow
bromothymol blue 6.0–7.6 yellow → blue
phenol red 6.8–8.4 yellow → red
thymol blue (2nd change) 8.0–9.6 yellow → blue
phenolphthalein 8.3–10.0 colourless → pink
7 CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK
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8. Representations of organic moleculesThefollowingtableshowsdifferentrepresentationsoforganicmolecules,usingbutanoicacidasanexample.
Formula Representation
molecular formula C4H8O2
structural formula
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
HO
O
H
semi-structural (condensed) formula CH3CH2CH2COOH or CH3(CH2)2COOH
skeletal structure O
OH
9. Formulas of some fatty acids
Name Formula Semi-structural formula
lauric C11H23COOH CH3(CH2)10COOH
myristic C13H27COOH CH3(CH2)12COOH
palmitic C15H31COOH CH3(CH2)14COOH
palmitoleic C15H29COOH CH3(CH2)4CH2CH=CHCH2 (CH2)5CH2COOH
stearic C17H35COOH CH3(CH2)16COOH
oleic C17H33COOH CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
linoleic C17H31COOH CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)2(CH2)6COOH
linolenic C17H29COOH CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)3(CH2)6COOH
arachidic C19H39COOH CH3(CH2)17CH2COOH
arachidonic C19H31COOH CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)3CH=CH(CH2)3COOH
CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK 8
10. Formulas of some biomolecules
C
C
C
H
H
OH
OH
OH
H
H
H
glycerol
sucrose
OH OH
OH OHHO
O O
O
CH2OH CH2OH
CH2OH
vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
O
OH
O
HO
CH
OH
CH2
HO
vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol)HO
CHCH
CHCH3
CH2
H3C CH3
CH3
CHCH
CHCH3
CH
HO
β-fructose
OH
OH
OCH2OH
CH2OH
vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)HO
CHCH
CH3
CH2
CHH3C CH3CH2
CH2
CHCH3
CH2
α-glucose
OH
OHHO
O
OH
CH2OH
α-lactoseOH
OH
HO O OCH2OH
OH
OHOH
OCH2OH
9 CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK
TURN OVER
OH
OH
O
O O
CH2OH
OH
OH
O
O
CH2OH
OH
OH
O
O
CH2
OH
OH
O
O
CH2OH
amylopectin (starch)
O
OH
OH
O
O O
CH2OH
OH
OH
O
O
CH2OH
OH
OH
O
O
CH2OH
amylose (starch)
n
O
HO
O
O
O
N CH3
aspartame
H
H2N OH
OH
n
cellulose
OH
OH
O
O
O
O
CH2OH
CH2OH
CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK 10
11. Heats of combustion of common fuelsThe heats of combustion in the following table are calculated at SLC (25 °C and 100 kPa) with combustion products being CO2 and H2O.Heatofcombustionmaybedefinedastheheatenergyreleasedwhenaspecifiedamountofasubstanceburnscompletelyinoxygenandis,therefore,reportedasapositivevalue,indicating a magnitude. Enthalpy of combustion, ∆H, for the substances in this table would be reported as negativevalues,indicatingtheexothermicnatureofthecombustionreaction.
Fuel Formula State Heat of combustion (kJ g–1)
Molar heat of combustion (kJ mol–1)
hydrogen H2 gas 141 282
methane CH4 gas 55.6 890
ethane C2H6 gas 51.9 1560
propane C3H8 gas 50.5 2220
butane C4H10 gas 49.7 2880
octane C8H18 liquid 47.9 5460
ethyne (acetylene) C2H2 gas 49.9 1300
methanol CH3OH liquid 22.7 726
ethanol C2H5OH liquid 29.6 1360
12. Heats of combustion of common blended fuelsBlendedfuelsaremixturesofcompoundswithdifferentmixtureratiosand,hence,determinationofagenericmolar enthalpy of combustion is not realistic. The values provided in the following table are typical values for heats of combustion at SLC (25 °C and 100 kPa) with combustion products being CO2 and H2O. Values for heats of combustion will vary depending on the source and composition of the fuel.
Fuel State Heat of combustion (kJ g–1)
kerosene liquid 46.2
diesel liquid 45.0
natural gas gas 54.0
13. Energy content of food groups
Food Heat of combustion (kJ g–1)
fats and oils 37
protein 17
carbohydrate 16
11 CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK
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14. Characteristic ranges for infra-red absorption
Bond Wave number (cm–1)
Bond Wave number (cm–1)
C–Cl (chloroalkanes) 600–800 C=O (ketones) 1680–1850
C–O (alcohols, esters, ethers) 1050–1410 C=O (esters) 1720–1840
C=C (alkenes) 1620–1680 C–H (alkanes, alkenes, arenes) 2850–3090
C=O (amides) 1630–1680 O–H (acids) 2500–3500
C=O (aldehydes) 1660–1745 O–H (alcohols) 3200–3600
C=O (acids) 1680–1740 N–H (amines and amides) 3300–3500
15. 13C NMR dataTypical 13C shift values relative to TMS = 0These can differ slightly in different solvents.
Type of carbon Chemical shift (ppm)
R–CH3 8–25
R–CH2–R 20– 45
R3–CH 40–60
R4–C 36– 45
R–CH2–X 15–80
R3C–NH2, R3C–NR 35–70
R–CH2–OH 50–90
RC CR 75–95
R2C=CR2 110–150
RCOOH 160–185
OR
ROC
165–175
OR
HC
190–200
R2C=O 205–220
CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK 12
16. 1H NMR dataTypical proton shift values relative to TMS = 0These can differ slightly in different solvents. The shift refers to the proton environment that is indicated in bold letters in the formula.
Type of proton Chemical shift (ppm)
R–CH3 0.9–1.0
R–CH2–R 1.3–1.4
RCH=CH–CH3 1.6–1.9
R3–CH 1.5
or CH3
ORC
OCH3
NHR
CO
2.0
CH3R
C
O
2.1–2.7
R–CH2–X (X = F, Cl, Br or I) 3.0– 4.5
R–CH2–OH, R2–CH–OH 3.3– 4.5
R
NHCH2R
CO
3.2
R—O—CH3 or R—O—CH2R 3.3–3.7
O C
O
CH32.3
R
OCH2R
CO
3.7– 4.8
R–O–H 1–6(varies considerably under different conditions)
R–NH2 1–5
RHC CHR 4.5–7.0
OH 4.0–12.0
13 CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK
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Type of proton Chemical shift (ppm)
H 6.9–9.0
R
NHCH2R
CO
8.1
R
H
CO
9.4 –10.0
RH
CO
O9.0–13.0
CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK 14
17. 2-amino acids (α-amino acids)Thetablebelowprovidessimplifiedstructurestoenablethedrawingofzwitterions,theidentificationofproducts of protein hydrolysis and the drawing of structures involving condensation polymerisation of amino acid monomers.
Name Symbol Structure
alanine Ala
H2N CH COOH
CH3
arginine Arg
H2N CH COOH
CH2 CH2 CH2 NH
NH
C NH2
asparagine Asn
H2N CH COOH
CH2
O
C NH2
aspartic acid Asp
H2N CH COOH
CH2 COOH
cysteine Cys
H2N CH COOH
CH2 SH
glutamic acid Glu
H2N CH COOH
CH2 CH2 COOH
glutamine Gln
H2N CH COOH
CH2 CH2
O
C NH2
glycine Gly H2N CH2 COOH
histidine His
H2N CH COOH
CH2 NH
N
isoleucine Ile
H2N CH COOH
CH3 CH CH2 CH3
15 CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK
END OF DATA BOOK
Name Symbol Structure
leucine Leu
H2N CH COOH
CH2
CH3 CH CH3
lysine Lys
H2N CH COOH
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 NH2
methionine Met
H2N CH COOH
CH2 CH2 S CH3
phenylalanine Phe
H2N CH
CH2
COOH
proline Pro COOH
HN
serine Ser
H2N CH COOH
CH2 OH
threonine Thr
H2N CH COOH
CH3 CH OH
tryptophan Trp
H2N CH
CH2
COOH
HN
tyrosine Tyr OH
H2N CH
CH2
COOH
valine Val
H2N CH COOH
CH3 CH CH3