2019-20 bulletin: school of...

2019-20 BulletinSchool of Medicine

Bul le t in 2019-20Table o f Contents (11 /06 /19)

Table of ContentsAbout This Bulletin ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

About Washington University in St. Louis ........................................................................................................................................................ 5

Trustees & Administration ......................................................................................................................................................................... 5

Academic Calendar .................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

Campus Resources ................................................................................................................................................................................... 6

University Policies ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

University Affiliations ................................................................................................................................................................................ 14

School of Medicine ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 16

Overview .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 16

Admissions ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 25

Degrees Offered ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 29

Doctor of Medicine (MD) .................................................................................................................................................................. 30

Departments & Programs ........................................................................................................................................................................ 34

Academic Departments ..................................................................................................................................................................... 35

Anesthesiology ........................................................................................................................................................................... 35

Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics ..................................................................................................................................... 45

Cell Biology and Physiology ...................................................................................................................................................... 49

Developmental Biology ............................................................................................................................................................... 53

Genetics ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 57

Medicine ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 62

Molecular Microbiology ............................................................................................................................................................. 130

Neurology ................................................................................................................................................................................. 133

Neuroscience ............................................................................................................................................................................ 147

Neurosurgery ............................................................................................................................................................................ 152

Obstetrics and Gynecology ...................................................................................................................................................... 156

Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences ....................................................................................................................................... 167

Orthopaedic Surgery ................................................................................................................................................................ 180

Otolaryngology .......................................................................................................................................................................... 187

Pathology and Immunology ...................................................................................................................................................... 194

Pediatrics .................................................................................................................................................................................. 205

Psychiatry ................................................................................................................................................................................. 235

Radiation Oncology .................................................................................................................................................................. 249

Radiology .................................................................................................................................................................................. 254

Surgery ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 268

Educational Programs ..................................................................................................................................................................... 282

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Applied Health Behavior Research .......................................................................................................................................... 282

Audiology and Communication Sciences ................................................................................................................................. 288

Biology and Biomedical Sciences ............................................................................................................................................ 294

Biomedical Engineering ............................................................................................................................................................ 297

Biomedical Informatics ............................................................................................................................................................. 306

Biostatistics ............................................................................................................................................................................... 309

Clinical Investigation ................................................................................................................................................................. 316

Genetic Epidemiology .............................................................................................................................................................. 321

Interdisciplinary Opportunities .................................................................................................................................................. 324

Medical Physics ........................................................................................................................................................................ 325

Medicine Postgraduate ............................................................................................................................................................. 329

Occupational Therapy .............................................................................................................................................................. 331

Physical Therapy ...................................................................................................................................................................... 341

Population Health Sciences ..................................................................................................................................................... 350

Public Health ............................................................................................................................................................................ 354

Financial Information .............................................................................................................................................................................. 355

People .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 373

Policies ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 377

MD: Absences & Leaves ................................................................................................................................................................ 379

MD: Academic Assistance .............................................................................................................................................................. 383

MD: CAPES-Assessing Academic Achievement & Professionalism .............................................................................................. 383

MD: Evaluation and Grades ........................................................................................................................................................... 393

MD: Professionalism ....................................................................................................................................................................... 396

MD: Other Policies .......................................................................................................................................................................... 402

School of Medicine: Professionalism & Conduct ............................................................................................................................ 402

School of Medicine: Other Policies ................................................................................................................................................. 409

Resources .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 413

Advising and Career Counseling .................................................................................................................................................... 414

Diversity, Equity & Inclusion ........................................................................................................................................................... 414

Diversity Programs .......................................................................................................................................................................... 415

Housing ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 415

Office of Education ......................................................................................................................................................................... 416

Office of Medical Student Education .............................................................................................................................................. 416

Office of Student Financial Planning .............................................................................................................................................. 416

Parking and Transportation ............................................................................................................................................................. 416

Protective Services ......................................................................................................................................................................... 417

Registrar .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 417

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Risk Management ........................................................................................................................................................................... 418

Student Health ................................................................................................................................................................................ 418

Index ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 421

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Bul le t in 2019-20About Th is Bul le t in (11 /06 /19)

About This BulletinThe graduate and professional Bulletins are the catalogs ofprograms, degree requirements and policies of the followingschools of Washington University in St. Louis: Architecture &Urban Design; Art; Arts & Sciences; Business; Engineering; Law;Medicine; and Social Work & Public Health.

The University College Bulletin is the catalog of UniversityCollege, the professional and continuing education divisionof Arts & Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis.The catalog includes programs, degree requirements, coursedescriptions and pertinent university policies for students earninga degree through University College.

The 2019-20 Bulletin is entirely online but may be downloadedin PDF format for printing. Individual pages may be downloadedin PDF format using the "Download This Page as a PDF" optionon each page. To download the full PDF, please choose from thefollowing:

• Architecture & Urban Design Bulletin(PDF) (http://bulletin.wustl.edu/grad/Bulletin_2019-20_grad_architecture.pdf)

• Art Bulletin (PDF) (http://bulletin.wustl.edu/grad/Bulletin_2019-20_grad_art.pdf)

• Arts & Sciences Bulletin (PDF) (http://bulletin.wustl.edu/grad/Bulletin_2019-20_graduate_school.pdf)

• Business Bulletin (PDF) (http://bulletin.wustl.edu/grad/Bulletin_2019-20_grad_business.pdf)

• Engineering Bulletin (PDF) (http://bulletin.wustl.edu/grad/Bulletin_2019-20_grad_engineering.pdf)

• Law Bulletin (PDF) (http://bulletin.wustl.edu/grad/Bulletin_2019-20_law.pdf)

• Medicine Bulletin (PDF) (http://bulletin.wustl.edu/grad/Bulletin_2019-20_medicine.pdf)

• Social Work & Public Health Bulletin (PDF) (http://bulletin.wustl.edu/grad/Bulletin_2019-20_brownschool.pdf)

• University College Bulletin (undergraduate &graduate) (PDF) (http://bulletin.wustl.edu/grad/Bulletin_2019-20_university_college.pdf)

The degree requirements and policies in the 2019-20 Bulletinapply to students entering Washington University during the2019-20 academic year.

Every effort is made to ensure that the information, applicablepolicies and other materials presented in the Bulletin areaccurate and correct as of the date of publication (October25, 2019). Washington University reserves the right to makechanges at any time without prior notice. Therefore, theelectronic version of the Bulletin may change from time to time

without notice. The governing document at any given time isthe then-current version of the Bulletin, as published online,and then-currently applicable policies and information are thosecontained in that Bulletin.

For the most current information about available courses andclass scheduling, visit WebSTAC (https://acadinfo.wustl.edu).Please email the Bulletin editor ([email protected]) withany questions concerning the Bulletin.

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Bul le t in 2019-20About Washington Univers i ty in St . Louis (11 /06 /19)

About WashingtonUniversity in St.LouisWho We Are TodayWashington University in St. Louis — a medium-sized,independent university — is dedicated to challenging itsfaculty and students alike to seek new knowledge and greaterunderstanding of an ever-changing, multicultural world. Theuniversity is counted among the world's leaders in teaching andresearch, and it draws students from all 50 states, the District ofColumbia, Guam, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Studentsand faculty come from more than 100 countries around theworld.

The university offers more than 90 programs and almost1,500 courses leading to bachelor's, master's and doctoraldegrees in a broad spectrum of traditional and interdisciplinaryfields, with additional opportunities for minor concentrationsand individualized programs. For more information about theuniversity, please visit the University Facts (http://wustl.edu/about/facts) page of our website.

Enrollment by SchoolFor enrollment information (https://wustl.edu/about/university-facts/#students), please visit the University Facts page of ourwebsite.

Committed to Our Students: MissionStatementWashington University's mission is to discover and disseminateknowledge and to protect the freedom of inquiry throughresearch, teaching and learning.

Washington University creates an environment that encouragesand supports an ethos of wide-ranging exploration. WashingtonUniversity's faculty and staff strive to enhance the lives andlivelihoods of students, the people of the greater St. Louiscommunity, the country and the world.

Our goals are as follows:

• To welcome students, faculty and staff from all backgroundsto create an inclusive community that is welcoming, nurturingand intellectually rigorous;

• To foster excellence in our teaching, research, scholarshipand service;

• To prepare students with the attitudes, skills and habits oflifelong learning and leadership, thereby enabling them to beproductive members of a global society; and

• To be an institution that excels by its accomplishments in ourhome community, St. Louis, as well as in the nation and theworld.

To this end, we intend to do the following:

• To judge ourselves by the most exacting standards;

• To attract people of great ability from diverse backgrounds;

• To encourage faculty and students to be bold, independentand creative thinkers;

• To provide an exemplary, respectful and responsiveenvironment for living, teaching, learning and working forpresent and future generations; and

• To focus on meaningful, measurable results for all of ourendeavors.

Trustees & AdministrationBoard of TrusteesPlease visit the Board of Trustees website (http://boardoftrustees.wustl.edu) for more information.

University AdministrationIn 1871, Washington University co-founder and then-ChancellorWilliam Greenleaf Eliot sought a gift from Hudson E. Bridge,charter member of the university's Board of Directors, to endowthe chancellorship. Soon it was renamed the "Hudson E. BridgeChancellorship."

Led by the chancellor, the officers of the university administration(http://wustl.edu/about/leadership) are detailed on the universitywebsite.

Academic CalendarThe academic calendar of Washington University in St. Louis isdesigned to provide an optimal amount of classroom instructionand examination within a manageable time frame, facilitating oureducational mission to promote learning among both studentsand faculty. Individual schools, particularly our graduate andprofessional schools, may have varying calendars due to thenature of particular fields of study. Please refer to each school’swebsite for more information.

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Fall Semester 2019Date Day Description

August 26 Monday Classes begin

September 2 Monday Labor Day holiday

October 12-15 Saturday-Tuesday Fall Break

November 27-December 1

Wednesday-Sunday

Thanksgiving Break

December 6 Friday Last day of classes

December 9-18 Monday-Wednesday

Reading and Exams

Spring Semester 2020Date Day Description

January 13 Monday Classes begin

January 20 Monday Martin Luther King Jr.holiday

March 8-14 Sunday-Saturday Spring Break

April 24 Friday Last day of classes

April 27-May 6 Monday-Wednesday

Reading and Exams

May 15 Friday Commencement

Summer Semester 2020Date Day Description

May 18 Monday First Summer Sessionbegins

May 25 Monday Memorial Day holiday

July 3 Friday Independence Dayholiday

August 13 Thursday Last Summer Sessionends

Washington University recognizes the individual student’s choicein observing religious holidays that occur during periods whenclasses are scheduled. Students are encouraged to arrange withtheir instructors to make up work missed as a result of religiousobservance, and instructors are asked to make every reasonableeffort to accommodate such requests.

Campus ResourcesStudent Support ServicesThe Learning Center is located on the ground floor of GreggHouse on the South 40, and it is the hub of academic support atWashington University in St. Louis. We provide undergraduatestudents with assistance in a variety of forms. Most servicesare free, and each year more than 2,000 students participate

in one or more of our programs. For more information, visit theLearning Center website (https://learningcenter.wustl.edu) or call314-935-5970. There are three types of services housed withinthe Learning Center:

• Academic Mentoring Programs offer academic supportin partnership with the academic departments in a varietyof forms. Academic mentoring programs are designedto support students in their course work by helping themdevelop the lifelong skill of "learning how to learn" and bystimulating their independent thinking. Programs includecourse-specific weekly structured study groups facilitatedby highly trained peer leaders as well as course-specificweekly walk-in sessions facilitated by academic mentorsin locations, at times and in formats convenient for thestudents. The Learning Center also offers individualconsulting/coaching for academic skills such as timemanagement, study skills, note taking, accessing resourcesand so on. Other services include fee-based graduate andprofessional school entrance preparation courses.

• Disability Resources supports students with disabilities byfostering and facilitating an equal access environment forthe Washington University community of learners. DisabilityResources partners with faculty and staff to facilitateacademic and housing accommodations for students withdisabilities on the Danforth Campus. Students enrolledin the School of Medicine should contact their program'sdirector. Please visit the Disability Resources website(https://students.wustl.edu/disability-resources) or contactthe Learning Center at 314-935-5970 for more information.

• TRIO: Student Support Services is a federallyfunded program that provides customized services forundergraduate students who are low income, who arethe first in their family to go to college, and/or who have adocumented disability. Services include academic coaching,academic peer mentoring, cultural and leadership programs,summer internship assistance and post-graduation advising.First-year and transfer students are considered for selectionduring the summer before they enter their first semester.Eligible students are encouraged to apply when they arenotified, because space in this program is limited. Formore information, visit the TRIO Program website (https://students.wustl.edu/trio-program).

Medical Student Support Services. For information aboutMedical Student Support Services, please visit the School ofMedicine website (https://medicine.wustl.edu).

Office for International Students and Scholars. If a student isjoining the university from a country other than the United States,this office can assist that individual through their orientationprograms, issue certificates of eligibility (visa documents), and

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provide visa and immigration information. In addition, the officeprovides personal and cross-cultural counseling and arrangessocial, cultural and recreational activities that foster internationalunderstanding on campus.

The Office for International Students and Scholars is located onthe Danforth Campus in the Danforth University Center at 6475Forsyth Boulevard, Room 330. The office can be found on theMedical Campus in the Mid Campus Center (MCC Building) at4590 Children's Place, Room 2043. For more information, visitthe Office for International Students and Scholars website (http://oiss.wustl.edu) or call 314-935-5910.

Office of Military and Veteran Services is located in UmrathHall on the Danforth Campus. This office serves as theuniversity’s focal point for military and veteran matters, includingtransitioning military-connected students into higher education,providing and connecting students with programs and services,and partnering across campus and in the community. Servicesinclude advising current and prospective students on how tonavigate the university and maximize Department of Defenseand Veterans Affairs (VA) educational benefits, transitionsupport, Veteran Ally training for faculty and staff, veteran-unique programming, and connecting students to campus andcommunity resources. Military-connected students includeveterans, military service members, spouses, dependentchildren, caregivers, survivors and Reserve Officer Training Corpcadets. There are two university policies that apply to studentswho still serve in the Armed Forces and students who use VAeducational benefits:

• The Policy on Military Absences, Refunds and Readmissions(https://veterans.wustl.edu/policies/policy-for-military-students) applies to students serving in the U.S. ArmedForces and their family members when military serviceforces them to be absent or withdraw from a course of study.

• The Policy on Protections for VA Educational Benefit Users(https://veterans.wustl.edu/policies/policy-for-va-students)applies to students using VA education benefits whenpayments to the institution and the individual are delayedthrough no fault of the student.

Please visit the Military and Veteran Services website (https://veterans.wustl.edu) or contact Military and Veteran Services at314-935-2609 or [email protected] for more information.

Relationship and Sexual Violence Prevention (RSVP) Center.The RSVP Center offers free and confidential services including24/7 crisis intervention, counseling services, resources, supportand prevention education for all students on the DanforthCampus. The RSVP Center operates from a public health modeland uses trauma-informed practices to address the prevalentissues of relationship and sexual violence. By providing supportfor affected students, it is our goal to foster post-traumaticgrowth and resilience and to help ensure academic retention andsuccess. Our prevention efforts call for community engagement

to engender an intolerance of violence and an active stancetoward challenging cultural injustices that perpetuate suchissues. Learn more at the RSVP Center website (https://rsvpcenter.wustl.edu).

WashU Cares. WashU Cares assists the university withhandling situations involving the safety and well-being ofDanforth Campus students. WashU Cares is committedto fostering student success and campus safety througha proactive, collaborative and systematic approach to theidentification of, intervention with and support of students ofconcern while empowering all university community members tocreate a culture of caring. If there is a concern about the physicalor mental well-being of a student, please visit the WashU Careswebsite (https://washucares.wustl.edu) to file a report.

The Writing Center. The Writing Center, a free service, offerswriting advice to all Washington University undergraduate andgraduate students. Tutors will read and discuss any kind of workin progress, including student papers, senior theses, applicationmaterials, dissertations and oral presentations. The WritingCenter staff is trained to work with students at any stage ofthe writing process, including brainstorming, developing andclarifying an argument, organizing evidence, and improving style.Rather than editing or proofreading, tutors will emphasize theprocess of revision and teach students how to edit their ownwork.

The Writing Center is located in Olin Library on Level 1.Appointments (http://writingcenter.wustl.edu) are preferred andcan be made online.

Student Health Services, DanforthCampusHabif Health and Wellness Center, formerly known as StudentHealth Services, provides medical and mental health care forundergraduate and graduate students. Habif staff membersinclude licensed professionals in Medical Services, MentalHealth Services and Health Promotion Services. Please visitDardick House on the South 40 or the Habif Health and WellnessCenter website (http://shs.wustl.edu) for more information aboutHabif's services and staff members.

Hours:Monday, Tuesday and Thursday 8 a.m.-6 p.m.Wednesday 10 a.m.-6 p.m.Friday 8 a.m.-5 p.m.Saturday 9 a.m.-1 p.m.

A nurse answer line and after hours mental health crisis lineare available to answer any medical or mental health questionsa student may have when Habif is closed. For after-hours care,please call 314-935-6666.

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Medical Services staff members provide care for the evaluationand treatment of an illness or injury, preventive health care andhealth education, immunizations, nutrition counseling, physicaltherapy, and travel medicine and sexual health services. HabifHealth and Wellness Center providers are participating membersof the Washington University in St. Louis Physician's Network.Any condition requiring specialized medical services will bereferred to an appropriate specialist. Habif accepts most healthinsurance plans and will be able to bill the plan according to planbenefits. The student health insurance plan requires a referralfor medical care any time care is not provided at Habif (except inan emergency). Call 314-935-6666 or visit the Habif website toschedule an appointment (http://shs.wustl.edu).

Appointments are also available for the assessment, treatment,and referral of students who are struggling with substanceabuse.

The Habif Health and Wellness Center pharmacy is available toall Washington University students and their dependents whoparticipate in the student health insurance plan. The pharmacyaccepts most prescription insurance plans; students shouldcheck with the pharmacist to see if their prescription plan isaccepted at the pharmacy.

The Habif Health and Wellness Center lab provides fulllaboratory services. Approximately 20 tests can be performedin the lab. The remainder of all testing that is ordered by Habifis completed by LabCorp. LabCorp serves as Habif's referencelab, and it is a preferred provider on the student health insuranceplan. This lab can perform any test ordered by Habif providers oroutside providers.

All incoming students must provide proof of immunizationfor measles, mumps, and rubella (i.e., two vaccinations afterthe age of one year old; a titer may be provided in lieu of theimmunizations). Proof of receiving a meningococcal vaccine isrequired for all incoming undergraduate students. A PPD skintest in the past six months is required for students entering theuniversity from certain countries; this list of countries may befound on the Habif website. It is also recommended that, duringthe five years before beginning their studies at WashingtonUniversity, all students will have received the tetanus diphtheriaimmunization, the hepatitis A vaccine series, the hepatitis Bvaccine series, and the varicella vaccine. Medical History Forms(http://shs.wustl.edu) are available online. Failure to completethe required forms will delay a student's registration and preventtheir entrance into housing assignments. Please visit the Habifwebsite for complete information about requirements anddeadlines (http://shs.wustl.edu).

Mental Health Services staff members work with students toresolve personal and interpersonal difficulties, including conflictswith or worry about friends or family, concerns about eating ordrinking patterns, and feelings of anxiety and depression. Staffmembers help each person figure out their own situation.

Services include individual, group and couples counseling;crisis counseling; psychiatric consultation; and referral for off-campus counseling. Call 314-935-6666 or visit the Habif websiteto schedule an appointment (http://shs.wustl.edu).

Health Promotion Services provides free programs and riskreduction information related to issues such as stress, sleep,sexual health and alcohol/other drugs. For more information,visit the Zenker Wellness Suite in Sumers Recreation Centerto learn about the programs on campus led by student peerhealth educators. Call 314-935-7139 or send an email [email protected] for more information.

In 2018, this department launched the WashU Recover Groupto provide an opportunity for students in recovery from substanceuse to connect with other students with similar experiences.The group provides local resources, support, meetings andactivities. Members have 24/7 access to a private facilityto study, meet and socialize. The group is not a recoveryprogram; it is a confidential resource that students can add totheir support system. For more information, send an email [email protected].

Important Information About HealthInsurance, Danforth CampusWashington University has a student health fee that wasdesigned to improve the health and wellness of the entireWashington University community. This fee supports healthand wellness services and programs on campus. In addition, allfull-time, degree-seeking Washington University students areautomatically enrolled in the Student Health Insurance Plan uponcompletion of registration. Students may opt out of this coverageif they provide proof of existing comprehensive insurancecoverage. Information concerning opting out of the studenthealth insurance plan (http://shs.wustl.edu) can be found onlineafter June 1 of each year. Habif provides billing services to manyof the major insurance companies in the United States. Specificfees and co-pays apply to students using Medical Servicesand Mental Health Services; these fees may be billable to thestudents' insurance plan. More information is available on theHabif Health and Wellness Center website (http://shs.wustl.edu).

Student Health Services, MedicalCampusFor information about student health services on the MedicalCampus, please visit the Student Health Services page(p. 418) of the medical school Bulletin.

Campus SecurityThe Washington University campus is among the most attractivein the nation, and it enjoys a safe and relaxed atmosphere.Your personal safety and the security of your property while oncampus is a shared responsibility. Washington University hasmade safety and security a priority through our commitment to

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a full-time professional police department, the use of closed-circuit television, card access, good lighting, shuttle services,emergency telephones, and ongoing educational safetyawareness programs. The vast majority of crimes that occuron college campuses are crimes of opportunity, which can beprevented.

The best protection against crime is an informed and alertcampus community. Washington University has developedseveral programs to help make your experience here a safe andsecure one. An extensive network of emergency telephones —including more than 200 "blue light" telephones — is connecteddirectly to the University Police Department and can alert thepolice to your exact location. In addition to the regular shuttleservice, an evening walking escort service and a mobile CampusCirculator shuttle is available on the Danforth Campus.

The Campus2Home shuttle will provide a safe ride home forthose living in four designated areas off campus — Skinker-DeBaliviere, Loop South, north of The Loop and just south of thecampus — from 6:00 p.m. to 4:00 a.m. seven days a week. Theshuttle leaves from the Mallinckrodt Center every 30 minutes andtakes passengers directly to the front doors of their buildings.Shuttle drivers then will wait and watch to make sure passengersget into their buildings safely. Community members can track theshuttle in real time using the WUSTL Mobile App. The app canbe downloaded free of charge from the Apple App Store or theGoogle Play Store.

The University Police Department is a full-service organizationstaffed by certified police officers who patrol the campus 24hours a day throughout the entire year. The department offers avariety of crime prevention programs, including a high-securitybicycle lock program, free personal-safety whistles, computersecurity tags, personal safety classes for women and men,and security surveys. Community members are encouragedto download and install the personal safety app Noonlighton their phones; this app allows users to call for help duringemergencies. For more information about these programs, visitthe Washington University Police Department website (https://police.wustl.edu/Pages/Home.aspx).

In compliance with the Campus Crime Awareness and SecurityAct of 1990, Washington University publishes an annual report(http://police.wustl.edu/clerylogsandreports/Pages/default.aspx)entitled Safety & Security: Guide for Students, Faculty, andStaff — Annual Campus Security and Fire Safety Reportsand Drug & Alcohol Abuse Prevention Program. This reportis available to all current and prospective students on theDanforth Campus and university employees on the Danforth,North and West campuses. To request a hard copy, contactthe Washington University Police Department, CB 1038, OneBrookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, 314-935-9011.

For information regarding protective services at theSchool of Medicine, please visit the Security page (https://facilities.med.wustl.edu/security) of the Washington UniversityOperations & Facilities Management Department.

University PoliciesWashington University has various policies and proceduresthat govern our faculty, staff and students. Highlighted beloware several key policies of the university. Web links to keypolicies and procedures are available on the Office of theUniversity Registrar website (http://registrar.wustl.edu) and onthe university's Compliance and Policies page (http://wustl.edu/policies). Please note that the policies identified on thesewebsites and in this Bulletin do not represent an entire repositoryof university policies, as schools, offices and departments mayimplement policies that are not listed. In addition, policies may beamended throughout the year.

Nondiscrimination StatementWashington University encourages and gives full considerationto all applicants for admission, financial aid and employment.The university does not discriminate in access to or treatment oremployment in its programs and activities on the basis of race,color, age, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity orexpression, national origin, veteran status, disability or geneticinformation.

Policy on Discrimination andHarassmentWashington University is committed to having a positive learningand working environment for its students, faculty and staff.University policy prohibits discrimination on the basis of race,color, age, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity orexpression, national origin, veteran status, disability or geneticinformation. Harassment based on any of these classificationsis a form of discrimination; it violates university policy and willnot be tolerated. In some circumstances, such discriminatoryharassment may also violate federal, state or local law. A copy ofthe Policy on Discrimination and Harassment (http://hr.wustl.edu/policies/Pages/DiscriminationAndHarassment.aspx) is availableon the Human Resources website.

Sexual HarassmentSexual harassment is a form of discrimination that violatesuniversity policy and will not be tolerated. It is also illegal understate and federal law. Title IX of the Education Amendments of1972 prohibits discrimination based on sex (including sexualharassment and sexual violence) in the university's educationalprograms and activities. Title IX also prohibits retaliation forasserting claims of sex discrimination. The university hasdesignated the Title IX Coordinator identified below to coordinateits compliance with and response to inquiries concerning Title IX.

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For more information or to report a violation under the Policy onDiscrimination and Harassment, please contact the followingindividuals:

Discrimination and Harassment Response Coordinator

Apryle Cotton, Assistant Vice Chancellor for HumanResourcesSection 504 CoordinatorPhone: [email protected]

Title IX Coordinator

Jessica Kennedy, Director of Title IX OfficeTitle IX CoordinatorPhone: [email protected]

You may also submit inquiries or a complaint regarding civilrights to the United States Department of Education's Officeof Civil Rights at 400 Maryland Avenue, SW, Washington, DC20202-1100; by visiting the U.S. Department of Educationwebsite (https://www.ed.gov); or by calling 800-421-3481.

Student HealthDrug and Alcohol PolicyWashington University is committed to maintaining a safe andhealthy environment for members of the university communityby promoting a drug-free environment as well as one free ofthe abuse of alcohol. Violations of the Washington UniversityDrug and Alcohol Policy (http://hr.wustl.edu/policies/Pages/DrugandAlcoholPolicy.aspx) or Alcohol Service Policy (http://pages.wustl.edu/prograds/alcohol-service-policy) will be handledaccording to existing policies and procedures concerning theconduct of faculty, staff and students. This policy is adopted inaccordance with the Drug-Free Workplace Act and the Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act.

Tobacco-Free PolicyWashington University is committed to providing a healthy,comfortable and productive work and learning environment forall students, faculty and staff. Research shows that tobacco usein general, including smoking and breathing secondhand smoke,constitutes a significant health hazard. The university strictlyprohibits all smoking and other uses of tobacco products withinall university buildings and on university property, at all times.A copy of our complete tobacco-free policy (http://hr.wustl.edu/policies/Pages/tobaccofreepolicy.aspx) is available on theHuman Resources website.

Medical ExaminationsEntering students must provide medical information to the HabifHealth and Wellness Center. This will include rgw completionof a health history and a record of all current immunizations.The university strongly recommends appropriate vaccination formeningococcal disease.

If students fail to comply with these requirements prior toregistration, they will be required to obtain vaccinations formeasles, mumps and rubella at the Habif Health and WellnessCenter, if there is no evidence of immunity. They will beassessed the cost of the vaccinations. Students will be unableto complete registration for classes until all health requirementshave been satisfied.

If students are unimmunized, they may be barred from classesand from all university facilities, including housing units, if in thejudgment of the university their continued presence would pose ahealth risk to themselves or to the university community.

Medical and immunization information is to be given via the HabifHealth and Wellness Center (http://shs.wustl.edu) website. Allstudents who have completed the registration process shouldaccess the website and create a student profile by using theirWUSTL Key. Creating a student profile enables a student tosecurely access the medical history form. Students should fillout the form and follow the instructions for transmitting it to theHabif Health and Wellness Center. Student information is treatedsecurely and confidentially.

Student ConductThe Student Conduct Code sets forth community standardsand expectations for Washington University students. Thesecommunity standards and expectations are intended to fosteran environment conducive to learning and inquiry. Freedom ofthought and expression is essential to the university's academicmission.

Disciplinary proceedings are meant to be informal, fair andexpeditious. Charges of non-serious misconduct are generallyheard by the student conduct officer. With limited exceptions,serious or repeated allegations are heard by the campuswideStudent Conduct Board or the University Sexual AssaultInvestigation Board where applicable.

Complaints against students that include allegations of sexualassault or certain complaints that include allegations of sexualharassment in violation of the Student Conduct Code aregoverned by the procedures found in the University SexualAssault Investigation Board Policy (https://wustl.edu/about/compliance-policies/governance/usaib-procedures-complaints-sexual-assault-filed-students), which is available online or inhard copy from the Title IX coordinator or the director of StudentConduct and Community Standards.

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Students may be accountable to both governmental authoritiesand to the university for acts that constitute violations of law andthe Student Conduct Code.

For a complete copy of the Student Conduct Code (https://wustl.edu/about/compliance-policies/academic-policies/university-student-judicial-code), visit the university website.

Undergraduate Student AcademicIntegrity PolicyEffective learning, teaching and research all depend upon theability of members of the academic community to trust oneanother and to trust the integrity of work that is submitted foracademic credit or conducted in the wider arena of scholarlyresearch. Such an atmosphere of mutual trust fosters the freeexchange of ideas and enables all members of the community toachieve their highest potential.

In all academic work, the ideas and contributions of others mustbe appropriately acknowledged, and work that is presentedas original must be, in fact, original. Faculty, students andadministrative staff all share the responsibility of ensuringthe honesty and fairness of the intellectual environment atWashington University.

Scope and PurposeThis statement on academic integrity applies to allundergraduate students at Washington University. Graduatestudents are governed by policies in each graduate school ordivision. All students are expected to adhere to the higheststandards of behavior. The purpose of the statement is twofold:

1. To clarify the university's expectations with regard toundergraduate students' academic behavior; and

2. To provide specific examples of dishonest conduct. Theexamples are only illustrative, not exhaustive.

Violations of This Policy Include but AreNot Limited to the Following:1. Plagiarism

Plagiarism consists of taking someone else's ideas, wordsor other types of work product and presenting them asone's own. To avoid plagiarism, students are expectedto be attentive to proper methods of documentation andacknowledgment. To avoid even the suspicion of plagiarism,a student must always do the following:

• Enclose every quotation in quotation marks andacknowledge its source.

• Cite the source of every summary, paraphrase,abstraction or adaptation of material originally preparedby another person and any factual data that is notconsidered common knowledge. Include the name ofauthor, title of work, publication information and pagereference.

• Acknowledge material obtained from lectures, interviewsor other oral communication by citing the source (i.e., thename of the speaker, the occasion, the place and thedate).

• Cite material from the internet as if it were from atraditionally published source. Follow the citation styleor requirements of the instructor for whom the work isproduced.

2. Cheating on an ExaminationA student must not receive or provide any unauthorizedassistance on an examination. During an examination, astudent may use only materials authorized by the faculty.

3. Copying or Collaborating on Assignments WithoutPermission

When a student submits work with their name on it, this isa written statement that credit for the work belongs to thatstudent alone. If the work was a product of collaboration,each student is expected to clearly acknowledge in writing allpersons who contributed to its completion.

Unless the instructor explicitly states otherwise, it isdishonest to collaborate with others when completing anyassignment or test, performing laboratory experiments,writing and/or documenting computer programs, writingpapers or reports, or completing problem sets.

If the instructor allows group work in some circumstances butnot others, it is the student's responsibility to understand thedegree of acceptable collaboration for each assignment andto ask for clarification, if necessary.

To avoid cheating or unauthorized collaboration, a studentshould never do any of the following:

• Use, copy or paraphrase the results of another person'swork and represent that work as one's own, regardlessof the circumstances.

• Refer to, study from or copy archival files (e.g., old tests,homework, solutions manuals, backfiles) that were notapproved by the instructor.

• Copy another's work or permit another student to copyone's work.

• Submit work as a collaborative effort if they did notcontribute a fair share of the effort.

4. Fabrication or Falsification of Data or Records

It is dishonest to fabricate or falsify data in laboratoryexperiments, research papers or reports or in any othercircumstances; to fabricate source material in a bibliographyor "works cited" list; or to provide false information on arésumé or other document in connection with academicefforts. It is also dishonest to take data developed bysomeone else and present them as one's own.

Examples of falsification include the following:

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• Altering information on any exam, problem set or classassignment being submitted for a re-grade.

• Altering, omitting or inventing laboratory data to submitas one's own findings. This includes copying laboratorydata from another student to present as one's own;modifying data in a write-up; and providing data toanother student to submit as one's own.

5. Other Forms of Deceit, Dishonesty or InappropriateConductUnder no circumstances is it acceptable for a student to doany of the following:

• Submit the same work, or essentially the same work,for more than one course without explicitly obtainingpermission from all instructors. A student must disclosewhen a paper or project builds on work completed earlierin their academic career.

• Request an academic benefit based on false informationor deception. This includes requesting an extensionof time, a better grade or a recommendation from aninstructor.

• Make any changes (including adding material or erasingmaterial) on any test paper, problem set or classassignment being submitted for a re-grade.

• Willfully damage the efforts or work of other students.

• Steal, deface or damage academic facilities or materials.

• Collaborate with other students planning or engaging inany form of academic misconduct.

• Submit any academic work under someone else's nameother than one's own. This includes but is not limited tositting for another person's exam; both parties will beheld responsible.

• Engage in any other form of academic misconduct notcovered here.

This list is not intended to be exhaustive. To seek clarification,students should ask the professor or the assistant in instructionfor guidance.

Reporting MisconductFaculty ResponsibilityFaculty and instructors are strongly encouraged to reportincidents of student academic misconduct to the academicintegrity officer in their school or college in a timely manner sothat the incident may be handled fairly and consistently acrossschools and departments. Assistants in instruction are expectedto report instances of student misconduct to their supervisinginstructors. Faculty members are expected to respond to studentconcerns about academic dishonesty in their courses.

Student ResponsibilityIf a student observes others violating this policy, the student isstrongly encouraged to report the misconduct to the instructor,to seek advice from the academic integrity officer of the schoolor college that offers the course in question, or to address thestudent(s) directly.

Exam Proctor ResponsibilityExam proctors are expected to report incidents of suspectedstudent misconduct to the course instructor and/or the DisabilityResource Center, if applicable.

ProcedureJurisdictionThis policy covers all undergraduate students, regardless oftheir college of enrollment. Cases will be heard by school-specific committees according to the school in which the class islisted rather than the school in which the student is enrolled. Allviolations and sanctions will be reported to the student's collegeof enrollment.

Administrative ProceduresIndividual undergraduate colleges and schools may designspecific procedures to resolve allegations of academicmisconduct by students in courses offered by that school, solong as the procedures are consistent with this policy and withthe Student Conduct Code.

Student Rights and Responsibilities in aHearingA student accused of an academic integrity violation — whetherby a professor, an assistant in instruction, an academic integrityofficer or another student — is entitled to do the following:

• Review the written evidence in support of the charge

• Ask any questions

• Offer an explanation as to what occurred

• Present any material that would cast doubt on thecorrectness of the charge

• Receive a determination of the validity of the charge withoutreference to any past record of misconduct

When responding to a charge of academic misconduct, a studentmay do the following:

• Deny the charges and request a hearing in front of theappropriate academic integrity officer or committee

• Admit the charges and request a hearing to determinesanction(s)

• Admit the charges and accept the imposition of sanctionswithout a hearing

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• Request a leave of absence from the university (however,the academic integrity matter must be resolved prior to re-enrollment)

• Request to withdraw permanently from the university witha transcript notation that there is an unresolved academicintegrity matter pending

A student has the following responsibilities with regard toresolving the charge of academic misconduct:

• Admit or deny the charge. This will determine the course ofaction to be pursued.

• Provide truthful information regarding the charges. It is aStudent Conduct Code violation to provide false informationto the university or anyone acting on its behalf.

SanctionsIf Found Not in Violation of the AcademicIntegrity PolicyIf the charges of academic misconduct are not proven, no recordof the allegation will appear on the student's transcript.

If Found in Violation of the AcademicIntegrity PolicyIf, after a hearing, a student is found to have acted dishonestlyor if a student has admitted to the charges prior to a hearing,the school's academic integrity officer or committee may imposesanctions, including but not limited to the following:

• Issue a formal written reprimand

• Impose educational sanctions, such as completing aworkshop on plagiarism or academic ethics

• Recommend to the instructor that the student fail theassignment (a given grade is ultimately the prerogative of theinstructor)

• Recommend to the instructor that the student fail the course

• Recommend to the instructor that the student receive acourse grade penalty less severe than failure of the course

• Place the student on disciplinary probation for a specifiedperiod of time or until defined conditions are met. Theprobation will be noted on the student's transcript andinternal record while it is in force.

• In cases serious enough to warrant suspension or expulsionfrom the university, refer the matter to the Student ConductBoard for consideration.

Additional educational sanctions may be imposed. This list is notintended to be exhaustive.

Withdrawing from the course will not prevent the academicintegrity officer or hearing panel from adjudicating the case,imposing sanctions or recommending grade penalties, includinga failing grade in the course.

A copy of the sanction letter will be placed in the student'sacademic file.

AppealsIf a student believes the academic integrity officer or thecommittee did not conduct a fair hearing or if a student believesthe sanction imposed for misconduct is excessive, they mayappeal to the Student Conduct Board within 14 days of theoriginal decision. Appeals are governed by Section VII C of theStudent Conduct Code.

RecordsAdministrative Record-KeepingResponsibilitiesIt is the responsibility of the academic integrity officer in eachschool to keep accurate, confidential records concerningacademic integrity violations. When a student has been found tohave acted dishonestly, a letter summarizing the allegation, theoutcome and the sanction shall be placed in the student's officialfile in the office of the school or college in which the student isenrolled.

In addition, each school's academic integrity officer shall makea report of the outcome of every formal accusation of studentacademic misconduct to the director of Student Conduct andCommunity Standards, who shall maintain a record of eachincident.

Multiple OffensesWhen a student is formally accused of academic misconductand a hearing is to be held by an academic integrity officer, acommittee, or the Office of Student Conduct and CommunityStandards, the person in charge of administering the hearingshall query the Office of Student Conduct and CommunityStandards about the student(s) accused of misconduct. Thedirector shall provide any information in the records concerningthat student to the integrity officer. Such information will beused in determining sanctions only if the student is found tohave acted dishonestly in the present case. Evidence of pastmisconduct may not be used to resolve the issue of whether astudent has acted dishonestly in a subsequent case.

Reports to Faculty and Student BodySchool and college academic integrity officers are encouragedto make periodic (at least annual) reports to the students andfaculty of their school concerning accusations of academicmisconduct and the outcomes, without disclosing specificinformation that would allow identification of the student(s)involved.

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Graduate Student AcademicIntegrity PoliciesFor graduate student academic integrity policies, please refer toeach individual graduate school.

Statement of Intent to GraduateStudents are required to file an Intent to Graduate at WebSTAC(https://acadinfo.wustl.edu) prior to the semester in which theyintend to graduate. Additional information is available in thedean's offices of each school and in the Office of the UniversityRegistrar (http://registrar.wustl.edu).

Student Academic Records andTranscriptsThe Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974(FERPA) — Title 20 of the United States Code, Section 1232g,as amended — provides current and former students of theuniversity with specific rights of access to and control overtheir student record information. In compliance with the statute,appropriate federal regulations, and guidelines recommendedby the American Association of Collegiate Registrars andAdmissions Officers, the university has adopted procedures thatimplement these rights.

A copy of the university policies regarding educational recordsand the release of student record information is available fromthe Office of the University Registrar (http://registrar.wustl.edu)and the university website (https://wustl.edu).

Transcript requests for Danforth Campus students maybe submitted to the Office of the University Registrarthrough WebSTAC. The School of Medicine registrar (http://registrar.med.wustl.edu/services/transcripts-and-certification)accepts requests for transcripts and certification recordsfor students and alumni of Audiology and CommunicationSciences, Biomedical Informatics, Biostatistics, ClinicalInvestigation, Genetic Epidemiology, Health Administration,Health Behavior Research, Nurse Anesthesia, OccupationalTherapy, Pediatric Nurse Practitioner, Physical Therapy,Population Health Sciences, Psychiatric Epidemiology, theSchool of Dentistry and the School of Medicine. Instructions andadditional information are available on the University Registrarwebsite (http://registrar.wustl.edu).

University AffiliationsWashington University is accredited by the HigherLearning Commission (https://www.hlcommission.org)(800-621-7440). Washington University is a member of theAmerican Academy of Arts & Sciences, American Associationof University Women (AAUW), American Council of LearnedSocieties (ACLS), American Council on Education (ACE),Association of American Colleges & Universities (AACU),Association of American Universities (AAU), College Board,

Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA), HispanicAssociation of Colleges & Universities (HACU), IndependentColleges and Universities of Missouri (ICUM), NationalAssociation of Independent Colleges and Universities (NAICU),National Council for State Authorization Reciprocity Agreements(NC-SARA), Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), and theUniversity Research Association (URA).

The College of Arts & Sciences is a member of the AmericanAssociation of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers(AACRAO), International Center for Academic Integrity (ICAI),National Association of Fellowship Advisors (NAFA), NationalAssociation of Advisors for Health Professions (NAAHP), and theMidwest Associate of Pre-Law Advisors (MAPLA).

The College of Architecture was one of the eight foundingmembers of the Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture(ACSA) in 1912.

The Graduate School is a founding member of both theAssociation of Graduate Schools and the Council of GraduateSchools.

The Graduate School of Architecture & Urban Design's Masterof Architecture degree is accredited by the National ArchitecturalAccreditation Board (NAAB), and its Master of LandscapeArchitecture degree is accredited by the Landscape ArchitectureAccrediting Board (LLAB).

The Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts is a foundingmember of and accredited by the National Association ofSchools of Art and Design (NASAD).

The Olin Business School is a charter member (1921) ofthe Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of BusinessInternational (AACSB).

In McKelvey School of Engineering, many of the professionaldegrees are accredited by the Engineering AccreditationCommission of ABET (http://abet.org).

University College is a member of the University Professionaland Continuing Education Association, the North AmericanAssociation of Summer Sessions, the Association of UniversitySummer Sessions, and the Center for Academic Integrity.Business-related programs in University College are notaccredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools ofBusiness (AACSB International).

The School of Law is accredited by the American BarAssociation. The School of Law is a member of the Associationof American Law Schools, the American Society of ComparativeLaw, the Clinical Legal Education Association, the SoutheasternAssociation of Law Schools, the Central Law SchoolsAssociation, the Mid-America Law Library Consortium, theAmerican Association of Law Libraries, and the AmericanSociety of International Law.

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The School of Medicine is a member of the Liaison Committeeon Medical Education.

The Brown School at Washington University is accredited by theCouncil on Social Work Education and the Council on Educationfor Public Health.

The University Libraries are a member of the Association ofResearch Libraries.

The Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum is nationally accreditedby the American Alliance of Museums.

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Bul le t in 2019-20School o f Medic ine (11 /06 /19)

School of MedicineWashington University School of Medicine is a world leaderin medical education, research and patient care. Its graduateprograms in medical education (p. 16), occupational therapy(http://www.ot.wustl.edu) , physical therapy (https://pt.wustl.edu/Pages/Home.aspx) and audiology (https://pacs.wustl.edu)are perennially ranked among the nation's best by U.S. News& World Report. Faculty lead a robust research enterprise,supported by $449.3 million from the National Institutes of Health(NIH) in the fiscal year ending June 30, 2018. The school'sphysicians provide care to almost half a million individualseach year, in partnership with nationally ranked Barnes-JewishHospital (http://www.barnesjewish.org) and St. Louis Children'sHospital (http://www.stlouischildrens.org).

Official Course CatalogThe Bulletin of Washington University School of Medicinepresents the academic policies, services, and course and degreeprogram offerings of the school. It also includes academiccalendars, leadership, and directories for faculty, students andstaff.

Contact InformationWashington University School of Medicine660 S. Euclid Ave.St. Louis, MO 63110

Website: https://medicine.wustl.edu/education

Overview of the School ofMedicineMission & VisionUniversity MissionWashington University's mission is to discover and disseminateknowledge and to protect the freedom of inquiry throughresearch, teaching and learning.

Washington University creates an environment that encouragesand supports an ethos of wide-ranging exploration. WashingtonUniversity's faculty and staff strive to enhance the lives andlivelihoods of students, the people of the greater St. Louiscommunity, the country and the world.

Our goals are as follows:

• To welcome students, faculty and staff from all backgroundsto create an inclusive community that is welcoming, nurturingand intellectually rigorous;

• To foster excellence in our teaching, research, scholarshipand service;

• To prepare students with the attitudes, skills and habits oflifelong learning and leadership, thereby enabling them to beproductive members of a global society; and

• To be an institution that excels by its accomplishments in ourhome community, St. Louis, as well as in the nation and theworld.

To this end, we intend to do the following:

• To judge ourselves by the most exacting standards;

• To attract people of great ability from diverse backgrounds;

• To encourage faculty and students to be bold, independentand creative thinkers;

• To provide an exemplary, respectful and responsiveenvironment for living, teaching, learning and working forpresent and future generations; and

• To focus on meaningful, measurable results for all of ourendeavors.

Washington University School ofMedicine Mission and VisionOur MissionWashington University School of Medicine will lead in advancinghuman health through the best clinical care, innovative research,and education of tomorrow's leaders in biomedicine in a culturethat supports diversity, inclusion, critical thinking and creativity.

Our VisionIn leading the advancement of human health, WashingtonUniversity School of Medicine will do the following:

• Cultivate excellence and collegiality within an inclusivecommunity

• Attract and develop a diverse, talented, academic workforce

• Lead the revolution in biomedicine

• Enhance our intellectual and technological environment tofoster exceptionally creative research and education

• Develop and maintain excellent clinical programs to provideoutstanding care

• Observe the highest standards of ethics, integrity andcompassionate care

• Apply advances in research and medicine to the bettermentof the human condition locally and globally

Approved by Executive Faculty at their September 4, 2013,meeting.

HistoryThe education of physicians at Washington University began in1891. Under an ordinance enacted April 14, 1891, establishinga Medical Department of Washington University, the St. LouisMedical College (an independent medical college in St. Louis)was brought under the wing of the well-established university.The faculty of the college eagerly agreed to the union, stating

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the following: "Most of the great medical schools of the worldhave always been integrant departments of universities, andthe examples which America furnishes give added testimony tothe fructifying influence of the contact of students and teachersof professional schools with the workers in universities." Eightyears later, the Missouri Medical College (another independentcollege in the city) also joined Washington University, and thusthe two most famous medical colleges in the city were mergedwith the university.

In 1909, Abraham Flexner began a survey of 155 medicalschools in the United States and Canada for the CarnegieFoundation for the Advancement of Teaching. The surveycreated a national sensation. Some schools collapsed, otherspooled their resources, while still others reorganized. TheMedical School of Washington University did not escapecriticism. In the report Flexner made to Henry Smith Pritchett,PhD, president of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancementof Teaching and former professor of astronomy at WashingtonUniversity, he said that one of two courses must be adopted:"The department must be either abolished or reorganized."

Dr. Pritchett mailed the report to Robert S. Brookings, a St.Louis merchant who was president of the Board of Directors ofWashington University. Brookings was shocked and immediatelywent to New York to see Flexner, demanding proof that theconditions were as bad as described. Both returned to St.Louis, and the two men went through the school. In less thantwo hours, Brookings was convinced that drastic action wasnecessary if the school was to be one of the foremost institutionsof medical education and research. The meeting in 1909 ofBrookings and Flexner was of unsurpassed significance inthe history of the Washington University School of Medicine,for it led to the complete reorganization of the school and theestablishment of the present Medical Center. Abraham Flexnerinspired the dream of a model medical school; Robert Brookingsaccepted the challenge, and, with the energy and vision thatcharacterized all of his enterprises, he made the dream a reality.

No time was lost in making changes. The Bulletin of the MedicalSchool for July 1910 made the following statement: "TheCorporation of the University, becoming convinced that in noother direction could greater service be rendered than througha great, modern medical school, determined to reorganize theSchool and to place it in the front rank of American medicalinstitutions. It has called to the heads of a number of leadingdepartments the ablest men it could secure."

When Robert A. Barnes died in 1892, he left a will that directedthe trustees of his estate to use $840,000 for the erectionand equipment of a hospital "for sick and injured persons,without distinction of creed, under the auspices of the MethodistEpiscopal Church, South." Investigation by the trustees into thecost of building a modern hospital convinced them that the sum

was not large enough to build an efficient, fireproof building,and they therefore invested the trust. By 1912, the value hadincreased to $2 million, a sum that permitted the building of ahospital and left an endowment greater than the original fund.

At the same time the trustees were studying hospitalconstruction, Robert Brookings was studying medical schools.It was apparent to everyone concerned that the two projects —the building of a medical school and the construction of amodern hospital — were so interrelated that the purpose of eachwould be more successfully fulfilled by an affiliation. A medicalschool would provide a highly trained staff and would assure themost modern methods and superior laboratory facilities for thehospital. A teaching hospital would give patients superior careand, at the same time, provide the essential clinical experienceconsistent with modern medical teaching methods.

In the spring of 1912, construction was begun on the medicalschool and hospital buildings that today form the nucleus ofthe present center. The laboratories were moved from theirold quarters in downtown St. Louis into the new buildings onEuclid Avenue and Kingshighway Boulevard during the summerof 1914. Late in the fall of the same year, the activities of theWashington University Hospital were transferred to BarnesHospital. Concomitantly, the St. Louis Children's Hospital, thenlocated on Jefferson Avenue, became affiliated with the Schoolof Medicine and moved to its new quarters in the Medical Center.

On April 28, 29 and 30, 1915, exercises were held to celebratethe completion of this group of buildings designed to promotethe practice, teaching and progress of medicine. The dedicationceremonies marked what Dr. William H. Welch of The JohnsHopkins University called "one of the most significant eventsin the history of medical education in America." Robert S.Brookings, the one man most responsible for the reorganization,voiced the hope that "our efforts will contribute, in somemeasure, to raising the standard of medical education in theWest, and that we will add, through research activities, our fairquota to the sum of the world's knowledge of medicine." Theseprophetic words have been realized.

In the ensuing years, the Medical Center has continued togrow, and now its facilities are among the best in the world.With the increase in size of the physical plant, there has comea substantial increase in the number of faculty; the expansionhas been made without compromise to the standards thatmarked the early development of the Medical Center. As a result,significant achievements in both research and clinical areas havebeen steadily recorded.

StatisticsFaculty: 2,379Staff: 8,143Total Employees: 10,522Clinical Faculty: 1,593Residents and Clinical Fellows: 1,217

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Faculty at a Glance (2018)Washington University School of Medicine has one of thefinest faculties of any medical school in the nation. Recognizedfor their distinguished achievements in original research, 17faculty members are among the fellows of the prestigiousNational Academy of Sciences; 29 are members of the NationalAcademy of Medicine. Eighteen Nobel laureates have beenassociated with the School of Medicine.

During fiscal year 2018, 143 members of the faculty heldindividual and/or institutional career development awards. Someindividual faculty members may hold multiple awards:

• 101 from National Institutes of Health (including direct-payand pass-through awards)

• 1 from Alfred P. Sloan Foundation

• 1 from Alzheimer's Disease Association

• 1 from American Academy of Neurology Institute

• 1 from American Acne & Rosacea Society

• 1 from American Association of Plastic Surgeons

• 1 from American Board of Psychiatry & Neurology

• 2 from American Cancer Society

• 1 from American College of Rheumatology

• 1 from American Gastrointestinal Association

• 3 from American Heart Association

• 1 from American Society for Radiation Oncology

• 4 from American Society of Hematology

• 1 from American Thoracic Society

• 1 from American Urological Association Foundation

• 3 from Army

• 1 from Bloomberg Family Foundation

• 3 from Brain & Behavior Research Foundation

• 1 from Burroughs Welcome Fund

• 1 from Central Society for Clinical and TranslationalResearch

• 1 from Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Foundation

• 1 from Council on Medical Student Education in Pediatrics

• 1 from Crohn's & Colitis Foundation

• 1 from Cystic Fibrosis Foundation

• 4 from Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation

• 1 from Dermatology Foundation

• 5 from Doris Duke Charitable Foundation

• 1 from Ellison Medical Foundation

• 1 from Endocrine Fellows Foundation

• 1 from General Hospital Corporation

• 1 from Global Probiotics Council

• 1 from Helen Hay Whitney Foundation

• 3 from International Society for Heart and LungTransplantation

• 1 from Johann Jacobs Foundation

• 3 from Leukemia and Lymphoma Society

• 1 from Massachusetts General Hospital

• 1 from Muscular Dystrophy Association

• 1 from NASA

• 2 from National Multiple Sclerosis Society

• 11 from National Science Foundation

• 1 from NephCure Foundation

• 1 from New York Stem Cell Foundation

• 1 from North American Society for PediatricGastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition

• 1 from The Ovarian Cancer Research Fund Alliance

• 1 from Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers ofAmerica Foundation

• 1 from Queen's University

• 1 from Radiological Society of North America

• 1 from Research to Prevent Blindness

• 1 from Rheumatology Research Foundation

• 1 from Robert Wood Johnson Foundation

• 1 from Saint Louis University

• 1 from Sarcoma Alliance for Research

• 1 from Sidney Kimmel Foundation for Cancer Research

• 1 from Surgical Infection Society Foundation

• 1 from Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation

• 1 from University of Michigan

• 1 from V Foundation

• 1 from Vanderbilt University

• 2 from VascularCures

The School of Medicine has eight faculty members withMethod to Extend Research in Time (MERIT) status, a specialrecognition given to only a few NIH grantees that provides long-term, uninterrupted financial support to investigators who havedemonstrated superior achievement during previous researchprojects.

In 2018, the school employed 2,164 full-time, salaried facultymembers in its 20 preclinical and clinical departments. Theclinical departments are further strengthened by 1,776 voluntaryand adjunct faculty members, a group of physicians who practicetheir medical specialties in St. Louis and who are members ofone or more of the staffs of the hospitals in the WashingtonUniversity Medical Center.

Summary of Students in the Schoolof Medicine 2018-19 (as of October 1,2018)Doctor of Medicine (MD)Graduating Class Level: 108Five-Year Research Program or Equivalent: 5

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Third-Year Class: 95Second-Year Class: 96First-Year Class: 102Other: 16

Doctor of Medicine and Doctor ofPhilosophy (MD/PhD)Graduating Class Level: 18Clinical/Third-Year Class: 19Seventh-Year Research: 2Sixth-Year Research: 5Fifth-Year Research: 12Fourth-Year Research: 18Third-Year Research: 23Second-Year Research: 18First-Year Research: 26Second-Year Class: 27First-Year Class: 22

Doctor of Medicine and Master of Arts (MD/MA)Second-Year Class or Higher: 8

Doctor of Medicine and Master ofPopulation Health Sciences (MD/MPHS)Second-Year Class or Higher: 6

Doctor of Medicine and Master of PublicHealth (MD/MPH)Second-Year Class or Higher: 3

Doctor of Medicine and Master of Sciencein Clinical Investigation (MD/MSCI)Second-Year Class or Higher: 4

Doctor of Physical TherapyThird-Year Class: 85Second-Year Class: 88First-Year Class: 88

Doctor of Occupational TherapyAffiliation Year: 19Third-Year Class: 34Second-Year Class: 36First-Year Class: 53

Doctor of AudiologyFourth-Year Class: 12Third-Year Class: 12Second-Year Class: 13First-Year Class: 14

Master of Science in Occupational TherapyAffiliation Year: 51

Second-Year Class: 63First-Year Class: 42

Master of Science in Population HealthSciencesSecond-Year Class: 12First-Year Class: 7

Master of Science in Genetic EpidemiologyMaster/Certificate/Student Not Candidate for a Degree (SNCD):6

Master of Science in BiostatisticsSecond-Year Class: 6First-Year Class: 13

Master of Science in Deaf EducationSecond-Year Class: 5First-Year Class: 12

Master of Science in Clinical InvestigationMaster of Science: 40Certificate: 5SNCD: 47

Master of Science in Applied HealthBehavior ResearchMaster of Science: 11Certificate: 1SNCD: 1

Medical School Total: 1,408MD (All Types): 633Allied Health Programs: 775

Student BodyThe School of Medicine attracts a student body of exceptionalquality. The student body of the School of Medicine numbersmore than 600. Programs also are conducted for the morethan 700 students who are pursuing graduate degrees inapplied health behavior research, audiology and communicationsciences, clinical investigation, occupational therapy, physicaltherapy, population health sciences, biostatistics, and geneticepidemiology. The Division of Biology and BiomedicalSciences has extensive graduate training programs for themore than 500 students seeking the Doctor of Philosophydegree in the areas of Biochemistry; Computational andSystems Biology; Developmental, Regenerative and Stem CellBiology; Evolution Ecology and Population Biology; Humanand Statistical Genetics; Immunology; Molecular Biophysics;Molecular Cell Biology; Biochemistry; Molecular Genetics andGenomics; Molecular Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis;Neurosciences; and Plant Biology.

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The MD ProgramThe 2018 first-year class consisted of 124 students selectedfrom a pool of 4,716 applicants. The school is a nationalinstitution, with the 2018 incoming class representing 32 statesand 16 countries.

For the 2018-19 academic year, the school planned to conferthe MD degree upon 124 individuals. Graduating students whoparticipated in the 2018 National Resident Matching Programmatched in programs recognized for their high quality andselectivity.

ResearchResearch ActivitiesGrants and contracts totaling more than $554.5 million supportedfaculty research efforts at the School of Medicine during thefiscal year ending June 30, 2018. Substantial additional supportwas provided directly to faculty investigators by the HowardHughes Medical Institute. Gifts and grants from private sources— including alumni, individuals, foundations, corporations andother organizations — totaled $156 million.

During the Washington University fiscal year ending June 30,2018, the School of Medicine received $411.4 million from theNational Institutes of Health. This amount includes direct-payand pass-through awards.

The many firsts at the School of Medicine include thefollowing:

• Served as a major contributor of genome sequence data tothe Human Genome Project, which provided the foundationfor personalized medicine

• Developed screening tests used worldwide to diagnoseAlzheimer's disease

• Created the first positron emission tomography (PET)scanner, which images the brain at work

• Helped pioneer the use of insulin to treat diabetes

• Developed a genetic test that detects whether an individualwill develop a form of thyroid cancer and would benefitfrom thyroid removal, which constituted the first surgicalprevention of cancer based on genetic test results

• Published the first evidence linking smoking and lung cancer

• Proposed the now-common practice of taking aspirin to helpprevent heart attacks

• Performed the world's first nerve transplant using nervetissue from a cadaver donor

• Developed a blood test that quickly and safely identifieswhether a patient needs invasive treatment for a heart attack

• Decoded the entire genome of a cancer patient and used theresults to alter the course of treatment, which put the cancerinto remission

• Demonstrated that severely malnourished children givenantibiotics along with a therapeutic peanut-butter–based foodare far more likely to recover and survive than children whoonly receive the therapeutic food

Ongoing research in the School of Medicine includes thefollowing:

• Participating in a national network to determine new ways toprevent preterm birth

• Developing new ways to diagnose and treat stroke as partof a national network of state-of-the-art stroke treatmentcenters

• Making groundbreaking contributions to decoding thegenetics of cancer and developing personalized treatments

• Leading an international research collaboration to studyinherited forms of Alzheimer's disease and performing one ofthe first clinical trials to evaluate whether the disease can beprevented before memory loss and dementia develop

• Pioneering minimally invasive surgical treatments for heartarrhythmias and heart valve replacement

• Participating in the National Children's Study, which is thelargest U.S. study of child and human health ever conducted

• Developing and using nanoparticles for molecular imagingand targeted drug delivery for cancer and heart, lung andvascular diseases

• Mapping the major circuits in the human brain to understandnormal brain function and connectivity errors involved i

2019-20 bulletin: school of...

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