20181106 behavioralgenetics - reed college€¦ · examples of classical and modern behavioral...
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EvolutionbyNaturalSelection
Evolutionw/oSelectionDrift
Migration(geneflow)
Mutation
Selectionw/oEvolution
Plasticity
rarealleleslost
averagephenotypechanges
Allelefrequencieschange
stochasticevents
averagephenotypechanges
Allelefrequencieschange
environmentunfavorableforblue
Allelefrequencieschange
geneflowfromneigh-bor population(species)
newalleles (genes)present
newalleles (genes)present
Allelefrequencieschange
SNP,duplication,deletion,etc.
Allelefrequenciesareunchanged
NOnewalleles
environmentunfavorableroundedphenotypes
Developmentselection betweengenerations
Vp = Vg + Ve
• Some phenotypic variants are favored by selection, they survive and reproduce better
• But there is no genetic basis to this variation, the individuals with greater fitness have good luck rather than good genes
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Singe gene vs. quantitative trait.
Genes that are necessary for:Single Gene
Mendelidentify dominant & recessiveidentify single genesdefine mechanisms
Sever disruptionsLab induced (white coat)
Bottom UpForwardPhenotype >>> Gene
mutagenesis/screening transgenesis
ReverseGene >>> Phenotype
Knockout RNAi
Essential genes of behavior (newer techniques are more subtle)
Genes that Contribute to:Quantitative or many genes
Galton
define Genomic Architecture(#, location, interaction, specificity, linkage)
quantify variation in a populationdescribe change in gene frequency
Subtle variationNaturally occurring (rubber boot)
Top Down (= Forward)Observational
Comparative GenomicsAssociation mapping (GWAS)
Experimentalartificial selectioncrossing (artificial or natural population)QTL mappingRecombinant inbred linesAssociation Studies
Genes that Contribute to BehaviorFactors, epistasis, GXE, probability
GOAL: understand the genetic underpinnings of Behavior
Historic figure
Immediate goals
Raw Materials used
Tools used
Type of Result
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What observations or experiments can be used to partition phenotypic variance into its genetic and environmental components?
Vp = Vg + Ve
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Heritability: the proportion of the phenotypic variance that is due to genetic variance
h2 = Vg Vp
a measure of dispersion from the mean
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Heritability, Exploratory Behavior, Great Tits
(Dingemanse et al., 2002, Anim. Behav)
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- noted where a bird was at each second in time- noted flights and hops between locations. - total number of flights and hops within the first 2 min =
‘exploratory score’
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• h2 parent offspring regressions were 0.22-0.41
• h2 sibling analyses 0.37-0.40
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Heritability, Exploratory Behavior, Great Tits
(Dingemanse et al., 2002, Anim. Behav)
estimate heritability as the slope of parent/offspring correlation
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Pulido et al (2001) PRS 268:953-959.
migration timing is heritable & selectable
estimate heritability as the slope of parent/offspring correlation
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Heritability:
h2 = R S
S
R
Note: the value forHeritability changes as The genetic variance in thePopulation changes
S
R
estimate heritability as response to selection divided by the strength of selection
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AaBb aaBb
Components of Genetic Variance (Vg)
VA
VD
VI
estimate heritability generally capture the additive genetic variation
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examples of classical and modern behavioral assays used for screening drosophila mutants for behavioral geneticsnote the power of high throughput techniques.
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Eclosion/activity
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Seymour Benzer: single gene
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Molecular Clock in Drosophila
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Not all drosophila assays are high throughput
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Dunnock
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Dunnock
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Vasopressin Oxytocin
injection of OT facilitates pair bond formation in female monogamous voles
injection of AVP facilitates pair bond formation in male monogamous voles
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Monogamous Promiscuous
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Viral vector to increase V1aR
Autoradiography
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Promiscuous
Monogamous
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Promiscuous
Monogamous
Behavior
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Promiscuous
Monogamous
Genetic Marker
Promiscuous
Monogamous
Behavior
note mismatch of genotypes and phenotypecalled into question thecausal relationship
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Dunnock
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Artificially selected (based on genotype) prairie vole lines
Shorter (montane vole-like)
Longer (prairie vole-like)
shorter
longer
Amygdala & hippocampus
within species variation parallels between species
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Genetic markersA genetic marker is an alteration in the genomic DNA (polymorphic) that can be observed (by either sequence or phenotypic result) with a known location on a chromosome.
A genetic marker can be used to identify whether an individual has certain genomic DNA at this location.
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X
X X X X X X X
70
10
100
100
30
Sta
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alA
ssoc
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Phen
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Generation
Phen
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l l l l l 0 5 10 15 20
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Two camps
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QTL Studies –
Requirement # 1: strains with different phenotypesRequirement #2 : genetic markersRequirement #3 : ability to cross
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Two camps
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QTL Studies – Top Down
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Hopi Hoekstra
P. maniculatusP. polionotus
Freq
. w/ e
scap
e
tu
nnel
leng
th
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526 loci surveyed w/ Rad-seq272 backcross mice assayed
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isogenic lines or recombinant inbred linescapture some of the naturalgenetic variation but allow youto retest stocks for which genome sequence info may be available.