2018-1030 cph cattle - seaweed talk
TRANSCRIPT
future use as feed and to inhibit enteric methane emission
Seaweed:
Mette Olaf NielsenDepartment of Veterinary and Animal Sciences
CPH Cattle Seminar 31 October 2018
Marine plant biomass:An alternative to imported (GMO) soya ?
� Macroalgae (seaweed) collected from beaches:
� Used as feed for 1000’s of years
� Basis for European macroalgae industry hitherto
� Now: Macroalgae can be cultivated with increased efficiency
� 4-10x production potential of terrestrial crops
� Yields: up to 15-25 tons dry matter (DM)/ha
� Largest cultivation potential in open waters
� Environmentally friendly crop
� Filters nutrients (eg in fjords)
� C-sink: capturing CO2 from air
� Marine forests
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Composition widely different from terrestrial plants
• Macroalgae do not contain lignin (structure/stiffness) !!!!
• But a range of carbohydrates not found in terrestrial plants:
• Laminarin (5-50% of DM)
• Fucoidan (5-10% of DM)
• Alginate (17-45% of DM)
• Composition varies with season, area and of course between species:
• Main classes:
Brown Green Red
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Manns et al. 2014. RSC adv 4:25736
Digestibility in cattle (in vitro, enzymatic): Large variation – potentially high
Macroalgae class(several species tested)
Average Lowest Highest
Brown 62.9 31.0 87.4
Green 54.5 44.4 75.4
Red 81.1 74.5 90.6
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Weisbjerg et al. 2016. http://www.algecenterdanmark.dk/conferences/nordic-seaweed-conference-2016.aspxMakkar et al. 2016. Animal Feed Science and Technology 212:1–17
In ruminants: Digestibility can increase after adaptation of rumen microbiota to dietary addition
Most interesting feature presently: Bioactive compounds in macroalgae
� Part of the plant’s protection strategy towards environmental stressors
� Oxygen poor environment: Microorganisms, predators, reactive oxygen species (ROS)
� Anti-microbial, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects
� Polyphenoles (antioxidants)
� Phlorotannins (only in brown algae)
� Isoprenoids/terpens (hydrocarbons; essential oils)
� Special carbohydrates:
� Laminarin (β(1→3):β(1→6) glucan)
� Fucoidans (sulphated fucose polysaccharide)
� Alginate (linear β(1–>4) d-mannuronic acid and β(1–>4) l-guluronic acid units)
� Lower molecular weight metabolites + ???
Holdt & Krahn, 2011; Synytsya et al., 2010; O’Sullivan et al, 2010 mfl.
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https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11406386
Phlorotannin from A. nodossum
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Machado et al. 2014. PLOSone 9(1):e85289
Freshwater green algae Marine green algae
Brown algae Red algae
Certain tropical macroalgae: eliminated methane formation during fermentation of feed in rumen fluid in vitro
Dictyota bartayresii Asparagopsis taxiformis
Asparagopsis is not solution to methane emission
• Active compounds: Bromoform (CHBR3) and bromochloroform
• Bromine: same chemical group as Flourine and Chlorine
• Feeding trials:
• With sheep:
• 2% Asparagopsis added to feed => 50-70% reduction in methane emission
• Observed: unwanted changes in the ruminal wall (in several sheep)
• With steers:
• ~2 g bromoform/100 kg body weight => 93% reduction methane emission
• Accumulation in meat; close to threshold values for human consumption
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Inputs:
- Inoculum
Rumen fluid
- Different feeds(CHO/protein composition)
Silage Sugarbeet pulp Other feeds
- +/- Different seaweed compounds
Whole plants Processed
Output:
- Gas release
- Gas composition (methane etc)
- Degraded feed component
- Fermentation products
- Microbiota profile
Cum
ulat
ive
pres
sure
Time
PS
I
Triplicates
Fermentation (48):
Studies in vitro: Can temperate macroalgae species inhibit methane emission without reducing rumen feed degradability?
Rumen fermentability of makroalgae compared to maizesilage (MS)
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0
50
100
150
200
250
0 3 6 9 12 18 24 36 48
TG
P in
ml p
er g
OM
Incubation time in hours
MS
AE
EP900
OFS
SL
Incubation time (hours)
Acc
um
ula
ted
gas
pro
du
ctio
n(m
l/g
org
an
icm
att
er)
MS
Alaria esculenta, Saccharina latissima
Ocean Feed Swine, Ascophyllum nodossum
Impact of makroalgae on fermentability of maize silage
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0
50
100
150
200
250
0 3 6 9 12 18 24 36 48
TG
P in
ml p
er g
OM
Incubation time in hours
MS
AE
EP900
OFS
SL
MS+AE
MS+EP900
MS+OFS
MS+SL
Incubation time (hours)
Acc
um
ula
ted
gas
pro
du
ctio
n(m
l/g
org
an
icm
att
er)
MS (pure)
MS+AE/OFS/SL
MS+AN
Alaria esculenta, Saccharina latissima
Ocean Feed Swine, Ascophyllum nodissum
Maize silage + macroalgae
Pure feeds
Basal feed: Additive: Reduction (%)
Maize Silage
Alaria esculenta 18.8
Ascophyllumnodossum
20.8
Ocean Feed Swine
19.8
Saccharinalatissima
19.8
Sugar Beet Pulp
Ocean Feed Swine
6.1
Saccharinalatissima
10.8
Reduction of methane emission from rumen fermentation
Certain macroalgae species:
- Inhibited methane formation up to 21%
- Without any negative impacton feed degradability
- Specific macroalgae CHO fractions partly induce the same response
Conclusion - 1
• Huge potential for marine plant biomasse production in DK
• Can eliminate competition between humans and animals for arable land for food or feed production !
• Certain macroalgae species have future potential as (protein) feed:
• Reasonably high protein content
• High digestibility in cattle for certain species
• Can be used by organic farmers
• But: Price !!!
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Conclusion - 2
• Huge unexploited potential for utilization of bioactive components
• Can reduce enteric methane production markedly
• Without reducing degradation of the basal diet
• Can contribute to de-criminalize cattle in the climate debate !!!
• Our knowledge is still incomplete regarding the value of macroalgae species and compounds as feed/feed additives
• A targeted research effort is needed to clarify:
• Which species are the right to use – with ”safe” bioactive compounds ?
• Nature of bioactive compounds and their targeted action(s)?
• What are consequences for biogas production from animal manure?
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Acknowledgements
• Collaborators :
• Assoc. Prof. Hanne H Hansen, PhD stud Gizaw Dabessa Satessa and research assistent Rajan Dhakal, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen
• Professor Lene Lange, Lla Bioeconomy, Denmark
• Post doc Georgios E. Anasontzis, DTU BIOENGINEERING, Technical University of Denmark
• Director Jens Legarth, Fermentation Experts, Denmark
• Innovation Foundation Denmark: Macro Algae Biorefinery 4 (MAB4)
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