2017 sustainable ag expo - vineyard team · 2017. 11. 29. · adenovirus influenza. november 13-15,...
TRANSCRIPT
www.sustainableagexpo.orgNovember 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
2017 SUSTAINABLE AG
EXPO
www.sustainableagexpo.orgNovember 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Viruses: Biology, Ecology and Management
Marc Fuchs
Cornell University
Department of Plant Pathology
www.sustainableagexpo.orgNovember 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Viruses
• Biology
• Ecology
• Management
www.sustainableagexpo.orgNovember 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Viruses: Biology, Ecology and Management
Viruses are:
• Small infectious agent
• Differently shaped
• Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) in a protein coat
• Obligate intracellular parasites
• Cellular pirates
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Viruses: Different Shapes
Bacteriophage
HIV Hepatitis B Ebola
InfluenzaAdenovirus
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Viruses: Different Shapes
FanleafLeafroll
Stem grooving
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Viruses: Different Shapes
FanleafLeafroll
Stem grooving
100nm
100nm
10nm
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Viruses: Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA) in a Protein Coat
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Viruses: Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA) in a Protein Coat
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Viruses: Obligate Intracellular Parasites
Plant Cell Structure
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Nucleus
Viruses: Obligate Intracellular Parasites
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Nucleus
Viruses: Obligate Intracellular Parasites
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Translation = Viral protein production
Nucleus
Viruses: Obligate Intracellular Parasites
www.sustainableagexpo.orgNovember 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Translation = Viral protein production
Nucleus
Viruses: Obligate Intracellular Parasites
Replication
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Translation = Viral protein production
Nucleus
Viruses: Obligate Intracellular Parasites
Accumulation ARN (+)
Replication
www.sustainableagexpo.orgNovember 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Translation = Viral protein production
Nucleus
Viruses: Obligate Intracellular Parasites
Accumulation ARN (+)
Replication
www.sustainableagexpo.orgNovember 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Virus entry Virus exit
RdRP
Replication
EncapsidationCell to cell
movement
Accumulation ARN (+)
Transmission
Key steps of the virus infectious cycle
Translation
Decapsidation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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Golgi
Endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleus
Cell wall
Fanleaf particle
2BMP
PDLP
Myosine XI (K/2)
Actin filaments
Microtubule
www.sustainableagexpo.orgNovember 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Golgi
Endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleus
Cell wall
Fanleaf particle
2BMP
PDLP
Myosine XI (K/2)
Actin filaments
Microtubule
www.sustainableagexpo.orgNovember 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Golgi
Endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleus
Cell wall
Fanleaf particle
2BMP
PDLP
Myosine XI (K/2)
Actin filaments
Microtubule
www.sustainableagexpo.orgNovember 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Virus entry Virus exit
RdRP
Replication
EncapsidationCell to cell
movement
Systemic
movement
Accumulation ARN (+)
Transmission
Key steps of the virus infectious cycle
Translation
Decapsidation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
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Hip
per
et
al. 2
01
3
www.sustainableagexpo.orgNovember 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Virus entry Virus exit
RdRP
Replication
EncapsidationCell to cell
movement
Systemic
movement
Accumulation ARN (+)
TransmissionDisease symptoms
Key steps of the virus infectious cycle
Translation
Decapsidation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
www.sustainableagexpo.orgNovember 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Virus entry Virus exit
RdRP
Replication
EncapsidationCell to cell
movement
Systemic
movement
Accumulation ARN (+)
TransmissionDisease symptoms
Key steps of the virus infectious cycle
Translation
Decapsidation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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Viruses: Disease Symptoms
Red BlotchLeafroll
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Viruses: Disease Symptoms
Red Blotch
Leafroll
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Viruses: Disease Symptoms
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Bla
nco-
Ula
teet
al. (
20
17)
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Red Blotch Impact
• Lower vigor• Lower yield• Lower soluble solids• Increased fructose• Increased glucose• Increased favonoids• Increased amino acids
• Induction of primary early ripening metabolic pathways
• Inhibition of ripening-associated pathways
Leaves
Blanco-Ulate et al. (2017); Wallis and Sudarshana (2016)
Berries
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Viruses: Disease Symptoms
Leafroll
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SymptomaticAsymptomatic
Red blotch- Pinot noirViruses: Disease Symptoms
Red Blotch
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Viruses
• Biology
• Ecology
• Management
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Viruses: Biology, Ecology and Management
Whitfield et al. 2015
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Viruses: Biology, Ecology and Management
Whitfield et al. 2015
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Mealybugs & Soft Scales
Dagger nematodes
Three cornered alfalfa treehopper
Erineum mite
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Viruses
• Biology
• Ecology
• Management
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Viruses: Biology, Ecology and Management
Roossinck 2016
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Viruses: Principles (1/3)
• Vitis sp. is the only major host
• No mechanical transmission in vineyards
• No cure in infected vineyards
• Infection is often latent in rootstocks
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• Disseminated through vegetative propagation
• Graft-transmissible / Top working
• Careful selection of the planting material
• Certification programs limit the presence and
dissemination of viruses in propagation material
Viruses: Principles (2/3)
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• Vector-transmissible
• Economic impact
Leafroll: $485-$3,660/acre/year
Red blotch: $610-$1,110/acre/year
Viruses: Principles (3/3)
www.sustainableagexpo.orgNovember 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Viruses: Mitigation & Management
Mitigation
• Manage crop load
• Nutrient supplements (foliar fertilizers)
• Bio-stimulants
• Scout and selectively pick diseased vineyards
• Selectively pick healthy/diseased vines
www.sustainableagexpo.orgNovember 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Viruses: Mitigation & Management
Management:
• Scout and rogue (<30%)
• Scout and eliminate the entire vineyard (>30%)
www.sustainableagexpo.orgNovember 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Viruses: Mitigation & Management
Yield reduction Penalty level10% None
30% reduction≤25% infection rogue rogue>25% infection replace vineyard replace vineyard
<30% reduction≤25% infection rogue rogue>25% infection replace vineyard do not control
50% reduction≤25% infection rogue rogue>25% infection replace vineyard replace vineyard
www.sustainableagexpo.orgNovember 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Viruses: Mitigation & Management
Management:
• Scout and rogue (<30%)
• Scout and eliminate the entire vineyard (>30%)
• Application of agrochemicals – good stewards of the land
• Carefully select the planting material
www.sustainableagexpo.orgNovember 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Viruses: Biology, Ecology and Management
www.sustainableagexpo.orgNovember 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Viruses: Biology, Ecology and Management
Thank you
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Thank you
CA Grape Rootstock Research Foundation
CA Grape Rootstock Improvement Commission