2017 october, 07-14_shiraz-isfahan-tehran

Lab.MAC Laboratory / Atelier of Applied Mechanics

dAD department of Architecture and Design

Polytechnic School - University of Genoa

Prof. Arch. MASSIMO CORRADI

Architecture: from Engineering to NatureBuild with natural materials, from experimentation to construction.





2 Once upon a time ...





3





2005 : Construction of a parabolic arc with compressed earth-straw blocks Compressed earth blocks, dimensions: square section of 10x14 cm, length 80 cm 4





2005: Semi-circular arch built with jute bags and earth filling 5





2005: Semi-circular arch built with jute bags and earth filling 6





2005 : Construction of a pseudo-vault with jute bags and earth filling 7





2005 : Construction of a pseudo-vault with jute bags and earth filling 8





2005 : Self-supporting, brick ogival dome. Tracing the geometry of the dome. 9





2005 : Self-supporting, brick ogival dome. Wooden carpentry (access arch). 10

Earth-lime mortar. Earth-lime mortar friction resistance.





2005 : Self-supporting, brick ogival dome. Laying of rows of bricks. 11





2005 : Self-supporting, brick ogival dome. The compass is used to adjust the brick rings. 12





2005 : Self-supporting, brick ogival dome. The compass is used to adjust the brick rings. 13





2005 : Self-supporting, brick ogival dome. The dome is completed. 14





2005 : Masonry of pisé (compressed earth). Foundation of stone and carpentry of wood.

Earth sifted 68% Water 12%

Cow manure 20%

15





2005 : Masonry of pisé (compressed earth)

Beam system from “Sebastiano Serlio” (1475 – 1554) The length of the wooden beam is 2/3 of the span between the supports

16





2006 : Manual press for earth blocks (adobe) 17





2006 : Construction of wells for water in adobe

Mixture of earth, straw and bitumen (4%)

18





2006 : Lowered arch in adobe, Catalan vault (bóveda tabicada / bóvedas catalanas)

Span = 3.25 m Lowering arc = 0.50 m (range 1/15)

Thickness = 0.07 m

19





2007 : “Nubian” dome of bricks 20





2007 : Ribbed vault in adobe 21





2008 : Catenary arch, compressed earth with pipes 22





2009 : Achille Knapen's Air Well, for condensation water 23





2009 : Achille Knapen's Air Well, for condensation water

Atmospheric condenser in Sestri Lev. (Genoa) Water collection period: March 2009 Max temperature (t) = 10°C, min. t = 9.3°C Average Humidity = 75% Condensation surface = 4.25 m2

Total condensation water = 0.1 liters per day

24





2009 : Lowered arc, compressed earth with clay pipes

Earth sifted 75% Water 25% Straw “enough”

Free span = 2.3 m Height = 0.75 m Thickness in the key = 0.12 m Thickness springers = 0.24 m

25





Formwork

26 2009 : “Voûte plate”, horizontal vault, in preformed Compressed Earth Blocks (CEB)





2009 : “Voûte plate”, horizontal vault, in preformed Compressed Earth Blocks (CEB)

Extrados

Intrados

CEB

27





2009 : Parabolic arc built with straw blocks. 1st attempt: collapsed.

Support

Centring

Collapse outside the plane

28

Genova-Voltri





2009 : Parabolic arc built with straw blocks. 2nd attempt: the arch is stable. 29





2009 : Geodesic dome with reciprocal joints (Wooden sticks). 30

Busalla (Genova)





2009 : Geodesic dome with reciprocal joints (Wooden sticks). 30 video





2010 : Adobe and pisé warehouse. Foundation of stone. 31

Casei Gerola (Pavia)





Composition of adobe bricks : 75% fine earth, 20% water, 5% lime and crushed straw

2010 : Adobe and pisé warehouse. Earthen bricks. 32





2010 : Adobe and pisé warehouse. Pisé masonry.

Pisé composition : 65% earth and gravel, 20% water and chopped straw

33





2010 : Adobe and pisé warehouse. Adobe masonry.

Adobe brick masonry and bamboo reinforcement

34





2010 : Adobe and pisé warehouse. Plaster of earth-lime. 35





2010 : Adobe and pisé warehouse. Wooden roof. 36





2010 : Simple connection wooden bridge, built without knots and junctions.

Span = 9 m. Maximum deflection = 4 m. n. 27 wooden beams 2.3 m long. and diameter = 10/12 cm

37

Bridge designed by Leonardo da Vinci (1452 - 1519)

Novi Lig. (Alessandria)





38 2011 : Bamboo geodesic dome





2011 : Bamboo geodesic dome 38 video





2011 : Adobe barrel vault. 39





40 2011 : Adobe barrel vault.





41 2011 : Adobe barrel vault.





2013 : Baking oven, base in straw-soil and adobe dome. 42





43 2013 : Baking oven, base in straw-soil and adobe dome.





44 2013 : Baking oven, base in straw-soil and adobe dome. Plaster of earth-lime.





2013 : Baking oven, base in straw-soil and adobe dome. Switching on the oven. 45





2014 : How to Build Bamboo Domes

Resistant structures by shape

46





2014 : How to Build Bamboo Domes ( Domocaña ).

The lattice of bamboo strips will bend to form a dome.

Domical vault lowered

47






Structural knot

Double curved dome with plaster coating.

48





2014 : How to Build Bamboo Domes. 49

Double curved dome with plaster coating.





2014 : How to Build Bamboo Domes.

Shelter in bamboo.

Bamboo flooring

50






Bamboo coa3ng.

51





2014 : How to Build Bamboo Domes, Möbius strip (open) in bamboo. 52

Theatrical performance in the city of Carrara (Tuscany) at the “Marble Exhibition 2014”

Möbius strip (open).





53





Field trials

2006-08 : How does the testing without instrumentation.

Laboratory tests

54





2006-08 : Laboratory tests, compression tests. 55






Average value = 35,26 / 71,57 kg/cm2





2006-08 : Laboratory tests, tensile testing. 59





2006-08 : Laboratory tests, bending tests. 63





2006-08 : Laboratory tests, shear stress tests. 66






Average value = 1,45 kg/cm2 Average value = 0,82 kg/cm2





2006-08 : Laboratory tests, cutting tests. 71





74 2006-08 : Laboratory tests, punching tests (resistance to static load).





75 2006-08 : Laboratory tests, punching tests (resistance to static load).




Prof. Arch. MASSIMO CORRADI Prof. Arch. Massimo Corradi : Dipartimento di Scienze per l’Architettura – Scuola Politecnica / Università degli Studi di Genova

2006-08 : Laboratory tests, punching tests (resistance to static load). 76






2006-08 : Laboratory tests, twisting tests. 77





2006-08 : Laboratory tests, twisting tests. 78






2006-08 : Compressed earth: breaking behaviour. 79





2006-08 : Compressed earth: breaking behaviour. Adobe masonry: a brick head without mortar. 80





2006-08 : Compressed earth: breaking behaviour. Adobe masonry: a brick head without mortar. 81





2006-08 : Compressed earth: breaking behaviour. Adobe masonry: two brick heads without mortar. 82





2006-08 : Compressed earth: breaking behaviour. Adobe masonry: two brick heads with lime mortar. 86





89

Adobe masonry: two brick heads with lime mortar.

2006-08 : Compressed earth: breaking behaviour. Adobe masonry: two brick heads with lime mortar.





2006-08 : Compressed earth: breaking behaviour. Adobe masonry with filling earth-lime. 90

Lab.MAC Laboratory of Applied Mechanics




93





Build a straw house: model for studying. 94





Build a straw house: design, materials and “ingredients”. 95





Build a straw house: tracing foundations. 96





Build a straw house: realization of earth bricks (adobe). 97





Build a straw house: realization of earth bricks (adobe).

Series 1: earth (63%), water (20%), cow manure (10%), clay (7%) Series 2: earth (55%), water (20%), cow manure (20%), lime (5%) Series 3: earth (65%), water (20%), cow manure (10%), lime (5%) Series 4: earth (65%), water (20%), cow manure (10%), lime (5%) Series 5: earth (53%), water (20%), cow manure (20%), clay (7%) Series 6: earth (70%), water (20%), cow manure (05%), lime (5%)

98





Build a straw house: realization of earth bricks (adobe). 99





Build a straw house: compression resistance tests.

Best Compound: Series 4

100





Build a straw house: foundation excavation. 101





Build a straw house: laying of drainage with average gravel. 104





Build a straw house: foundations, brick masonry and lime-filling. 105





Build a straw house: foundations, brick masonry and lime-filling.

External drainage with average gravel.

106





Insulation of the floor with clay pots






Build a straw house: foundations, brick masonry and lime-filling.

Internal drainage with average gravel.

108





Wood connectors for positioning straw bales






Build a straw house: vertical masonry base.

Straw bale wood connectors

110





Build a straw house: vertical masonry base. 111





Build a straw house: tying bales of straw. 112

Straw bales: dimensions 50x40x100 cm





Build a straw house: laying straw bales. 113





Build a straw house: laying straw bales. 114





Build a straw house: masonry of straw bales. 115





Build a straw house: masonry of straw bales and fixtures (brick and lime mortar). 118





Build a straw house: plane of the roof support (wooden planks). 119





Build a straw house: plane of the roof support (lime mortar screed). 120





Build a straw house: wooden beam of the roof support. 123





Build a straw house: wooden roof and iron chain. 124





Build a straw house: wooden roof and iron chain. 125





Build a straw house: roof insulation with sheep wool.

wool mattresses

126





Build a straw house: roof insulation with sheep wool.

Copper roof side finish

127





Build a straw house: adobe tympanum. 128





Build a straw house: masonry of straw (no wood). 129

No GREB construction of straw bales. Support structures are straw bales !





Build a straw house: plaster of earth and lime (grip). 130





Build a straw house: plaster of earth and lime (colorings). 131





Build a straw house: plaster of earth and lime. 132





Build a straw house: the architects of this result. 136





LANDSCAPE DESIGN: Educational workshops of naturalistic engineering

139





2008: Construction of a wooden grid (wood lattice). 140





2009: Construction of a wooden grid. Step 1: area preparation. 141





2009: Construction of a wooden grid. Step 2: laying of stands, longitudinal and transversal beams. 142





2009: Construction of a wooden grid. Step 3: filling meshes with the earth. 145





2009: Weir (a small dam) in the creek. 146





2009: Weir (a small dam) in the creek. Wooden beam system and filling of crushed stone. 147





2009: Weir (a small dam) in the creek. Joints of beams and binding with natural cordage. 148





2010: Weir in the creek. 149





2012: Slope protection: timber faggot. 150





2012: Slope protection: timber faggot. 151





2012: Slope protection: timber bundle (faggot). 152





2012: Slope protection: timber faggot and stone wall with earth and lime mortar.

Lime-mortar: 8% lime, 25% water, 67% sifted earth.

153





2013: Reinforcement of the slope with double palisade. Vertical, longitudinal and transversal wooden poles system, bonded together, with stone filling. 154





2013: Slope protection: timber faggot and wood lattice. 155





2013: Slope protection: timber faggot and wall with jute bags and earth filling. 156





2013: Protection with wood railing and bundle of wood. 157





2013: Stone flooring and mortar of earth-lime. Lime-mortar: 5% lime, 25% water, 70% sifted earth. 158





2014: Reinforcement of the slope with double palisade. Wooden railing. 165





2014: Stone wall without mortar. Step 1: disassembly collapsed wall. 166





2014: Stone wall without mortar. Step 2: wall assembly. 167





2014: Stone wall without mortar. Step 3: wall completed, in balance without the use of mortar. 168





2014: Stone wall without mortar. Step 4: finishing the top floor with earth. 169





2014: Finishing the top floor with earth. 170





2015: Naturalistic engineering works. 171





2015: Wooden staircase construction: palisade, stone filling and floor in compressed earth. 172





2015: Wooden staircase construction: palisade, stone filling and floor in compressed earth. 173





2015: Small wooden bridge. 174





2015: Left: water collection channel, rock bottom and earth-lime. Right: wood railing. 175





2015: Stone wall without mortar. Disassembly collapsed wall and assembling a new stone wall without mortar. 176





2015: Stone wall without mortar. Disassembly collapsed wall and assembling a new stone wall without mortar. 177





2015: New stone wall without mortar. 178





2015: Stone wall with lime mortar. 179





2016: Stone wall without mortar. Disassembly collapsed wall and assembling a new stone wall without mortar.

Stone filling (drainage)

180





2016: Stone wall without mortar. Disassembly collapsed wall and assembling a new stone wall without mortar.

Carrying a heavy stone (400 kg)

181





2017: New stone wall without mortar with grand staircase. 186





2017: Wooden bridge with masonry abutments. 187





2017: Wooden bridge with masonry abutments. 188





2017: Wooden bridge with masonry abutments.

Span = 3.5 m Beams: n. 4 dim. 25x25 cm / Plate, thickness = 5,5 cm Maximum load = 2.000 kg / m2

189





ETHIOPIA: for a material, social, organic and jovial architecture





For a material, social, organic and jovial architecture 191

Build between people, with people, for people.





Ropi (Ethiopia).

Massimo Corradi and Lorenzo Fontana have promoted

several workshops on the theme of earthen construction,

open to students and graduates. The goal is the personal

growth of the participants and the start of a participatory

construction process.

For a material, social, organic and jovial architecture 192





Ropi (Ethiopia): adobe silos for grain.

Ropi is a village of the Siraro region, in the central part of Ethiopia, located 50 km west of Hawassa. Hawassa (Amharic: አዋሳ) is a city in Ethiopia, on the shores of Lake Awasa in the Great Rift Valley. It is located 285 km south of Addis Ababa (አዲስ አበባ) through the city of Debre Zeit (ደብረ ዘይት).

Ropi Hawassa

Hawassa ★

★ Addis Ababa

★

★

Ropi ★

193





Ropi (Ethiopia): adobe silos for grain, the project. Transmission of knowledge only by means of the drawn image.

194





Ropi (Ethiopia): adobe silos for grain, make earth blocks (adobe). 195





Ropi (Ethiopia): adobe silos for grain, build substructures with earth and lime. 196





Ropi (Ethiopia): adobe silos for grain, build substructure. 197

Adobe foundations and “reticular lattice” (tensile strength) made with natural fiber ropes.

This is a local straw silos, now it no longer exist because it has been ... eaten by donkeys.





Ropi (Ethiopia): adobe silos for grain, check the dome curvature. 198





Ropi (Ethiopia): adobe silos for grain, adobe masonry. 199





Ropi (Ethiopia): adobe silos for grain, build with people. 200





Ropi (Ethiopia): adobe silos for grain, the dome nearly complete. 201





Ropi (Ethiopia): adobe silos for grain, build with people. 202





Ropi (Ethiopia): adobe silos for grain, the dome is over. 203





Ropi (Ethiopia): build arches, vaults and domes. 204





Kachachullo (Ethiopia): oven to bake the bricks. 205





Kachachullo (Ethiopia): oven to bake the bricks. 206





Ropi (Ethiopia): we build our home, rectangular building in adobe (Korkorobet). 207





208 Ropi (Ethiopia): we build our home, rectangular building in adobe (Korkorobet).





Ropi (Ethiopia): we build our home, plaster of earth and lime. 209





Ropi (Ethiopia): we build our home, plaster of earth and lime, sheet metal roof. 210





Ropi (Ethiopia): we build our home, plaster of earth and lime, sheet metal roof. 211

Paint the exterior and interior masonry to give life to the home.





2009 Ropi (Ethiopia): prototype of vernacular building (Gojobet). 212





2009 Ropi (Ethiopia): prototype of vernacular building (Gojobet).

Adobe masonry and buttresses

213





2009 Ropi (Ethiopia): prototype of vernacular building (Gojobet).

Traditional thatched roof

214





2009 Hawassa (Ethiopia): prototype of wicker and earth dome. 215





2010 Ropi (Ethiopia): training center. 219





2010 Ropi (Ethiopia): training center, draw the geometry and build substructures. 220





2010 Ropi (Ethiopia): training center, adobe masonry. 221





2010 Ropi (Ethiopia): training center, plaster of earth and lime, wooden roof. 222





2010 Ropi (Ethiopia): training center, traditional straw cover. 223





2010 Ropi (Ethiopia): training center, coloring the plaster. 224





2010 Ropi (Ethiopia): training center, completed. 225





2011 Ropi (Ethiopia): build a kindergarten for children. 226

That was our dream ... and we’ve turned it into reality !





2011 Ropi (Ethiopia): build a kindergarten for children, kneading the earth. 227





2011 Ropi (Ethiopia): build a kindergarten for children, adobe. 228

Brick (Adobe) production: formwork •

filling with earth • compaction of the earth •

finishing the brick surface • removal of the formwork •

drying of bricks •





2011 Ropi (Ethiopia): build a kindergarten for children, adobe masonry. 229





2011 Ropi (Ethiopia): build a kindergarten for children, adobe masonry. 230





2011 Ropi (Ethiopia): build a kindergarten for children, lift the roof support wooden pole. 231





2011 Ropi (Ethiopia): build a kindergarten for children, traditional wooden roof. 232





2011 Ropi (Ethiopia): build a kindergarten for children, traditional wooden roof. 233





2011 Ropi (Ethiopia): build a kindergarten for children, coloring the plaster. 234





2011 Ropi (Ethiopia): build a kindergarten for children, traditional wooden roof and straw. 235





2011 Ropi (Ethiopia): build a kindergarten for children, traditional wooden roof and straw. 236





2011 Ropi (Ethiopia): build a kindergarten for children, traditional wooden roof and straw.

A small kindergarten for children

237

The joy of seeing children playing in kindergarten was immense.






Our dream turned into reality !





2012 Ropi (Ethiopia): build a traditional house (Gojobet). 240





2012 Ropi (Ethiopia): build a traditional house (Gojobet). 241





2012 Ropi (Ethiopia): construction of a well to clean rainwater. 242





2012 Ropi (Ethiopia): construction of a well to clean rainwater, wooden roof. 243





2012 Ropi (Ethiopia): building a bread oven. 244





2012 Ropi (Ethiopia): building a bread oven. 245





2012 Ropi (Ethiopia): building a bread oven, substructures. 246





2012 Ropi (Ethiopia): building a bread oven, adobe masonry. 247





2012 Ropi (Ethiopia): building a bread oven, adobe masonry, sheet metal roof. 252





2012 Webedidika (Ethiopia): prayer building, adobe masonry and sheet metal roof. 253





2013 Ropi (Ethiopia): community center, masonry of adobe, plaster of earth and lime. 254





Special thanks to: Sara Eriche, Daniel Fida, Luca Filattiera, Lorenzo Fontana, Francesco Frassinelli, Antonio Mazza Luca Pozzati, Davide Pedemonte, Mirko Vagge and students of the School of Architecture / University of Genoa … and

thank you to all those who have enabled the achievement of these results.

« In order to regain youth, it is only necessary to repeat the follies » (Oscar Wilde)

Thanks for your attention.

255





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Thanks for your a:en0on

از توجه شما متشکرم

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