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Page 1: 2016 SBM TeshuvotTable of Contents Introduction to Topic 3 SBM 2016 Shayla 5 Teshuvot Rabbi Aryeh Klapper 6 Shira Krinsky 2 0 Levi Mastrangelo 30 Leead Staller 33 Introduction to To

2016 SBM Teshuvot

Published by the Center for Modern Torah Leadership

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Table of Contents

Introduction to Topic 3

SBM 2016 Shayla 5

Teshuvot

Rabbi Aryeh Klapper 6

Shira Krinsky 20

Levi Mastrangelo 30

Leead Staller 33

Yoni Zolty 39

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Introduction to Topic: โ€œRetroactive Remorse: Unstated Conditions in Contractual Relationshipsโ€

The first level of moral responsibility is stimulus-response. When presented with an opportunity to do the right thing, people at this level notice the prompt and acts properly. This may involve as small a thing as expressing gratitude for an unexpected kindness, or as large as jumping into a burning building to rescue a trapped child.

The second level of moral responsibility is commitment. People at this level act not only for the moment but in order to become who they wish to be. This may involve as small a thing as learning daf yomi in order to know Shas, or as large as practicing smiling in bleak times so that one can greet every human being with a pleasant countenance.

The third level of moral responsibility is accountability. People at this level act not only for their own development, but for the sake of building a society that exemplifies their ideals. This may involve as small a thing as actively seeking out and supporting the people and work that bring oneโ€™s ideals to life, or as large as genuinely seeking out constructive criticism of oneโ€™s own character and work.

The highest level of accountability โ€“ and of love - is embodied in contracts, or covenants. Stimulus-response people make great dates; commitment people make great boyfriends and girlfriends; but halakhah teaches that true love is constituted by binding contracts that can be enforced on you even if you no longer feel the same way. This is why signing the halakhic prenuptial agreement is an ultimate Jewish expression of love.

And yet โ€“ halakhah permits divorce, and recognizes widowhood. Sometimes commitments end, and sometimes they need to be broken. Some should never have started. The job of halakhah is to create a framework of personal and social accountability that does not chain or imprison or even constrain autonomy more than absolutely necessary. (One task of a Jewish human is to become the kind of person who experiences halakhic observance as liberating.)

The 2016 Summer Beit Midrash grew out of my recognition that halakhah sometimes allows legal commitments, even marriage, to be torn out at the roots as if they never happened. How can that be done without jeopardizing the whole framework of accountability? If contracts can be broken just because they turned out badly for one party, arenโ€™t all commercial relationships reduced to fly-by-night romances that exist only so long as they provide instant gratification?

My initial interest was in marriage, and was stimulated by the efforts of Rav Dovid Bigman and Rav Uriel Lavie to use the principle โ€œShe did not marry with that in mindโ€ to free women who would otherwise be bound hopelessly to vegetative or absconded husbands. I thought of kiddushin and nisuin as specific kinds of contractual relationships, and so though it might be productive to understand how that principle had played out in Choshen Mishpat (civil law) as well as in Even HaEzer (family law).

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But as so often happens in Talmud, an apparent tangent turned out to be the main line of inquiry.

The SBM Fellows and I ended up seeing contract law as a fascinating window on the nature and purpose of halakhah both classically and in our day. We grappled with general legal theory through the worknotes of Professor Chaim Saiman of Villanova Law School; with comparative contract law through the generosity of Professor David Morris Phillips of Northeastern University Law School; and with comparative marriage law through the generosity of Dr. Lisa Fishbayn Joffe of the Hadassah Brandeis Institute and the Boston Agunah Taskforce. We were privileged to hear guest shiurim and test ideas with Rabbi Chaim Jachter, author of the acclaimed Gray Matters book series; Rabbi Dov Linzer, Rosh Yeshiva of Yeshivat Chovevei Torah; and distinguished and beloved SBM alums Rabbi Jonathan Ziring and Yoetzet Halacha Ora Ziring of the Yeshiva University Torah MiTzion Beit Midrash Zichron Dov of Toronto. Most of all, we built a community of learning that was grounded in commitment and accountability. This was exemplified by the deeply serious responsa written by the fellows and myself individually and honed through collective critique.

It goes without saying that for those who care about halakhah, about Modern Orthodox halakhah, and about the full participation of women in the development and discourse of halakhah โ€“ there is nothing at all comparable.

It is my privilege to present you here with some of the fruits of our labors. We hope that they will give you joy in the moment; deepen your commitment to Torah; and help us build a relationship of mutual support and accountability.

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SBM 2016 Shayla

Shulamit Moskowitz Cherchofsky and Ezra Stiebel are a married couple in their early thirties. respectively, a Hebrew teacher and entrepreneur living in small rental quarters in Maalei Adumim. But they have a dream, embodied in a mortgage (51% paid off!) on a plot and a building permit on an as-yet-unbuilt-up hill in Efrat.

Reality intervenes. In January 2016, Shulamit is offered a job as a Hebrew teacher in a community Jewish school in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. It seems a great opportunity for her, and they begin preparing for the transition. They plan to arrive on Oklahoma City on August 10, and get in touch with real estate agents immediately, hoping to buy.

First they sell the mortgaged land, to the American Orthodox developer Donald Chevreman, closing on February 28. Chevreman owns many other lots in the same area, and has been pressing them to sell for several years. Then Ezra puts in an order for 100 handpainted t-shirts featuring Kevin Durant in his OKC Thunder uniform at $15 each, from the local designer Olga Cassini.

All seems in order until July 4. On that date, Kevin Durant chooses to sign with the Golden State Warriors. Within two weeks, Durantโ€™s restaurant in OKC closes, and there is no market at all, certainly in OKC, for T-shirts of him in a Thunder uniform.

Then, on July 28, they receive the news that the school is closing, for lack of funds.

Shulamit and Ezra sue Donald in a local beit din to undo the transaction. and get their land back. Donald counterclaims that the mere association of his name with their plot of land has raised its value significantly, and that he is at the least entitled to its current market price. He also asks for ZABLA. Meanwhile, Olga sues them for payment for the t-shirts, 50 of which she has already made. An arrangement is made to consolidate the cases in an ad hoc international beit din, and you have been appointed to the panel.

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Rabbi Aryeh Klapper The Talmud cites two paradigm cases in which a sale can be reversed on the basis of a claimed reservation that was not both

a. explicitly formulated as a condition of the sale, and b. agreed to by both parties.

1. Ketubot 97a discusses the sale of an undefined object in which the seller turns out โ€œnot to need the moneyโ€ obtained via the sale.

The Talmud makes two failed attempts to prove from precedent that the sale can be reversed.

A) Rav Pappa returns land he bought from a seller whose plans to purchase oxen fell through.

This proof is rejected on the ground that R. Pappa may have acted voluntarily/ethically rather than under constraint of law.

B) There is a famine in a particular area, and many residents sell their houses to buy food at exorbitant prices. However, the panic turns out to be unjustified, as a ship with ample provisions arrives soon. Rav Nachman rules that all the sales can be reversed.

This proof is rejected a. because the case involved special circumstances (possibly meaning that it was a matter of

communal policy rather than a legal judgment in the specific case), or else b. because the provision ship had set sail prior to the sales, and so the sales were โ€œmekchei

tautโ€ (transactions in error), made on the basis of a misapprehension of the facts rather than of the odds.

The Talmud nonetheless concludes that the seller can force a reversal of the sale.

2. Kiddushin 49b discusses the sale of land by one who intends to go on aliyah, and ends up not doing so. The Talmud reports three versions of the case โ€“ in the first version, the sale survives, on the grounds that โ€œwords in the heart are not wordsโ€; in the second, it may or may not be reversed; and in the third, there are two conflicting versions as to whether it can be reversed.

The precise differences among the versions are a matter of controversy. We can be certain only that in the first, the seller did not mention his aliyah intention at the time of the sale ; in the second, the seller travelled to Israel but did not settle there; and in the third, the seller was prevented by circumstances beyond his control (ones ) from making Aliyah.

The Talmud in various other places discusses many other cases in which transactions can or cannot be reversed on the basis of a claimed reservation about future developments that was not explicitly formulated as a condition of the transaction and agreed to by both parties. However, the two cases and contexts cited above are the only ones that address sales.

The case before us contains elements that seem directly parallel to each of the Talmudโ€™s paradigm cases. Parties MCS sold land at a time when they intended to relocate to a different

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country, just as on Kiddushin 49b, and they no longer need the money obtained by that sale more than they need the land, just as on Ketubot 97a.

However, it is very possible to distinguish our case in many ways along each of these axes.

Regarding Kiddushin 49: Perhaps

a. we are more solicitous of those who intended in good faith to go on aliyah than of those who intended to go on yeridah (perhaps because we consider an ideological decision to be independent of risk-acceptance, but not so a pragmatic decision)

b. the Talmud allows reversal only in cases where the partiesโ€™ intent was declared at the time of sale; there has been no showing of such a declaration in our case (but perhaps that requirement applies only when the parties conclude the sale personally, not when they conclude it via agent)

c. the Talmud allowed the reversal only for someone who sold their domicile or their farm; here they sold only a potential domicile

d. the cultural meaning of land-ownership has changed (so that Rashiโ€™s assertion that โ€œno one leaves themselves without land in the place where they liveโ€ is no longer true)

e. mortgaged land is not considered โ€œownedโ€ for these purposes f. the necessary involvement of a third-party lender in the sale and/or repurchase makes

reversing the transaction harder g. the transaction is considered irreversible because one seller (the bank) has presumably

already reinvested the proceeds of the sale h. the partiesโ€™ expectations are governed by Western law rather than halakhah

Regarding Ketubot 97:

a. b, f, g, and h above b. We allow reversal of sales by an investor, but not of sales to an investor. When the sale

is by an investor, the result of upholding it is that money lies fallow. This is economically inefficient. When the sale is to an investor, efficiency lies in upholding the sale.

c. We have an interest in increasing risk for those who plan yeridah d. We allow reversal only when there is a very specific planned reinvestment e. We allow reversal only when there is a very short time lag before the reversal

Note that the Talmud may be suggesting that there is an underlying equity issue here (=lifnim mishurat hadin ), which may be enforceable at the discretion of beit din even when there is no technical right of reversal, esp. under a shtar beirurin (rabbinic arbitration agreement) that specifies ืคืฉืจื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœื“ื™ืŸ (compromise resembling law) as the framework for deciding the case.

If we were functioning as a common-law court, reasoning primarily by analogy, the only issue here would be the clarity and timing of the moving partiesโ€™ declarations of intent. The existence of ongoing long-term negotiations between the parties, and the absence of any contention by Mr. Chevreman that he was unaware that the sellers planned to move, would probably suffice to uphold the analogies and reverse the sale.

But I do not see this as the correct model. Rather, because of the numerous possible gaps between our case and the Talmudic paradigms, we need to reason conceptually, rather than by analogy, in order to determine the law in this new fact-pattern.

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This shift was already made by the medieval Tosafists when they connected these Talmudic cases of sales to a series of other Talmudic cases involving claims based on unstated conditions. These included assignments of property without tangible consideration, such as private gifts and dedication of sacrificial animals; prenuptial commitments by a groom or a brideโ€™s family; marriage; and divorce.

The Tosafists also raised the question of why our cases, and the other cases they bring in, do not yield a general right on behalf of any party to a transaction to reverse it whenever they dislike the outcome. Their challenge case is of someone who buys a cow, and the cow ends up dying or becoming a tereifah : would anyone suggest that the buyer could then return the cow and get their money back?

It should be clear that such an outcome is not a viable result of our common-law analysis above. The challenge case could easily be distinguished, for example, on the ground that it involved livestock rather than real estate; or one might suggest that Tosafotโ€™s outcome is actually plausible (=not a reductio ad absurdum) so long as one party states its intent explicitly (=is megaleh daโ€™at ) at the time of transaction and the other party raises no objection; and so on. However, the involvement of many other cases, albeit drawn from realms other than commerce, makes such ad hoc distinctions untenable (although each of these has been suggested by significant halakhists). Thus for example: The requirement of gilui daโ€™at at the time of sale cannot account for a case on Bava Kamma 110a, in which the Talmud in principle suggests that a marriage can be retroactively undone by a widow who would otherwise be tied by yibum to a mukkat shekhin (=boils-stricken) brother in-law. Similarly, the distinction between livestock and real estate cannot account for the case of the sacrificial animal discussed on Bava Kamma 110b.

The Tosafists R. Yitzchak of Dampierre (RI) and Rabbeinu Asher (ROSH) respond in part by implicitly defining the binding aspect (mechayev ) of a contract, whether in sales or in other areas, as the mental commitment. In their framework, obtaining a ruling to reverse a sale 1

requires demonstrating that at the time of sale a. oneโ€™s preferred intent was for the sale to reverse in those circumstances b. one did not subordinate oneโ€™s preferred intent to the preferred intent of the other party.

In practice a. demonstrating oneโ€™s preferred intent may require either a formal tenai (condition), a

gilui daโ€™at at the time of sale, a gilui daโ€™at prior to sale, or merely a compelling demonstration of intent

b. demonstrating that one did not subordinate oneโ€™s preferred intent may require that the circumstances be highly unusual or unexpected, and that it be clear that the other party would not have chosen to leave the transaction rather than accept the unstated condition.

In some cases it may also require informing the other party of oneโ€™s intent.

A difficulty with the RI/ROSH approach is that while it essentially assimilates all these cases to the category of โ€œinformal tenaiโ€, the halakhic outcome is not parallel to that of a tenai. A tenai works even if the party intentionally triggers it in order to void the contract. For example, if a sale was made with the tenai that it would be void if the seller rode an elephant within six

1 I donโ€™t use โ€œmeeting of the mindsโ€ here, as the Tosafists address each sideโ€™s commitments and rights independently

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months, the seller can void the sale by taking an elephant ride in time, even if this was done for the sole purpose of voiding the sale. By contrast, I am not aware of any suggestion that a sale can be reversed halakhically because the seller no longer wishes to reinvest the funds.

One can resolve this problem by reformulating the implicit tenai of RI/ROSH to exclude voluntary nonperformance. But it is not clear how such a reformulation can be justified.

A second difficulty is how to address unforeseen circumstances. In such cases, by definition there can have been no intent!

The Tosafists appear to use โ€œconstructive intentโ€ in such cases, establishing a โ€œfact of mindโ€ via certainty as to what the mindset of the parties would have been.

This approach works fairly well in โ€œone-wayโ€ transactions, such as where a shekhiv mera (person on deathbed) gives away all his or her possessions. In such cases we can be certain that the shekhiv mera was not considering the possibility of recovery (as opposed to cases where the shekhiv mera retained some property), and so we construct the case as if there were a stipulation that the gift would not apply in case of recovery.

The โ€œconstructive intentโ€ approach works less well in โ€œtwo-wayโ€ transactions, however, as why should the (constructed) intent of one party alone be dispositive? In other words, it does not really answer Tosafotโ€™s challenge case at all. Or to put it in terms of b) above โ€“ why isnโ€™t it necessary to demonstrate that the other party subordinated their intent to yours?

One might say that constructed intent in unconsidered circumstances in two-way transactions must be decided on the basis of

a) strictly formal criteria, or b) considerations of policy and equity.

Let us consider each of these independently.

a) There are two potential formal criteria available. The first is a requirement that all conditions be stated, most famously that they explicitly state the consequences of both performance and nonperformance (tenai kaful ). The second is Ravaโ€™s principle that โ€œwords in the heart are not wordsโ€.

However, the requirement of โ€œin accordance with the rules of tenaimโ€ may not apply to the realm of mammonot at all (Rashbam; see also Meiri). Even if it does, there is indisputable proof that it cannot do so absolutely (see Ketubot 97a, cited above); at most we can say that a speech act other than a formal tenai cannot, in the absence of strong confirming facts or reason, suffice to establish a condition. (Note again that any condition established by such means would almost certainly not be activated by voluntary nonperformance.)

The application of the second criterion must also be limited, as there are clearly cases, such as that of the yavamah falling before a mukat shechin (Bava Kamma 110a, cited above), where the Talmud suggests that a purely mental reservation suffices to nullify a legal act.

Formal principles are therefore insufficient to account for all the known cases.

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Numerous attempts have been made by great halakhists and decisors to develop a complex matrix of factors that explains all the data points. They distinguish between greater and lesser umdenot (establishments of legal facts on the basis of presumptions, statistics, or circumstances; NbY. as attested re Rabbi Shimon Shezuri etc. on Bava Basra 146-7), or require combinations of various factors. These include the above-mentioned formal and evidentiary principles, and also inter alia

a) Whether the other party does not end up worse off as a result of entering the transaction b) Whether the moving party has benefited from (or had the opportunity to benefit from)

the transaction c) Whether something has happened to make us consider the transaction โ€œcompletedโ€ d) Whether the unanticipated circumstances were avoidable by the moving party e) Whether the moving party exercised due diligence f) Whether the moving party is at fault in any other way

Thus, for example, they may maintain that a two-way transaction on the basis of an unstated condition may be reversed only when

I. the unanticipated circumstances were unavoidable by the moving party and II. that party expressed their preferred position prior to the sale and

III. that party is not at fault in any way and IV. nothing has happened to make us consider the transaction โ€œcompletedโ€.

Each of these combinations can ultimately succeed in accounting for all the cases, but none of them is elegant; they all have โ€˜epicyclesโ€™, and there is often an inverse relationship between complexity and usefulness as a predictive principle.

This brings us to a fundamental question: What are we seeking to achieve as dinei mammonot (economic and financial law) judges?

Darkah Shel Torah (Rabbi E. Blochโ€™s introduction to his fatherโ€™s Shiurei Daโ€™at) contends that dinei mammonot share the aims of secular economic regulations, but in addition contain elements with purely transcendent purposes. Fundamentally, this suggests a utilitarian stance moderated by humble awareness that one cannot know G-dโ€™s purposes in their full depth.

The purposes of secular economic regulation are order, justice, and equity.

Order requires predictability, and favors simplicity; people cannot follow the law if they donโ€™t know or understand what it is. Order can be just or unjust, equitable or inequitable.

I define Justice here as โ€˜being treated in accordance with objective rules whose principles are compatible with ethicsโ€™.

Justice cannot exist in the absence of order. But justice can lead to inequity, as a rule-based system sometimes cannot account for individuals and individuality, or for unusual specific circumstances. However, one can lose order and justice by seeking equity too aggressively.

The ideal is to develop laws that yield justice and conform to equity the vast majority of the time, so that equitable adjustments are needed only rarely, and can be made without undermining order.

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How can dinei mammonot judges accomplish this?

One key challenge is that they must decide the law (pasken ) in ways that both shape and respond to expectations. The ethical outcome in a financial transaction is often defined as having the parties get what they expected. But not always! For example, some transactions are entered into under duress, or in the expectation of bullying or fraud.

The expectations of contemporary Jews, in both Israel and the United States, are largely shaped by contemporary Western notions of contract law rather than by formal halakhic precedent. For example, in nonritual matters, parties generally conceive of contracts as self-enacting rather than as dependent on a subsequent giving of consideration, or on a separate maasei kinyan. 2

However, as I learned from Professor David Phillips in his SBM presentation, Western law has a host of doctrines (such as those of frustration and impossibility) that enable one to break a contract in light of unconsidered subsequent events. These doctrines are regularly litigated, but that litigation rarely succeeds. This suggests that there is a tension between expectations and the secular law, and perhaps even between intuitive ethics and the secular law.

Under those circumstances, it seems reasonable to say that where halakhah is not formally bound by dina demalkhuta (=the law of the state), or if the parties signed a contract accepting the beit dinโ€™s right to rule against dina demalkhuta, or if the secular law Is unclear, then dinei mammonot should focus on shaping expectations rather than on conforming to them.

On that basis, I suggest that we revisit the question of halakhahโ€™s approach to contractual obligations in light of unconsidered events.

My argument thus far has been that attempts to explain our precedents on the basis of either pure daโ€™at or else formal principles of construction have been unsuccessful. On the other hand, attempts to explain them on the basis of a set of decision principles that are interlocking, less sweeping, and perhaps less formal, have produced a muddle that is unconvincing and impractical.

Let me note briefly here three phenomena that to my mind are generally clear evidence of both muddle and of impracticality. Each of them is present in our topic.

a) The claim that a type of evidence applies only to maintain possession but never to transfer it (Even HaEzel to Rambam Sanhedrin 24:1)

b) The claim that a rule can be applied only in cases addressed explicitly in the Talmud or in cases that are really, really clear (to the judge in a particular case) (Responsa R. Eliahu Mizrachi 16)

c) The claim that there is enough legitimate controversy about a rule that the party in possession can win the case if its possession agrees with (=asserts ืงื™ื ืœื™ regarding) any of a broad and contradictory variety of understandings of that rule (Responsa Minchat Shlomoh 2:134)

One may say that in such circumstances, halakhists should simply surrender. They can argue that there is a mitzvah to submit oneself to the halakhah as it is, however muddled and

2 See Professor Chaim Saimanโ€™s presentation at the Hebrew University conference on his forthcoming book Halakhah - the Rabbinic Idea of Law

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impractical, while conceding that it would be better were the halakhah otherwise. When rabbinic authority is reconstituted, we will make takkanot to improve things.

We must recognize, however, that such concessions will in practice make batei din unpopular destinations even for the most halakhically committed Jews. I therefore prefer to see whether the halakhah can be reconstituted on the basis of honest interpretations of precedent, and thus the creation of new precedents. I believe that the language of pesharah kerovah ledin (compromise closely resembling law) allows us to be more prescriptive about the law in our decisions than is usual for halakhah. We can decide in accordance with what the law should be, and thus over time transform ought into is.

I contend that there is an alternative to the constructed intent, formalist, and composite/hodgepodge approaches presented above. This alternative is implicit in many past precedents, and some aspects of it have been formulated by great decisors, but I suspect that it 3

has not previously been fully articulated. I will refer to it as the โ€œtaโ€™aninanโ€ approach.

In a variety of cases, for example when a party is a minor orphan who inherits a claim without personal knowledge of the underlying facts, halakhah permits batei din to interpose legal claims on behalf of a party. My suggestion is that when dealing with implicit conditions regarding unconsidered events, halakhahโ€™s default setting is to treat all the parties as orphans. We therefore make on their behalf all the conditions that they would have made had they anticipated the events.

Many of these conditions will directly conflict, of course. We resolve conflicting claims by a game-theory method - we ask first whether party B would have walked away from the transaction rather than accept party Aโ€™s condition, and conversely, whether party A would have walked away from the transaction were party B to refuse their condition. Whichever party would have walked away, wins.

In actuality, the parties would likely have negotiated and agreed on a price for the condition. Estimating what that price would have been is in principle a fine tool for achieving equity and/or pesharah. However, no use of it is even hinted at in the precedents I have seen. Perhaps the decisors believed that it would generate results that are too subjective and speculative for law, along the lines of ื ืชืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ืš ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ืŸ.

Therefore, I believe that halakhah must play the game artificially, as if the parties had no options other than accepting a condition or refusing the transaction.

Similarly, each condition must be analyzed independently, even though in actual negotiations they would be bundled or traded for one another.

I note again that this is a mechanism for dealing with the hypothetical, not for figuring out what the partiesโ€™ actual intentions were. We are dealing with cases in which by definition there were no s has uch intentions.

I also need to mention that Professor Robert Aumann previously theorized that at least one tanna , Rabbi Natan, thought in game theory modes. Finally, I need to thank my friend Chava

3 Shuโ€™t HaRIM and others

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Evans, whose gift of Game Theory and the Law many years ago remains enormously productive to my thinking.

I also need to make clear an aspect of this theory which may strike some as cheating, or as creating epicycles of its own. Since playing out the game is fundamentally a tool of equity, the legal system is not ethically obligated to allow every possible move in the game. Thus halakhah may โ€œpenalizeโ€ a player for having acted unethically, or bar certain moves because they will have unfortunate economic consequences for the community. Halakhah may bar a move in some areas of law, such as marriage and divorce, while allowing the same move in other areas. The system remains โ€œelegantโ€ because all allowed moves are evaluated in the same fashion.

Thus far theory. I must now show that the theory successfully explain the primary sources on this issue, and according to which secondary sources. Following that I will โ€“ at long last โ€“ return to the specific case at hand.

Letโ€™s start once more with the two Talmudic cases that explicitly address sales.

1) On Ketubot 97a, the Talmud considers whether a sale can be undone if the seller โ€œdoes not need the moneyโ€. The Talmud provides no further direct information about the case.

It seems that the seller thought they would need the money, but either erred or else circumstances changed. Since the Talmudโ€™s two attempted proofs each involve circumstances that change after the sale, the latter understanding seems more correct.

Rashi adds in three additional factors: 1. That the seller thought they needed the money in order to make a specific investment 2. That the beit din (and everyone else) knows, by whatever means, that the sellerโ€™s

motivation was to have money for a specific investment 4

3. That the relevant change in circumstances was beyond the sellerโ€™s control (in the Talmudโ€™s case the seller in their subsequent deal backed out

Rashi tells us nothing about the motivations of the buyer. What seems clear is that the sale is initiated by the seller. This is also made clear by Meiriโ€™s language in his reformulation of the case: ืžื™ ืฉืžื›ืจ ืžืื•ื ืก ืžืขื•ืช (=one who sold because of financial pressure ). In other words, the buyer is receiving at least fair value, and the seller would not sell simply because the price is attractive.

Meiriโ€™s language, however, must be read in context of his comment on Bava Basra 40a that

ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืจืขืชืŸ ืืœื ืžืื•ื ืก ืžืขื•ืช

Most sales do not happen because the object sold is bad, but rather because the seller is under financial pressure

The purpose of Meiriโ€™s comment there is to deny a person the right to subsequently reverse a transaction on the ground that s/he was coerced by financial need; if so, he argues, most

4 Tosafot and RIF (explicitly) and Rambam Mekhirah 11:8 (by implication) both argue that the seller must state this intent at the time of sale. However, Tosafot accepts Rashiโ€™s investment case; RIF is ambiguous; and Rambam only discusses a case of selling land for food in a case of drought, which is the Talmudโ€™s second attempted proof.

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transactions would be reversible. His description of the sale on Ketubot 97 as the result of financial pressure therefore does not mark it as unusual.

Putting Rashi and Meiri together, we can say that the case here is one in which the seller needs the money immediately. Therefore, the transaction will be unstable only briefly. The price-point is at least neutral for the buyer, and likely advantageous. They are engaging in the transaction wholly voluntarily and because the land is worth the money for their purposes.

Under such circumstances, it seems reasonable that the buyer would agree to make the sale conditional on an immediate subsequent purchase if that condition were stated explicitly. Why would he walk away from a transaction that can only benefit him? (Perhaps it is the immediacy of the anticipated transaction that makes its failure so unanticipated.)

(According to Tosafot and especially Rambam, the only issur in this case is whether we interpret a statement of intent at the time of sle as a condition. ) 5

2) On Kiddushin 49b, the Talmud records three cases in which men sell their possessions with the intention of going on aliyah, and then fail to do so. In the first case, the seller does not state this intention explicitly at the time of sale, and we are not told why or at what point his aliyah plans fall through. In the second and third cases, we are not told whether the sellerโ€™s intentions were stated explicitly, or when. In the second case, the seller leaves for Israel but then returns; in the third case, he never leaves.

Rava states regarding the first case that he cannot reverse the sale since โ€œwords in the heart are not wordsโ€; in the second and third cases, the issue seems independent of Ravaโ€™s principle.

It therefore seems reasonable to assume that in the second and third cases, the seller did state his intentions explicitly at the point of sale, or in some other way made his intentions sufficiently known to the seller and the court. The question is only whether he intended a tenai (and therefore the buyer should have counterstipulated if he objected), and whether his tenai is in effect. These cases are therefore irrelevant to our case.

What matters to us is the first case. Granted that the seller didnโ€™t state his intentions, why should we not make the condition for him? Why, according to Rashi, does this case differ from the sale-for-reinvestment?

I suggest that the answer is simple: aliyah often fails. Ketubot 97a therefore is not discussing an unconsidered event. Witness that the Talmud here brings three different actual cases of failed aliyah, and subsequent efforts to overturn a contract! Therefore, according to Rashi, sellers must make their conditions themselves under such circumstances (how explicitly is a different issue, and may depend on how evident their intention would otherwise be to the seller).

What emerges is that according to Rif, Rambam, and Tosafot, neither Talmudic context deals with unanticipated events, and therefore are irrelevant to our case. For Rashi and Meiri, however, Ketubot 97 is relevant to our issue.

5 Statements of intent do not per se imply conditions, only preferences. Making a condition implies the willingness to walk away if the other side refuses it.

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Note that Teshuvot HaGeonim Harkabi 320 anticipates RIF in connecting the sugyot. However, Responsa Rabbeinu Gershom 53 relates exclusively to Ketubot 97, appears to be a case of unconsidered devaluations, and makes no mention of a need for gilui daโ€™at . It may therefore support my reading of Rashi and Meiri. Responsa RI Migash 2 oddly inserts the claim that โ€œa miracle occurredโ€ in reversing a sale on the basis of Ketubot 97, and also makes no mention of gilui daโ€™at. Possibly he used the term โ€œmiracleโ€ to emphasize the unconsideredness of the changed circumstances. But without stronger evidence, I cannot say with confidence that he reads Ketubot 97 differently than RIF and Rambam.

Note also that while Tosafot, RIF, and Rambam apparently reject Rashiโ€™s explanation of Ketubot 97, they might agree with the ruling in the case as he presents it. Therefore, all rishonim may agree that we use the taaninan model for cases of unconsidered outcomes. Tosafot, RIF, and Rambam merely believe that the case of โ€œneeds the moneyโ€ is not such a case.

So much for sales. What about the other Talmudic cases and contexts?

3) Ketubot 47 discusses parties who make voluntary written commitments in anticipation of marriage. Halakhic marriage has two stages, and the marriage ends via divorce or death after erusin but before consummation. The Talmud quotes a dispute as to whether each of the groom and the brideparents can renege on such premarital commitments. It proposes that the disputes are unified, but concludes that one can coherently hold that the husband can renege but the brideparents cannot, because ืœื ื›ืชื‘ ืœื” ืืœื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื›ื•ื ืกื” = he did not write this (obligation to) her except with the intent of fully marrying her.

Tosafot and ROSH find the notion that anyone can renege here problematic. Since no one explicitly conditioned their obligation on the marriage being consummated, then if we allow this transaction to be reversed, buyers should be able to reverse all sales that turn out badly!? Tosafot and ROSH respond that this case โ€“ and Ketubot 97a โ€“ are different from the standard sale in that

a) There is no reason for the seller in a standard sale to assume any risk (accompanied by a circular argument that standard practice is for the buyer to assume the risk in such a case). However, the groom may need to assume the risk here, either because this bride is irreplaceable to him, or because standard practice is for the groom to assume this risk.

b) Had the issue been raised, the groom would have made his obligation contingent on consummation. Similarly, had the issue been raised, the seller on Ketubot 97 would have made the sale contingent on his leaving for Israel. But the seller in a standard case never makes any such conditions.

It seems very hard to understand either of Tosafot/Roshโ€™s claims. As the acharonim point out, why is the second partyโ€™s daโ€™at not relevant? In each case, the deal was the result of negotiations! Also, leshitatam (=according to their own position), why not claim that we can reverse contracts only when there was a gilui data bishโ€™at mekher (=at the time of sale), and assume that such a gilui daโ€™at occurred in these cases?

An underlying issue is whether we view the outcome here as reversing a transaction which came into effect at eirusin, or rather as a claim that the transaction never happened. The language of

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suggests the former, but it is difficult to construct the rationale for such a (with the intent of) ืข"ืžposition.

My argument, via Rabbeinu Tam, is that there are in any case policy grounds for distinguishing prenuptial agreements from other contracts. Or for Rashi, we can say that the convention of writing the tosefet (voluntary additional gift) into the ketubah, which he believed comes into effect at eirusin, masks the real intention of the contract by making it seem as if eirusin is sufficient to trigger it. Each of these explanations would allow reversing the transaction in this case while protecting the irreversibility of ordinary sales. Perhaps we even consider the failure to consummate as an anticipatable circumstance.

I have not developed a plausible reading of Tosafot and Rosh that is also a plausible explanation of why these transactions are reversible while ordinary sales are not reversible. I must mention that Nesivos offers a reading of Rosh cited in Shitah Mekubetzet) according to which a person 6

can sue to reverse a sale only up until the moment at which they derive even minimal benefit from the transaction. Erusin is not considered a benefit, while momentary possession of a live cow is considered a benefit.

4) Bava Kamma 110b โ€“ 111a hypothetically approves of (women) reversing marriages and sacrifice-dedications on the basis of an unanticipated circumstance, namely the childless death of a husband whose brother is a mukkat shekhin (I canโ€™t discuss here whether he was already a mukkat shekhin at time of marriage) and the death of the animal before being sacrificed).

Tosafot and especially ROSH via Shitah Mekubetzet here fit well with the game-theory approa. 7

Note that if the case of the yevamah and mukkat shekhin on Bava Kamma 110 applies only to a

ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆืช ืžืกื›ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื“ืฃ ืžื– ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘6 ืฉืœื ื›ืชื‘ ืœื” ืืœื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื›ื ืกื” โ€“

ืชื™ืžื ื“ื”ื›ื ื•ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ืกื‘ืจื ื–ืืช, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ืœื•ืงื— ืคืจื” ืžื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื•ื ื˜ืจืคื”, ืื ืŸ ืกื”ื“ื™ ื“ืข"ืž ื›ืŸ ืœื ืงื ืื•!?

ื•ื™"ืœ ื“ืœื ื“ืžื™, ื“ื”ืชื - ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืกืคืง ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื™ื›ื ืก ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžืงื—, ื•ืื ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื• ืฉืžื ืชื˜ืจืฃ - ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ืžื ืข ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ืœื™ืงื—, ืฉื›ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืœื•ืงื— ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื ืžื ืขื™ืŸ ืœื™ืงื—

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืกืคืง ื˜ืจืคื•ืช, ื•ื”ื›ื - ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืจ ืื•ืžื“ืŸ ื“ืขืชื•, ื“ืื ืŸ ืกื”ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืœื” ืื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืœืžื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื”.

ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจื"ืฉ ื–"ืœ. ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื”ื™ื™ื ื•

ื“ื‘ืœื•ืงื— ืคืจื” ืืฃ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ ื“ื ื˜ืจืคื” - ืž"ืž ื”ืจื™ ื ื”ื ื” ืžื”ืžืงื—, ืืœื ืฉืžืคืกื™ื“, ื•ื“ืจืš ื”ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืœื™ื›ื ืก ืขืœ ื”ื”ืคืกื“ ื•ื”ืจื™ื•ื—, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืžืช ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” - ื”ืจื™ ืœื ื ื”ื ื” ืžื”ืžืงื— ื›ืœืœ, ื•ื‘ื›ื”"ื’ ืื ืŸ ืกื”ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืœื” ืื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืœืžื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื”,

ื•ื›ืŸ ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ื›ื• ืœื™ื” ื–ื•ื–ื™, ื“ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื”ื™ื” ื“ื—ื•ืง ืœื–ื•ื–ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื“ื•ื—ืง, ื“ืœื ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ืš ืœื™ื” ื–ื•ื–ื™ - ืื ืŸ ืกื”ื“ื™ ื“ืœื ื”ื•ื” ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ. ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆืช ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื ื“ืฃ ืงื™ ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘7

ืจื"ืฉ ืืœื ืžืขืชื” ื™ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืคืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ื›ื” ืฉื—ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื•' โ€“

ื•ื"ืช: ืื ื›ืŸ, ืื ืงื ื” ืื“ื ื‘ื”ืžื” ื•ืžืชื”, ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื—, ื“ืื“ืขืชื ื“ื”ื›ื™ ืœื ื–ื‘ืŸ!?

ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ: ื“ืœื ืคืจื™ืš ื”ื›ื ืืœื ืžืชื ืื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื™ืขื›ื‘ ืื“ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื•, ื›ืžื• ืžื—ื˜ืืช ื•ืืฉื,

ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื™ื‘ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ื›ื” ืฉื—ื™ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืกื™ืŸ, ื“ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ืื™ืจื•ืกื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ืžื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื™ืฉืื ื” ืฉื™ื”ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืœื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชืคื•ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืื—ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื” ืฉื—ื™ืŸ - ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืžืขื›ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื”,

ื”ื™ืœื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืืœื• ื”ืชื ื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ื ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ - ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื” ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื•ืžืข ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื–ื ื•ืช.

ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžืงื— ืฉืื“ื ืงื•ื ื” - ืื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืœื•ืงื— ื‘ื ืœื”ืชื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ืชืงืœืงืœ ืžืงื—ื• ืฉื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื— - ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืฉื•ืžืข ืœื•

ื”ื™ืœื›ืš ืœื ื”ื•ื” ืœื™ื” ื›ืืœื• ื”ืชื ื”. ื”ืจื"ืฉ ื–"ืœ.

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widow from eirusin, a claim that is in any case very hard to understand, Tosafotโ€™s use of that case to challenge sale cases is difficult.

5) Cases in which it is suggested that a man might be able to reverse a marriage or divorce

a) Sanhedrin 69a cites a beraita according to which adultery with a woman betrothed but too young to bear children is a capital crime. The Talmud initially cites this as proof that a statistical majority is sufficient for a capital conviction, because there is a chance that the woman is sterile (=an eilonit ), and if she is, the husband might seek to reverse the marriage when he discovers this, in which case it would turn out that she was never married to him, and so there was no adultery!

The Talmud here ultimately evades the question of whether newly discovered sterility is grounds for retroactively declaring a marriage void. Neither position is incompatible with the game-theory approach, since we cannot know for certain how Chazal would have evaluated the relative bargaining strength of husband and wife.

b) Yevamot 65a discusses a women who marries and is divorced twice owing to childlessness. Each time, she receives her ketubah. She marries and divorces a third time, again childlessly, but this time she does not receive her ketubah. She marries a fourth time, and bears a child. She then considers suing her third husband for her ketubah, since he divorced her under the false assumption that she was an eilonit. The rabbis tell her to be silent, lest the husband claim on the very same ground that the divorce was invalid and her current marriage is adulterous.

The rishonim dispute whether the husbandโ€™s threat reflects valid law, or rather only public perception, and if only perception, whether that is a matter of standard law or else the result of rabbinic intervention.

c) Gittin 45 discusses a women who is divorced owing to a rumor of adultery. The rabbis ban the husband from remarrying her even if the rumor proves false, lest he claim afterward that he only divorced her conditionally.

It is not clear whether the husbandโ€™s claim would otherwise be effective, and if so, how the rabbinic intervention estops his claim.

d) Niddah 12 discusses the similar case of a woman who is divorced because her lack of a regular menstrual cycle poses an insuperable halakhic barrier to physical intimacy. Here too the rabbis ban the husband from remarrying her even if she afterward develops a regular cycle, lest he claim afterward that he only divorced her conditionally.

It is not clear whether the husbandโ€™s claim would otherwise be effective, and if so, how the rabbinic intervention estops his claim.

My preference is to adopt the interpretations in each of these cases that in practice prevent a husband from effectively making such a claim in any actual case.

I further argue that in cases of marriage and divorce, the Talmud is explicitly willing to introduce policy considerations (e.g. โ€œlest the woman be ruled an adulterous and her children mamzerimโ€) to prevent the enforcement of unstated conditions, which validates the taโ€™aninan

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approach. Where policy considerations are not introduced, I contend that this is because the game-theory mechanism produces results which are acceptable from a policy perspective. 8

PSAK DIN

How does all this abstract apparatus play out in the case at hand? With the underlying principles clarified, the case can be resolved quite straight forwardly.

We must ask first: Were the intervening circumstances considered or unconsidered?

Regarding the Talmudโ€™s case of aliyah, I argued above that failure of aliyah is always considered. In that case the issue becomes one of daโ€™at/tenai, in the framework of RI and ROSH.

But I contend that aliyah and yeridah are different. Yeridah is not ideological, but rather for the money, or the tomatoes. As such, it is much less likely to fail, and therefore its failure can be regarded as โ€œunconsideredโ€. Therefore our case falls under the game-theory/policy model developed above.

In terms of the real estate question โ€“ the immediate issue is that the land is partially (49%) owned by a third party, the bank, which is not party to the suit. Would the bank have agreed to the sale if conditional? Probably not, as it has no interest in tying its capital up unproductively, as would be the case if the sale were reversible and it would be required to relend the money if the yeridah failed.

Moreover, the bank here is a co-seller. If it doesnโ€™t agree to sue for reversal, does the other seller have standing? I suggest that this case is parallel to Responsa Rabbeinu Gershom Meโ€™or HaGolah 53, where the existence of a third party with different interests prevents what would otherwise be a valid claim of unconsidered circumstances.

It must be noted, however, that in the contemporary world most โ€œland-ownershipโ€ is actually a partnership with a bank. It is therefore reasonable to propose as a policy that halakhah should treat all such ownership as actual, disregarding the bank whenever possible. It is also reasonable to reject this policy out of hand. This issue will have to be treated comprehensively in a different context.

Bottom line, however, even if we leave out the third party, I think the sellers here would lose in the game-theory model โ€“ they have to sell now, whereas Chevreman can wait.

Moreover, we would be evaluating the game-theory result based on our understanding of the intent of the particular parties, rather than on the basis of broader sociological or psychological models. I think this is what is intended by the term Poskim through the ages 9 .ืื•ืžื“ื ื ืคืจื˜ื™ืช

dispute where and when a beit din can apply such umdenas , and I suspect that descriptively the outcome is a sliding scale; one applied the strongest ones in almost all cases, but the weaker ones only when there is a pressing need to adjust law for equity. In our case, the umdena is not particularly strong โ€“ perhaps they now intend to go on yeridah in any case, and perhaps at the

8 This might seem to require the concession that the Talmud believes the result in the yevamah/mukkat shekhin case to be compatible with policy. But this is not so โ€“ in that case no better policy results can be achieved by not advancing the yevamahโ€™s condition. 9 See Piskei Din Rabboniyim 14 p.300

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time they saw this as an opportunity to clarify their affairs. A simple test is likely demonstrative โ€“ had the land significantly devalued in the interim, would they still want the sale reversed?

For these reasons, I believe the sale of real estate cannot be reversed.

What about the Durant T-shirts?

Here it seems clear to me that this should be considered a case of unconsidered circumstances. The risk-reward ratio is simply too great for such small investors otherwise; it is unlikely that either party would have willingly assumed such a risk rather than exit the transaction.

One might argue against this that there was already much discussion as to whether Durant would leave the Thunder. But I think the best response is the category of ืคืชื—ื™ ื ื•ืœื“ from Nazir 32b. The Talmud there, as explained by the rishonim, acknowledges the category of plausible outcomes that some people nonetheless refuse to consider, even if reasonable people try to persuade them otherwise. This seems to me to describe well the psychological condition of those who believed Durant would stay.

One might further argue that merchants are obligated to be more rational. But here both sides were, I believe, equally convinced โ€“ otherwise they would have insisted on an explicit tenai, if only to avoid the subsequent legal battle.

Playing out the game โ€“ do we have a way of knowing who would give in? My bet is that suppliers in this case are in a weaker position than resellers, but we have no reliable way of knowing Olga Cassiniโ€™s particular circumstances. This is therefore even worse than an umdena pratit .

I therefore agree that under such circumstances we have to enforce the contract, if it is otherwise binding.

But I think it is likely that such contracts are always binding in Halakhah only to the point of nezek (damages ), not to the point of commitment, even if the change of mind is arbitrary. As discussed above, this is plausibly also the case in Western law, and therefore there will be no clear disappointment of expectations in ruling accordingly.

The reseller therefore is obligated to pay only for the costs of the supplier, including her time, labor, and supplies.

If the reseller has paid more than those costs upfront, I do not believe that a refund would be called for, unless the supplier would be unwilling to provide shirts to make up the difference at the originally agreed-upon price. As this does not appear to be true in our case, however, ืื›ืž"ืœ.

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Shira Krinsky Two complicated and separate (albeit related) questions must be answered in regards to this case:

1. Can Ms. Moskowitz Cherchofsky and Mr. Stiebel (MC&S) undo their transaction with Mr. Chevreman (DC) and get their land in Efrat back?

2. Must Mr. Stiebel (ES) pay for all the t-shirts that he contracted Ms. Cassini (OC) to make for him? Must he pay only for the ones that she has already made? Or is he not liable to pay for any of them at all?

After much research and learning, with Gdโ€™s help the following conclusions have been reached: 1. If MC&S were ืžื’ืœื” ื“ืขืช (=circumstantially demonstrated their intent) at the time of the

sale that they were selling because they planned to move to Oklahoma City, then the transaction can be undone. It seems reasonable to assume that they were ืžื’ืœื” ื“ืขืช at the time of the sale, as they had to pay off the mortgage and assumedly told the bank why. Also, DC had been begging them to sell for a while, and presumably learned why they became willing to sell. If, however, they were not ืžื’ืœื” ื“ืขืช at all, then the transaction cannot be undone.

2. ES must pay for the 50 t-shirts that OG has already made, but not for the 50 that she has not yet made.

I will now present the reasoning behind these conclusions.

Before we get into the specifics of the case, two important general questions must be answered.

1. Can Sales Ever Be Undone?

The first question that must be answered in regards to this case is whether sales can ever be undone. If the answer to this question is no, then the claims that MC&S have made in court are obviously without merit.

Fortunately for MC&S, it is a validated principle in many places throughout Shas that under some circumstances, if someone transfers an item to someone else, and then does not get what (s)he expected from the transaction, (s)he can get the item back.

The primary cases establishing this principle are discussed on Bava Basra 110b,

The first case brought involves a man who separated one of his animals to be brought as a 10

chatat -sacrifice, after which the man died.

The gemara asks: Shouldnโ€™t this animal go back to being chol rather than remaining hekdesh ? Had the owner known that he would not gain atonement from this animal, he would not have

ืืžืจ ืื‘ื™ื™: ืฉ"ืž ื›ืกืฃ ืžื›ืคืจ ืžื—ืฆื”, ื“ืื™ ืœื ืžื›ืคืจ, ื”ื•ื” ืืžื™ื ื ืžื”ื“ืจ ืœื™ื•ืจืฉื™ืŸ. ืž"ื˜? ืื“ืขืชื ื“ื”ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื‘ ืœื™ื”.10 ืืœื ืžืขืชื”, ื—ื˜ืืช ืฉืžืชื• ื‘ืขืœื™ื” ืชื™ืคื•ืง ืœื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ, ื“ืื“ืขืชื ื“ื”ื›ื™ ืœื ืืคืจืฉื”!? ืืžืจื™ ื—ื˜ืืช ืฉืžืชื• ื‘ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื ื’ืžื™ืจื™ ืœื” ื“ืœืžื™ืชื” ืื–ืœื

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separated it and made it hekdesh . The gemara concludes that the reasoning is valid, but that the law in this case is a Halakhah lโ€™Mosheh MiSinai, and therefore the animal remains hekdesh .

The gemara then asks another question: Shouldnโ€™t a yevamah whose brother-in-law is a ืžื•ื›ืช 11

,claim that she did not get married with intent to be in this situation ,(afflicted with boils=) ืฉื—ื™ืŸand therefore be free to marry as if she had never married? The gemara admits that this too is a valid hava amina (initial thought). However, a statement from Resh Lakish that any woman would rather be paired than sit as a widow is offered as the reason that her claim does not work in practice.

From these two cases, it is clear that halakhah allows some transactions to be undone if the expectations of one party are not met. MC&S therefore have a basis for their claim in our case.

2, Is it legitimate to derive the law for our case, which involves commercial contracts, from the laws regarding transactions in other ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื (=bounded areas) of law?

In the previous section, we suggested that a principle established in cases of sacrifices and marriage could be used to ground MC&Sโ€™s legal claim in our case of commercial contracts. Is this a valid method of halakhic argument?

This phenomenon of combining ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื is a Tosafist revolution. The Baalei haTosafot in many places compare cases of ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ (=marriage) to those of ื”ืงื“ืฉ (dedicated objects) to those of

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and everyone after them seems to follow suit. Many Achronim ,(money and property) ืžืžื•ืŸ try 13

to understand the different opinions of Rishonim or their fellow Achronim in regard to cases all throughout ืฉโ€™โ€™ืก, and are not at all concerned with the fact that they are presuming that the law is the same in all different ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื .

Therefore, although it might not seem intuitive, any cases in the Talmud that deal with this phenomenon of undoing transfers are โ€œfair gameโ€ with regard with the claims of MC&S.

With those general points established, we can move on to the specific question of whether MC&S can undo their transaction with DC. This discussion is based mostly, but not entirely, on two Talmudic sugyot found respectively on Kiddushin 49b and Ketubot 97a.

A. Isnโ€™t our case just like the Talmudโ€™s case of โ€œื”ื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ืจื ื“ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื ื›ืกื™ื” ืื“ืขืชื ืœืžื™ืกืง ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ (=a person who sold their property with the intent of moving to the Land of Israel)?

a. Kiddushin 49b discusses a person who sells his property because he is moving to Israel, but says anything at the time of the sale, and then ends up not moving to Israel after all . Rava says

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that this is a case of ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืœื‘, and that ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืœื‘ ืื™ื ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื (=words in the heart have no

ืืœื ืžืขืชื” ื™ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืคืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ื›ื” ืฉื—ื™ืŸ ืชื™ืคื•ืง ื‘ืœื ื—ืœื™ืฆื” ื“ืื“ืขืชื ื“ื”ื›ื™ ืœื ืงื“ืฉื” ืขืฆืžื”?!11 ื”ืชื - ืื ืŸ ืกื”ื“ื™ ื“ืžื™ื ื— ื ื™ื—ื ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื”ื•, ื›ืจื™ืฉ ืœืงื™ืฉ, ื“ืืžืจ ืจ"ืœ: ื˜ื‘ ืœืžื™ืชื‘ ื˜ืŸ ื“ื• ืžืœืžื™ืชื‘ ืืจืžืœื•.

ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื˜: ื“ืณืณื” โ€™โ€™ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืœื‘ ืื™ื ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ืโ€™โ€™12 ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืฉื•"ืช ืžื ื—ืช ืฉืœืžื” ืชื ื™ื ื (ื‘ - ื’) ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืœื“13 ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ืจื ื“ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื ื›ืกื™ื” ืื“ืขืชื ืœืžื™ืกืง ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืขื™ื“ื ื ื“ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ - ืœื ืืžืจ ื•ืœื ืžื™ื“ื™.14

ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื: ื”ื•ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืœื‘, ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืœื‘ ืื™ื ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื

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legal effect). The man therefore cannot get his property back even though he did not end up moving.

This seems almost directly parallel our case, but an even more parallel case follows later in the same sugya . This second case is of a man who sells his property because he is moving to Israel,

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but in the end his move fails, and so he comes back to his Diaspora starting point. The first opinion brought in this case holds that since he could have gone had he wanted to, the sale is valid. The second opinion states that since nothing stopped him from going, he could have gone. The gemara explains the subtle distinction between the two opinions to be that according to the second opinion, but not the first, if he faced problems on the way that were difficult but surmountable, then the sale would be undone.

This seems to be exactly the case in our situation! MC&S are still able to move to Oklahoma City if they want, but with no job for MC, and the economy in Oklahoma City collapsed, this case could very easily be described as a case of problems that are hard to surmount but not insurmountable. If we follow the second opinion, this should be a cut and dry case.

However, Beit Yosef himself seems not hold that way. He is confused, as the RIF (=ืจื™"ืฃ) 16

brought both of the opinions in the Talmud, and Rambam did not specify which opinion to 17

follow. He cites Tosafot as explaining that the Talmud is saying here is that โ€œif he wanted, he 18

could not go,โ€ and we can infer from that that if he had any way of going, even if he had to hire a guide, he cannot retract the sale. This does not seem to be a favorable read for MC&S , as it is still possible for them to go to America, although they have no reason to do so.

b. Ketubot 97a asks regarding someone who sells something, but then does not need the money from the sale -- can the transaction be undone? It concludes that the halakhah is that the transaction can be undone.

Rashi explains that the seller no longer needs the money because the intended buyer reneged 19

on their agreement.

ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ืจื ื“ื–ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื• ืœื ื™ื›ืกื™ื” ืื“ืขืชื ืœืžื™ืกืง ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืกื•ืฃ - ืœื ืกืœื™ืง.15 ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ืืฉื™: ืื™ ื‘ืขื™ ืกืœื™ืง.

ืื™ื›ื ื“ืืžืจื™: ืื™ ื‘ืขื™ - ืœื ืกืœื™ืง. ืžืื™ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื”ื•? ืื™ื›ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื”ื• - ื“ืื™ืชื™ืœื™ื“ ืื•ื ืกื ื‘ืื•ืจื—ื. ืจื™"ืฃ ืžืกื›ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื“ืฃ ื›ื ืขืžื•ื“ ื โ€“16

ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ืจื ื“ื–ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื• ืœื ื›ืกื™ื” ืื“ืขืชื ืœืžื™ืกืง ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืกืœื™ืง, ื•ืœื ืื™ืชื“ืจ. ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื: ื›ืœ ื“ืกืœื™ืง - ืื“ืขืชื ืœืžื™ื“ืจ, ื•ื”ื ืœื ืื™ืชื“ืจ ืœื™ื”.

ืื™ื›ื ื“ืืžืจื™: ืื“ืขืชื ืœืžื™ืกืง ื”ื•ื ื•ื”ื ืกืœื™ืง ืœื™ื”! ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ืจื ื“ื–ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื• ืœื ื›ืกื™ื” ืื“ืขืชื ืœืžื™ืกืง ืœืืจืขื ื“ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืกื•ืฃ - ืœื ืกืœื™ืง.

ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ืืฉื™: ืื™ ื‘ืขื™ ืกืœื™ืง. ื•ืื™ื›ื ื“ืืžืจื™ ืื™ ื‘ืขื™ - ืœื ืกืœื™ืง.

ืžืื™ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื”ื•? ื“ืืชื™ืœื™ื“ ืื•ื ืกื ื‘ืื•ืจื—ื. ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืคืจืง ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื” ื—:17

ืžื™ ืฉืžื›ืจ ื—ืฆื™ืจื• ืื• ืฉื“ื”ื•, ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืœืš ืœืžืงื•ื ืคืœื•ื ื™, ืื• ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืจ ืฉื ืžื ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื—ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื“ืžื™ ื—ืฆื™ืจื• โ€“

ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืœ ืชื ืื™. ืœืคื™ื›ืš: ืื ื™ืจื“ ื”ืžื˜ืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉืžื›ืจ, ืื• ื‘ืื• ื—ื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื–ืœื•, ืื• ื ืžื ืข ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื™ืœืš ืœืื•ืชื” ื”ืืจืฅ, ืื• ืฉืœื ื ืกืชื™ื™ืข ืœื• ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืื• ืœืงื ื•ืช ื—ื˜ื™ื โ€“

ื”ืจื™ ื”ื–ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื“ืžื™ื, ื•ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื• ืงืจืงืข, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืคื™ืจืฉ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื›ืจ ืืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืœื•ื ื™, ื•ื”ืจื™ ืœื ื ืขืฉื”!

ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื”ืŸ.โ€™ ื“ืื™ืชื™ืœื™ื“ ืœื™ื” ืื•ื ืกื ื‘ืื•ืจื—ื โ€“ ื•ืœืขื™ืœ, ืฉื”ื•ืฆืจืš ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืœื‘ ืื™ื ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ืœืœื™ืฉื ื ื“ืื™ ื‘ืขื™ ืœื ืกืœื™ืง ืืชื™ืœื™ื“ ืœื™ื” ืื•ื ืกื ื‘ืื•ืจื—ื, ื•ืœืœื™ืฉื ื18

ื“ืื™ ื‘ืขื™ ืกืœื™ืง, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ืื™ืชื™ืœื™ื“ ืื•ื ืก, ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืข"ื™ ืชื™ื•ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืœื•ืช. ื•ืœื ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ื›ื• ืœื™ื” ื–ื•ื–ื™ - ืฉื—ื–ืจื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื19

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Once again, this seems exactly parallel to what happened to MC&S. The school in Oklahoma City that she had agreed to work for reneged on their arrangement, and therefore they do not need the money from this sale of their Efrat land. They should therefore be able to undo the

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transaction.

This case may also seem to prove that a transaction can be undone even if there was no ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช at the time of the sale, However, Meiri and many other Rishonim interpret this as a case in

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which where there was ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช at the time of the sale. MC&S therefore would still need to demonstrate that there was ื’ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช at the time of sale.

Our case can also be compared to a case brought in Shut RI Migash 2 . A man sold his vineyard 22

in order to have the money needed for his wifeโ€™s divorce settlement, but then a miracle occurred and they did not get divorced. RI MIgash compares it to Ketubot 97a and allows the man to get his vineyard back.

If RI Migash could generalize Ketubot 97a to his case, it is definitely reasonable to also expand it to our case.

B. Must MC&S demonstrate that there was ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช at the time of sale?

The gemara brings many cases in which transactions are undone even though there seems to have been no ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช at the time of transaction.

For example: A man left a halakhic will transferring all of his money to his widow. The gemara says that we assume that he did this only so that his children would treat her respectfully, and the money goes to his halakhic heirs .

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Another example: Someone thought his son was dead, and therefore gave away all of his possessions. If he subsequently finds out that his son is alive, those gifts must be returned .

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Perhaps we can also say that in our case as well the transaction can be reversed even if there was no ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช at the time of sale?

20 It is possible to argue that this case is not actually parallel, because they did not really need this money to move to Oklahoma City, and they were just selling it because they had decided to move to America permanently, so they were giving up on their dream of building a house in Efrat. I am not entirely convinced of this argument, as it seems to me that they would need the money from this land to really start a life in America. However, if MC&S do admit that they sold the land for this reason and not for the reason suggested above, then this case would not be parallel in quite the same way, but perhaps we would have enough to rely on from the case of โ€œื’ื‘ืจื ื“ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื ื›ืกื™ื” ืื“ืขืชื ืœืžื™ืกืง ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€, and we could still say that if there was ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช at the time of the sale then the land should be returned.

ื•ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื’ืœื” ื“ืขืชื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ืฉืœืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืš ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืจ, ืืข"ืค ืฉืœื ื”ืชื ื”, ืฉืื ืœื ื›ืŸ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืŸ21 ื™ื•ืจื™ื ื• ืจื‘ื™ื ื•: ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื›ืจ ื›ืจืžื• ืœืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืœืคืจื•ืข ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืืฉืชื•, ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืœื• ื ืก ื•ืœื ื’ืจืฉื” - ื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”?22

ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” - ืื™ืŸ ืœืœื•ืงื— ื›ืœื•ื, ื•ื™ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœืžื•ื›ืจ ื›ืจืžื•, ืฉื›ืš ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื: ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ื›ื• ืœื™ื” ื–ื•ื–ื™ - ื”ื“ืจื™ ื–ื‘ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ืงืœื:23 ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ืงืžื•:24

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This is not correct. RI explains that there are three different categories of reversible 25

transactions: a. ones where reversal requires there to have been a tenai b. ones here reversal requires there to have been ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช, and c. ones where the intent of one of the parties was so obvious that nothing else is required.

RI says that the case of โ€œa person who sold his property with the intent of leaving for Israelโ€ is in the second category. This seems to be in line with all the opinions that we saw in regards to the previous two sugyot that we explored.

This further seems to be the position of Rambam, who writes that a buyer can undo a 26

sale-of-land-with-intent -to-move when he specified at the time of sale why he was doing the transaction in the first place.

Therefore, if there was ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช at the time of the sale, then the sale can be undone, but we cannot rely on just knowing what the ื“ืขืช of MC&S was if they did not state it at the time of the sale.

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Can we undo a transaction if one party will suffer a loss as a result?

Nesivos HaMishpat writes that one important factor in reversal-of-transaction cases is whether 28

one party loses out. That is, in fact, DCโ€™s claim -- the land is now worth more, and therefore if he is forced to give it back, he will lose out.

DCโ€™s claim, however, is true only because he now owns the land; it has more potential use because he also owns much of the land around it. This claim is fundamentally based in opportunity costs, not in the reality on the ground right now, because it only went up in value once DC purchased the land. Nesivos, in his writing on this issue, does not seem to be concerned at all with opportunity costs, rather only with the reality at the moment. Therefore, DCโ€™s claim of loss should the sale be undone is not valid.

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Can we undo a transaction if one party already had the opportunity to gain from it?

ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื˜: ื“โ€™โ€™ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืœื‘ ืื™ื ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื -25 ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืจ"ื™: ื“ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืœืง ื•ืœื•ืžืจ

ื“ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืชื ืื™ ื›ืคื•ืœ ืืœื ื’ืœื•ื™ ืžื™ืœืชื, ื“ืื ืŸ ืกื”ื“ื™ ื“ืื“ืขืชื ื“ื”ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื™ื“; ื•ื’ื ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžื™ืœืชื ืœื ื‘ืขื™, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื ื“ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื›ืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื• ืœืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืฉืžืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื”ืžืชื ื” ื‘ื˜ืœื”,

ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื›ืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื• ืœืืฉืชื• ืœื ืขืฉืื” ืืœื ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื, ืœืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื•, ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืื ืŸ ืกื”ื“ื™ ื“ืœื ื–ื‘ืŸ ืืœื ืื“ืขืชื ืœืžื™ืกืง ืœืืจืขื ื“ื™ืฉืจืืœ

26 See footnote 9 27 Today, sales and negotiations are so long that it is hard to pinpoint when exactly the moment of the sale is. As long as it came up that this was why CS&M were selling their land at some point during the negotiations and whole process of the sale, perhaps we can say that there was ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”.

ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืจืœ โ€“28 ...ื“ื“ื•ืงื ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืคืกื“ ืœืฉื›ื ื’ื“ื• ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ื”ื•ื,

ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืฉื›ืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ื•ืชืขืฉื” ืคื ื•ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื™ื” ื–ื•ื–ื™ ื“ื–ื•ื–ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื‘ ื•ื–ื•ื–ื™ ืฉืงื™ืœ...

29 The ืžื ื—ืช ืฉืœืžื” on ืชื ื™ื ื (ื‘ - ื’) ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืœื“ makes an ืื•ืงื™ืžืชื that the ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช actually was factoring in opportunity costs, but it is not really clear that that is actually what the ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืชโ€™s intent was, and this ืื•ืงื™ืžืชื was probably made only because it was crazy to the .could actually have meant what he wrote ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช that the ืžื ื—ืช ืฉืœืžื”

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Another stipulation that Nesivos brings in is that if one party was ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื ืื” (=had the opportunity to benefit from) with regard to the object that (s)he received in this transaction, then the sale cannot be undone . The status of ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื ืื” can be in place immediately after the

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object is acquired, even if it is not used immediately. Therefore, even though DC has not yet built on the land that he bought, shouldnโ€™t he be able to claim that he was ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื ืื”, and therefore the sale cannot be undone?

Although it sounds legitimate, this also is not a valid claim. Nesivos only makes his assertion because he says that we assume that when people buy objects, they are acquiring them for immediate ื”ื ืื” and use, and that is why even being ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื ืื”, without having actually benefited, works. In this case, it is known that DC is a developer, and when a developer buys land, especially a developer like DC who is trying to own as much of that hill on Efrat as he can, he is not buying that land for immediate ื”ื ืื” or use. He is buying it to eventually build property on the land that he can profit from, but not to do so immediately, as is evidenced by the fact that DC has not built on this land in the past six months.

To summarize everything that has been discussed regarding undoing CM&Sโ€™s sale of land to DC:

This case is comparable to both the cases of โ€œื’ื‘ืจื ื“ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื ื›ืกื™ื” ืื“ืขืชื ืœืžื™ืกืง ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ and โ€œื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ื›ื• ืœื™ื” ื–ื•ื–ื™โ€. In both those cases, if there was ื’ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ, the sale can be undone. The same principle applies to our case; if there was ื’ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช (loss=) ื”ืคืกื“ the sale can be undone. DCโ€™s claims based on Nesivos of ,ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจand ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื ืื” are both invalid and cannot prevent the sale from being undone so long as there was ื’ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ.

We will now move onto the discussion of what ESโ€™s responsibility towards OC is in terms of paying for the t-shirts.

ESโ€™s claim here is that he had an implicit ืชื ืื™ (=condition) that he did not want to buy the t-shirts if Kevin Durant was no longer playing on the OKC Thunder. OCโ€™s claim is that since this condition was not stated explicitly, ES is bound by his contract with her. As this is a case where there was no ื’ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ, we will first discuss whether or when we are or are not allowed to assume a personโ€™s unstated intent. We will then discuss claims that Nesivos makes in a similar situation, and end with a ruling from Shulchan Arukh.

Can we assess intent when there was no ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžื›ืจ?

In this case there was no ื’ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ. ES made no statement at the time of sale about why he wanted to buy the t-shirts. Can we nonetheless take into account an implicit reason, that he claims that he had in mind, for wanting to buy the t-shirts?

ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืื• ืคืจื”, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงื ื” ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื”ื•ื ืฉืงื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื•, ื›ืœืชื” ื”ื ืืช ื”ืงื ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ื—ื•ืคื”,30 ื•ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ื‘"ืž ื“ืฃ ืข"ื˜ [ืข"ื‘ ื“"ื” ืื™] ื’ื‘ื™ ืกืคื™ื ื” ื–ื•, ื“ื›ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœื• ืžืขื•ืช ื ืชืจืฆื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื• ืœืืœืชืจ,

ื•ื”"ื  ื“ื›ื•ื•ืชื™ื”', ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืžืขื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืฆืื” ื ื™ืชื ื•, ื•ื‘ืžื—ื™ืœื” ืกื’ื™, ื•ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ื“ื ืชืจืฆื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื• ืœืืœืชืจ

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The answer is that yes, this is a phenomenon that is found all over ืฉโ€™โ€™ืก. This is category c set out by RIโ€™s comment on Kiddushin 49b, cited above.

Is the party making a claim on the basis ?

Gittin 46b discusses the case of a man who divorces a woman whom he thinks is an ืื™ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื™ืช (=sterile). If she later has children, we do not let him claim that he did not mean to divorce her if she were fertile, and therefore those kids should be ืžืžื–ืจื™ื.

Tosafot Yevamot 65a comment that if he really has such a condition in mind, he could have 31

checked to see if his wife really was an .ืื™ืœื™ื ื™ื™ืช Since he could have done something to disambiguate the situation, and he didnโ€™t, he is not allowed to claim on the basis of an implicit condition. Implicit conditions are allowed only if at the time, the information was unknowable to you. Otherwise, if you had really cared about this element, then you would have investigated fully.

This comment of Tosafot means that ES should have checked about the possibility of Durant leaving the Thunder. Although this was not fully checkable to the same extent as whether or not someone is an ืื™ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื™ืช, adequate research would probably would have told him that there was a good chance that Durant would leave. So, unfortunately for ES, even though we are allowed to assess peopleโ€™s ื“ืขืช, if they did not do the proper research, such as ES failed to do in this case, they are not allowed to make a claim after the fact that they had an implicit condition related to that factor.

Was it probable?

Ramban makes an additional distinction in regards to whether a personโ€™s claim about their 32

implicit ืชื ืื™ is legitimate or not. He says that if you are divorcing someone for a reason that you know is only probable, even if thereโ€™s only a 20% chance that the reason isnโ€™t true, but you do not state the reason, and you did not check, but divorced while there was a ืกืคืง about whether it was true or not, that divorce has a ื•ื“ืื™ ื’ื˜. If you do not state why you are divorcing her, then we donโ€™t know that you had it in mind, and you canโ€™t claim that you had it in mind because we tell you that if you had it in mind, you would have stated it.

This is again directly applicable to our case. There was definitely a possibility of Durant leaving OKC, and ES did not do the proper research, and made this contract without stating the condition that he now claims to have intended. We must tell him, then, that since he entered into this contract knowing that there was a ืกืคืง (doubt or indeterminacy) involved without explicitly stating a condition, his claim is invalid.

ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืœื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื™ืคื” ื‘ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช, ื’ืžืจ ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ืœื’ืจืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ, ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ ืฉืชืงื™ื ืŸ ... ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง, ื•ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืฉื•ื ื‘ื ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื”, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ื™ืฉืืช31 ืœืฉื ื™ื ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ื‘ื ื™ื

ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ื“ืฃ ืกื” ืขืžื•ื“ ื ื“โ€™โ€™ื” ืื™ ืื™ื”ื™ ืฉืชืงื” ืื ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉืชืงื™ื ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื’ื˜ ื‘ื˜ืœ โ€“โ€“32 ...ืฉืžืชื—ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืง ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื•ื” ื›ื•ืœื, ืฉืžื ืœื ื–ื›ื• ืœื™ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื ื”, ืื• ืœื ื–ื›ื• ืฉืชื‘ืจื™ื ืชื—ืช ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื...ื•ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืขืงืจื” ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื•ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ

ืœืงืœืงืœ ืขืœื™ื” ื›ืœื•ื, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื˜ืขืžื ื“ืืฉื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื•ืกืช, ื“ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืค"ืง ื“ื ื“ื” ื™ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื™ืœืžื ื”ื“ืจ ื•ืื™ืชืงืŸ ื•ืืชื™ ืœืงืœืงื•ืœื”, ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืื™ืช ืœื” ืžื›ื”, ืขืœ ื”ื•ื“ืื™

ืžื’ืจืฉื”, ื•ืืข"ื’ ื“ืื™ื›ื ืœืžื™ืžืจ ืœื™ื” ื”ืฉืชื ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ืื” - ืžืงืœืงืœ ืœื”, ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืžื ืœื ื–ื›ื• ืœื™ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืžื ื”, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื•ื” ืžืชื—ืœื” ืœืกืคืงโ€ฆ

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Is each partyโ€™s reason for making the contract still operative?

Nesivos writes that the following case was brought to him: 33

Once there was a war, and the king had contracts with lots of people, including Reuven, to provide linen for his army. Reuven sub-contracts to Shimon for the flax (to make linen), and he shows Shimon the contract from the government. But then the king loses the war, and the king breaks his contract, and there is a massive devaluation of linen, but Shimon wants to hold Reuven to his contract! Nesivos ruled that Reuven was ืคื˜ื•ืจ (not liable), because everyone knew that the only possible use of the linen was to sell to the king. Since the war was lost before he received the delivery of the linen, and the purpose of his contract became void, it is like a cow dying before it is delivered, and Reuven does not have to buy the flax that he contracted for.

This would seem to be a precedent in ESโ€™s favor, but unfortunately for him, these cases are not parallel in a way that would make Nesivosโ€™s ruling applicable in our case. Flax, unlike OKC Durant t-shirts, can be sold to others, albeit not at the high price that it was contracted to Reuven for. Shimon is not losing out in the same way that OC would be losing out in our case.

Our case is also different because this is more than raw material that ES is asking OC for. OC is also presumably being paid for her time spent making the t-shirts, unlike Shimon.

Is this a case of retroactive ืื•ื ืื” (=illegal overcharging) 34

Another suggestion Nesivos makes in regard to the above case is that Reuven does not need to 35

pay Shimon, because if he paid him at the price that they contracted for, it would be retroactive can be made ืื•ื ืื” which is not allowed. Perhaps in our case as well a claim of retroactive ,ืื•ื ืื”by ES?

Again, it would seem that is not a valid claim. It is pretty easy to say that ES himself was planning to sell the t-shirts at more that $17.50 a t-shirt, perhaps himself engaging in ืื•ื ืื”. So, it is not fair for ES to make the claim against OC that her selling him the t-shirts would be a case of ืื•ื ืื”. As well, presumably the $15 that OC was selling the t-shirts to ES for was mostly for the costs of raw materials and her time, which would not go down in value retroactively with Durant leaving the Thunder.

...ื•ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื•, ืฉืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื•ืฆืจืš ื”ืžืœืš ืœืงื ื•ืช ืคืฉืชืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืžืกืคืจ, ืขื“ ืฉืงื ื• ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ืคืฉืชืŸ ื“' ืื• ื”' ืคืขืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื‘ ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉืงื•ื ื™ืŸ33 ื‘ืคืขื ืื—ืจ. ื•ื”ืžืœืš ืขืฉื” ืงืื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื, ื•ื”ืœืš ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ืขืฉื” ืขื ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื’"ื› ืงืื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ ืขืœ ืกืš ืจื‘ ืžืคืฉืชืŸ, ื•ื”ืจืื” ืœืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ ืžื”ืžืœืš,

ื•ืื—"ื› ื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื™ืงื— ื”ืคืฉืชืŸ ืžืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ืคื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ ืฉืขืฉื”, ื•ื”ื•ื–ืœ ื”ืคืฉืชืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชื•ื‘ืข ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืžืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ืงื— ื”ืคืฉืชืŸ ืžืžื ื•, ื•ืœื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ืžืขื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืงื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืฉืขืฉื” ืขืžื•, ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ืื•.

ื•ื“ื ืชื™ ืฉืคื˜ื•ืจ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ, ื“ื‘ื›ื”"ื’ ื›ื•"ืข ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžื•ื›ืจื• ืจืง ืœืžืœืš, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ื‘ื•, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื”ืจื•ื™ื—, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื–ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืœืฉืœื, ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื•"ืข ืžื•ื“ื™ื,

ื•ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืžื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ืฉืขืจื™ ืืคืจื™ื. ื•ื’ื ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœืžืคืจืข ื“ื‘ืฉืขืช ืงื ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืœืš ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื”ืงื ื™ืŸ, ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื—ืฆื™ ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื”, ื”ื•ื™ ื›ื ืชื‘ืจืจ ื”ืื•ื ืื” ืœืžืคืจืข, ื•ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™

ืฉื™ืจืื” ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืื ืก, ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ืœืš ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืจื™ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื•ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืžื ื• ื•ื“ื—ื• ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ื•ื ืืœ ื™ื•ื. ื•ืฉืœื—ืชื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืœื›ืžื” ื’ืื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืขืžื™ ื›ื•ืœืโ€ฆ

is a complicated topic that I am not going to delve into right now, but the most simple understanding is that over or ืื•ื ืื”34undercharging a person by more than โ…™ of the market price qualifies as ืื•ื ืื”. 35 See footnote 32

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What does the ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš have to say about our case?

Shulchan Arukh rules that if you told a craftsperson to make something for you, and the 36

craftsperson makes the object, but then you decide that you donโ€™t want to buy the object after all, then if not buying it will cause the craftsperson a loss, you are liable to pay for the item. This ruling seems to directly address one element of our case. ES not buying the 50 t-shirts that OC already made would cause her a loss, as she spent time and money making those t-shirts, and no one else is going to buy them from her. As we have already seen that ESโ€™s claims of his implicit .prescribes ืžื—ื‘ืจ are not valid, he must pay for the already made t-shirts as the ืชื ืื™

What about the other 50 t-shirts?

It seems that ES should not be responsible to pay for the 50 t-shirts that OC has not made yet. This is for several reasons. The first is that the Shulchan Arukhโ€™s ruling specifies โ€œืขืฉืื• ื”ืื•ืžืŸโ€, and the second 50 t-shirts have not yet been made.

Regarding the case of the land, we discussed Nesivosโ€™s ruling that implicit conditions can be claimed only when the other party will not lose out. If ES does not pay for the second set of 50 t-shirts, OC will not lose out, as she has not made them yet. So, ESโ€™s claim of his implicit ืชื ืื™

37

that he did not want to buy the t-shirts if Kevin Durant was no longer playing on the OKC Thunder is valid in this case.

It can also be argued that if OC makes ES pay for the second set of t-shirts, that is really a case of will not be retroactive anymore. OC will be making these t-shirts with the ืื•ื ืื” as the ,ืื•ื ืื”knowledge that ES will not be able to sell them at even a quarter of the price that she is selling them to him. This would be intentional, malicious ืื•ื ืื” and should not be allowed.

To summarize everything that has been discussed regarding OCโ€™s claim that ES must pay for all of the t-shirts, including 50 t-shirts which she has already made:

Although halachically we are allowed to assess a personโ€™s ื“ืขืช in terms of making implicit conditions, ESโ€™s ื“ืขืช here does not fall into that category. ESโ€™s counterclaims that the reason that he made the contract is not valid anymore, and that this is a case of retroactive ืื•ื ืื”, are also both invalid. Therefore, based on a ruling straight out of the ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš, ES must pay for the 50 t-shirts that OC has already made. The second set of 50 t-shirts, however, he does not have to pay for, as there is no loss to OC in that case, and if he did pay for them it would be an extreme case of ืื•ื ืื”.

333:8 ืืžืจ ืœืื•ืžืŸ: "ืขืฉื” ืœื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื•ืืงื—ื ื• ืžืžืš", ื•ืขืฉืื• ื”ืื•ืžืŸ, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื—ืชื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ืœื ื™ืงื—ื ื• ืžื™ื“, ื™ืคืกื™ื“ - ื—ื™ื™ื‘.3637 Presumably she has bought some raw materials already in preparation for making the second set of t-shirts, but considering her line of work it is reasonable to assume that she can use these materials for another project, and the money she spent on this material will not be a loss to her. If OC really cannot use these materials for any other project, then ES should have to pay for them as well as the 50 already made t-shirts.

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To state the final rulings once again:

1. If MC&S were ืžื’ืœื” ื“ืขืช at the time of the sale that they were selling this land because they were planning on moving to Oklahoma City, then the transaction can be undone. It seems reasonable to assume that they had been ื’ืœื” ื“ืขืช at the time of the sale, as they had to pay the bank back the mortgage and assumingly told them why, and DC has been begging them to sell for a while, presumably he learned why this time they were willing to sell. If, however, they were not ื’ืœื” ื“ืขืช at all, then DC can keep the land and the sale cannot be undone.

2. ES is required to pay for the 50 t-shirts that OG has already made, but not for the 50 that she has not made yet.

โ€“โ€“ ืฉื™ืจื” ื ื—ืžื” ื‘ืช ื—ื ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ

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Levi Mastrangelo The starting point for resolving the dispute between Mr. Steibel and Mrs. Cassini over the hand-painted t-shirts is Shulchan Arukh 333:8. He writes,

ืืžืจ ืœืื•ืžืŸ: "ืขืฉื” ืœื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื•ืืงื—ื ื• ืžืžืš", ื•ืขืฉืื• ื”ืื•ืžืŸ, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื—ืชื•,

ื•ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ืœื ื™ืงื—ื ื• ืžื™ื“, ื™ืคืกื™ื“ - ื—ื™ื™ื‘In a case where one says to a craftsman: โ€œMake for me thing X and I will purchase it from you,โ€ (and) the craftsman makes it, but afterward the buyer is not interested in purchasing it, and if thing X is not sold immediately, it will lose value โ€“ the buyer is obligated to pay.

This ruling is based on a responsum of the Rosh (ื›ืœืœ ืงื“ ืกื™ืžืŸ ื•) that categorizes the case asื“ื™ื ื .(a type of indirect damages that includes compensation for lost wages) ื“ื’ืจืžื™

Nesivos Hamishpat asks on the Shulchan Arukh: ืœืžื” ื”ื•ืฆืจืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืงื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ืœื ื™ืงื—ื ื• ืžื™ื“ โ€“ ื™ืคืกื™ื“, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื‘ื“?!

Why should the employer be obligated to compensate the craftsman for lost wages only when the loss is immediate, meaning that this is legally a case of โ€œsomething which will be irretrievaby lost by inactionโ€?!

He answers in two steps. First, he compares this siman of Shulchan Arukh to 336:2: ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื•,

ืื• ืœืœืงื˜ ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงืจ โ€“ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื•: "ื˜ื•ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืฉื›ืจืš"..

One who hires a worker to make something using [the employerโ€™s] property, or to gather for [the employer] something that is ื”ืคืงืจ (= ownerless) โ€“ the employer cannot say to the employee: โ€œTake that which you made as your paymentโ€.

Nesivos reads 336:2 as applying exclusively to wage-earning workers, emphasizing that in both scenarios, the employer owns the item without having to make a ืงื ื™ืŸ (=formal act of acquisition). He thus establishes a general rule by inference--if the employer is only forced to accept and pay for the item in cases where it already belonged to him, then in cases where it belonged to the worker, the employer must be able to claim: โ€œTake that which you made as your payment.โ€

Second, Nesivos returns to 333:8, which he can now read as an exception to the rule established in 336:2. 333:8, he says, is talking about a case where the buyer did not stipulate that the craftsman was being hired as a wage-earner, and thus by default it is as if he said โ€œMake thing X for yourself, and then I will acquire it from you through a normal ืงื ื™ืŸโ€. Since the employer generally has the right to say this, Shulchan Arukh must be applying ื“ื™ื ื ื“ื’ืจืžื™ only to the subset of ืืžืจ ืœืื•ืžืŸ cases in which item X will lose all value immediately.

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We might at this point conclude, based on Nesivosโ€™s sharp reading of Shulchan Arukh, that, since Mr. Steibel hasnโ€™t made any sort of ืงื ื™ืŸ on the shirts, he can force Mrs. Cassini to keep the shirts themselves as payment.

However, I think this would be a serious mistake, because it would contradict the conceptual framework, as laid out by Tosafot (ืžื– ืขืดื‘ ื“ืดื” ืฉืœื ื›ืชื‘ ืœื”), that underpins all halakhic contract law, as follows.

Kesubos 47b brings a case in which a woman is divorced or widowed between kiddushin and nissuin. Rebbi Elโ€™azar ben Azariah rules that she has no claim to the tosefet ketubah (husbandโ€™s voluntary additions to his ketubah-obligations) because he โ€œonly wrote it on condition that the marriage be consummatedโ€

Tosafot notes that this ruling seems to generate a problematic extrapolation: any person should be able to reverse any transaction in the event of a clearly undesired outcomeโ€”e.g. โ€œI never would have bought your cow if I had known it would get sick and die within the weekโ€โ€”thus destabilizing transactional commerce.

Tosafot solves this problem by introducing risk-benefit analysis. In the cow case, it is perfectly evident that the buyer countenanced and accepted the risk of the cow dying unexpectedly, so we can be certain (ืื ืŸ ืกื”ื“ื™) that the buyer would have taken the deal even had the seller said explicitly that the buyer would bear any such loss. Contradistinctively, the groom would never intend to incur the obligation of a tosefet ketubah except on condition that they complete nissuin .

Shut HaRIM explains (ืฉื•ืดืช ื”ืจื™ืดื ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื–ืจ ื›ื”) Tosafot as modeling the framework for commercial agreements on the partiesโ€™ respective bargaining positions at the time of the agreement. In the cow case, for example, we donโ€™t allow the buyer to claim that he wouldnโ€™t have bought the cow had he known it would die soon. Why? Because had the buyer attempted to make that an explicit condition of the sale, the seller would have refused, and he would have bought the cow without the condition.

Tosafot thus say that halakhah should not adopt sharp readings of contracts that violate the partiesโ€™ expectations and common practices, but rather should interpret contracts in light of those expectations and practices.

Indeed, Nesivos himself in Siman 230 attacks another halakhistโ€™s approach on the grounds that it contradicts common sense and common practice, and disregards the relative bargaining power of the two parties at the time of sale.

It therefore seems to me that we should read Nesivos to SA 333.8, and Shulchan Arukh there by extension, as descriptive rather than prescriptive. When Nesivos says that the default case of โ€,ืงื ื™ืŸ is โ€œMake thing X for yourself and then I will acquire it from you through a normal ืืžืจ ืœืื•ืžืŸhe means to describe the expectations that should inform the enforcement of special-order contracts in his specific social context, rather than to prescribe that these contracts be structured in any particular way. If those expectations changed, the halakhah would change accordingly.

I contend that contemporary special-order contracts are informed by a significantly different set of expectations than Nesivos describes, and would be best described as having two separate halakhic components:

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to acquire raw materials ืฉืœื™ื— Reuven appoints Shimon as his - (agency=) ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช (1 Reuven hires Shimon to exert himself in transforming those --(day labor=) ืฉื›ื™ืจ ื™ื•ื (2

materials into the agreed-upon product. Reuven could, at any time and for any reason, be ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช and discontinue his employment of Shimon. At that point he would be obligated to pay for work done, and for those materials (at cost) that Shimon had already acquired on his behalf.

On that basis, in the case at hand, Ezra Steibel is responsible to pay for any t-shirts already finished at the time that he attempted to cancel the sale, and for any of the raw materials that Olga Cassini can demonstrate as having been purchased on his behalf.

The dispute regarding the land is much simpler to decide.

Shulchan Arukh 207:4 writes explicitly that in order to undo a sale on the basis of an implicit condition, one must have said something at the time of sale that implied the condition. He states that the necessity of having said something at the time of sale is absolute, even when it is reasonable that he would have made such a condition and even when he had previously mentioned that he was selling the land for this purpose. This describes our case perfectly.

Rabbi Moshe Isserles (=ืจืž"ื) disagrees, citing Rabbeinu Asher (=ืจื"ืฉ), who rules (ื›ืœืœ ืœื“ ืกื™ืžืŸ ื) that an ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื“ืžื•ื›ื— (compelling supposition) would allow you to undo a sale. This psak is based on the Tosafist R. Isaac of Dampierreโ€™s (ืจืดื™) three-tiered system for determining how conditions must be introduced into contracts. His categories are:

cases in which the claimed condition is so peculiar that it can only beโ€“โ€“ืชื ืื™ ื›ืคื•ืœ (1substantiated by a formal condition stating the outcomes of both fulfillment and nonfulfillement

cases in which the claimed condition is sufficiently reasonable that it - ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ืžืœืชื (2could be substantiated by circumstantial evidence; and

3) cases in which the claimed condition was so obvious that it can be substantiated even without circumstantial evidence.

One might argue that our case fits into category 2. The Moskowitz Cherchovsky Steibels repeatedly refused to sell their land to Mr. Chevreman, and only relented as the result of their decision to move. This creates a compelling presupposition about their motive for selling.

Itโ€™s not so clear, however, that this condition would pass Shut HaRIMโ€™ s test. Had the plaintiffs explicitly made the sale of their land contingent upon their move, or upon their ability to use the money for the downpayment on a house in OKC, Mr. Chevreman might well have refused or insisted on a lower price.

Furthermore, Minchat Yitzchak 6:170 holds that one can only use absolutely compelling presuppositions to overcome the legal force of possession.

Finally, even if we reject Minchat Yitzchak, Mr. Chevreman can still claim ืงื™ื ืœื™ (I am acting in reliance on legal position X) like Shulchan Arukh 207:4 against R. Isserles, and retain the land.

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Leead Staller ืขืจื‘ ืจโ€ื— ืžื ื—ื ืื‘, ืชืฉืขโ€ื•

ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื:

ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืื›ื ืก ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื โ€ื“, ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืกื•ื’ื™ืช ืื“ืขืชื ื“ื”ื›ื™ ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืœื‘. ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉโ€ืก ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉื‘ืขืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืžืงื— ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžืงื— ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื“ืขืช ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช, ื•ืžื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืืช

ื”ืžืงื— ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸโ€“ื“ืขืช ื”ื–ืืช. ื›ืš ืžืฆืื ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื โ€ื‘ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ื›ื• ืœื™ื” ื–ื•ื–ื™โ€œ (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฆื–.), ืฉืžืกื™ืง ื”ื’ืžืจื โ€ื”ืœื›ืชื ื”ื“ืจื™ ื–ื‘ื™ื ื™,โ€œ ื•ืฉื (ืžื–.): โ€ืจ"ื ื‘"ืข ืื•ืžืจ: ืžืŸ ื”ื ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ โ€“ ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœ; ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืกื™ืŸ โ€“ ื‘ืชื•ืœื”

ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืืชื™ื, ื•ืืœืžื ื” ืžื ื”, ืฉืœื ื›ืชื‘ ืœื” ืืœื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื›ื•ื ืกื”.โ€œ ื’ื ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืงื— ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืื“ืขืชื ื“ื”ื›ื™, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ โ€ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ืจื ื“ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื ื›ืกื™ื” ืื“ืขืชื ืœืžื™ืกืง ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€œ (ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื˜.), ืฉืžื™ืกืง ื”ื’ืžืจื โ€ื”ื•ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘, ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืœื‘ ืื™ื ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.โ€œ ื•ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื“ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืจื’ืข

ืœื ืื›ื ืก ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.

ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื โ€ื“, ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ืจื ื“ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื ื›ืกื™ื”, ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืœื ืžื›ืจื• ืืช ืื—ื•ื–ืชื ืืœื ืื“ืขืชื ืœืจื“ืช ืœืืจื”โ€ื‘. ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื•ืช, ื โ€ื“ ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื

ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ื›ื• ืœื™ื” ื–ื•ื–ื™.

ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืงืจื” ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ื”ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื’ืจ ื‘ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžื›ื™ืจืชื•, ื•ืžื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื” ื›ืืœ ื ื›ืก ื™ืงืจ ืžืื“, ื•ืœื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืช. ื•ืขื•ื“, ื”ืื™ื“ื ื ื“ืฉื›ื™ื— ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืืจื”โ€ื‘ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืโ€ื™ (ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืช ื ื•ืคืฉ), ืื™ืŸ

ืกื‘ืจื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื›ืจื• ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื›ืžื• ื‘ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ืจื. ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืืจืฅ ืื™ื ื ื’ืจื™ื ืฉื! ืืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื”ื ืžื›ืจื• ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืžืžื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืืจื”โ€ื‘. ื•ืขื•ื“, ื›ืชื‘

ื”ื‘โ€ื— (ื—ื•โ€ืž ืจื–:ื–) ืฉืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจืฉโ€ื™, ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ืจื ื•ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ื›ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ืจื, ืื—ืจ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื ื›ืกื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืœืš ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื• โ€ื•ืœื ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจโ€œ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ื›ื•, ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืื—ืจ

ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”. ื•ืœืคื™ ื–ื”, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ืจื“ื• ืœืืจื”โ€ื‘ ื•ืœื ืขื‘ืจื• ืžืžืงื•ืžื, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ื›ื•. ื•ืœื ืขื•ื“, ืืœื ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื” ืขืฆืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื›ืžื• ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ืจื, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจโ€ื™ ื”ื–ืงืŸ (ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื .) ืฉื‘ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ

ื•ืœื ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ื›ื• โ€ื”ืชื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ... ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ื ืฉืžื•ื›ืจ ืœืขืœื•ืช ื•ื ื”ืคื›ื” ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœื ืจืฆื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืโ€ื™ ืœืื• ื›ืœ ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืืœื ืฉืžืชื—ืจื˜ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื›ืจ.โ€œ ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื” ืคืกืง ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ืขโ€ืค ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืจืโ€ืฉ (ื—ื•โ€ืž ืจื–:ื–) ืฉื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ื›ื• ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืงื โ€ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืชื—ื“ืฉ ืื—โ€ื›.โ€œ ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืชื—ื“ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื›ืจ, ื•ืœื ืจืง ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ

ื—ืจื˜ื”. ืœื›ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื“ื™ ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ื›ื•.

ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืงื‘ืขื ื• ืœืœื ืฉื•ื ืกืคืง ืœืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืš ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืคืกื™ืงื”. ื”ืจโ€ื™ ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช (ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื˜: ื“โ€ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื; ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฆื–. ื“โ€ื” ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ; ื•ืขื•ื“) ืฉืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื“ืขืช ื’ืณ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื. ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื

ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ืืœื ืจืง ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื“ืžื•ื›ื— ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ืขืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžืขืฉื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืชื ืื™ ื›ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื“ ื•ื‘ื ื™

ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ. ื•ืขื•ื“, ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืชื•ืกืณ (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื) ืฉื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ื›ื• ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ. ื•ืืขโ€ืค ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ืขืช ื”ืจโ€ื— (ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืชื•ืกืณ ืจื™โ€ื“ ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื˜: ื“โ€ื” ืืžืจ ื•ื . ื“โ€ื” ื•ื“ืœืžื) ืฉื—ื•ืœืง ื•ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืงืจื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื

ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ื•ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ืœื‘ื“, ื•ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื โ€ื“ ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื”ืงืจืงืข ื—ื•ื–ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืืœื ื“ืขืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื•ืœื ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœื™ื•. ื•ื”ื ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื•.

ืœื“ื™ื“ื™, ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืกืคืง ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืืžืจื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœืจื“ืช ืžืืจืฅ ืื• ืœื•. ืื ืื›ืŸ ืืžืจื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ, ืื– ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ . ืืœื ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืื™ื ื ืืžืจื• ืืช ื–ื”

ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื•, ืื– ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ืžื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ.

ืขื•ืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืื“ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™ ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื‘ื•. ื‘ืกืชื ืžืงืจื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืฉืžืขื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื’ื•ืจื ืžืกื•ื™ื ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ, ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืฉืžืขื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื•ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ืืช ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ, ืื– ื”ื•ื

ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืื“ืขืชื ื“ื”ื›ื™ ืœื ืžื›ืจ ื•ืžืงื— ื—ื•ื–ืจ. ื›โ€ื› ื”ืจืžื‘โ€ืŸ (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื—:), ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• ื”ื โ€ื™ (ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื˜: ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื) ื•ื”ืชืฉื‘โ€ืฅ (ื”:ืฆื”), ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ืจื, ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืœื‘ ืื™ื ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ื โ€ืœื ืžื•ื›ื—ื

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ืžื™ืœืชื ื›ื•ืœื™ ื”ืื™ ื“ืื™ืžืจ ื–ื•ื–ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ื›ื• ืœื™ื” ื•ื–ื‘ื™ืŸโ€œ ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ื— ืžื™ืœืชื, ืื– โ€ืœื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืœื‘ ื”ื•ื ืืœื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืœื‘ ื”ื›ืœ.โ€œ ื•ื–ื” ื’ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจโ€ื™ ื“ืœืขื™ืœ, ืฉื”ืจโ€ื™ ืžื•ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื“ืžื•ื›ื—. ืืœื, ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ื›ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืืช ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ. ืื‘ืœ, ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืžื‘โ€ืŸ

ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•, ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืงืจื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืกืฃ, ืื– ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืœื™ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื“ืžื•ื›ื—. ื•ื›โ€ื› ืคืกืง ื”ื—ื›ื ืฆื‘ื™ (ืฉื•โ€ืช ืกื™ืณ ืงื˜ื•), ืฉืื ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื

ืกืคืง ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื“ื™ืŸ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืœืœื›ืช ืื—ืจื™ื• ื›ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื“ืžื•ื›ื—.

ื•ืื– ื‘ืื ื• ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉืœื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืžื• ืžืฉื›ื ืชื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืจ ืืขโ€ืค ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืฉื•ื ื”ื ืื” ืžื”ืงืจืงืข, ื•ื’ื ื”ื ืกืจื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืžื”ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ, ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื ืขืžื“ื•, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœื”ื. ื•ืžืคื ื™

ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื”ื ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืงืฉืจ ืื ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืœื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข, ืœื ื”ืกื›ืžื• ืืœื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื›ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืœืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืืจื”โ€ื‘ ื•ืœื ืœืฉื•ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช.

ื•ืขื•ื“, ื’ื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžื˜ืขื ืช ื”ื ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ืข ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืืช ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืœืง ืขืœ ื˜ืขื ืชื ืฉืœื ืžื›ืจื• ืืœื ืื“ืขืชื ื“ืฆืจื›ื• ื›ืกืฃ ืœืจื“ืช ืœืืจื”โ€ื‘, ืืœื ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืื ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข,

ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ืŸ ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื ื•ื—ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื• ื‘ืงืจืงืข. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืชืฉื‘โ€ืฅ (ื”:ืฆื”) ื•ื–โ€ืœ โ€ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืœื›ืช ืื—ืจ ืืžื“ืŸ ื“ืขืช ืืœื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืคืงืคืง ื‘ื”ื ื›ืœืœ ื•ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื”ื•ื ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื›ืืœื• ืคื™ืจืฉื• ื›ื™ ื”ื ื™ ื“ืœืขื™ืœ ื“ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืœืง ืื™ื ื• ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื“ืขืชื• ื›ืŸ ืืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื“ืขืชื• ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืคื™ืจืฉื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ืœืš ืื—ืจ ื“ืขืชื•โ€œ ืขื›โ€ืœ. ื•ื›โ€œื› ื‘ื โ€œื“ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ื” ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื. ื•ืžืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื–ื”, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืืขโ€ืค ืฉืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื“ืžื•ื›ื— ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืœืœื›ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื. ื•ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ,

ืืœื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžโ€ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ (ื—ื•โ€ืž ืจื–ืœ:ื“) โ€ืื™ ืื™ื›ื ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื“ืžื•ื›ื—, ื ืชื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืงื—.โ€œ ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืฉื”ืจืžโ€ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืงื ืขืœ ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ื›ื• ืœื™ื” ื‘ืœื™ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช, ื•ืคืกืง

ืฉืืขโ€ืคื› ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืงื— ืขโ€ืค ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื“ืžื•ื›ื—.

ื•ืขื•ื“, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง ื•ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžื“ืจืš ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื“ืขืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื“ืžื•ื›ื— ื›โ€ื› ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™โ€ืœ

ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ืœื ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืกืณ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืžืขื™ืงืจื” ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ื›ื•. ื•ื›โ€ื› ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘โ€ื ื‘ืฉื ืจืฉโ€ื™ (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฆื–.) ื ื’ื“ ื”ืชื•ืกืณ, ื•ื’ื ืคืกืง ื”ืจโ€ื™ ืžืœื•ื ื™ืืœ (ืฉื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆืช) ื•ื”ื™ืจืื™ื (ืกื™ืžืŸ ื–)

ื•ื”ืžืจื“ื›ื™ (ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืจืžื– ืชื›ื•) ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื–โ€ืœ. ื•ื–โ€ืœ ื”ื™ืจืื™ื โ€ื•ื”ื ื“ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ื›ื• ืœื™ื” ื–ื•ื–ื™ ื”ื“ืจื™ ื–ื‘ื™ื ื™... ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื ืฉืกืชื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื–ื•ื–ื™ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืกืชื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื ืœืคืจืฉ ืื ืœื

ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ื›ื• ืœืžืขื•ืช ื™ื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืงื— ื•ื”ื•ื™ ืกืชืžืŸ ื›ืคื™ืจื•ืฉืŸโ€ ืขื›โ€ืœ. ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืื™โ€“ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืจืื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื•, ื›ืœ ืžื›ืจ ื•ืžื›ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืขื•ืช, ืื ืœื ืฉื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืžืคืจืฉ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื›ืŸ, ื•ืžืคื ื™ ื–ื”, ื›ืœ ืžื›ืจ ืฉืื—โ€ื› ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื•. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืจืื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืฆื•ืจืš

ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ื›ื•. ื•ื”ื ื” ืœืคื™ืณ, ื•ืœืืœื” ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืชื•ืกืณ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืœื ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ.

ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืคื•ืกืง ื‘ืฉื•โ€ืข (ืจื–:ื’) ื›ืžื• ืชื•ืกืณ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ื›ื•, ืคื•ืกืง ืขโ€ืค ื”ืจืโ€ืฉ ืฉืคื•ืกืง ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื•ืกืณ ืฉื. ืื‘ืœ, ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ (ืฉื) ืฉืืฃ ืฉื”ืจืโ€ืฉ

ืคื•ืกืง ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืกืชื™ืจื” ื‘ืจืโ€ืฉ ืขืฆืžื•! ื•ื–โ€ืœ โ€ื•ืชืžื”ื ื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœืœ ืคื ืณื“ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื“ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืœื ื‘ืขื™ื ืืœื ืื–ืœื™ื ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืœื‘ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืื™ื›ื ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื“ืžื•ื›ื— ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจ ืžื‘ืจื—ืช ื•ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ื›ื• ืœื™ื” ื–ื•ื–ื™ ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื”ืโ€˜

ื•ืฆโ€ืขโ€œ ืขื›โ€œืœ. ื•ืืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืณืฆโ€ืขโ€˜ ื”ื‘โ€ื— ืฉื ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื•โ€ืข ืฉืคื•ืกืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืจืโ€ืฉ ื‘ืคืกืงื™ื• ื ื’ื“ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื•. ื•ื–โ€˜ืœ ื”ื‘โ€ื—: โ€ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื›ืš ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืคืก ืคืจืฉ"ื™ ืขื™ืงืจ ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื"ืฉ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืคืจืฉโ€ื™ ืขื™ืงืจ

ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื›ืชื‘ ื›ืš ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืคืกืงื™ื• ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื• ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ื“ืืข"ืค ื“ื‘ื”ืš ื“ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ื›ื• ืœื™ื” ื–ื•ื–ื™ ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื‘ืกืชื ื“ื”ื“ืจื™ ื–ื‘ื™ื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื›ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคืจืฉ ื“ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืืœื ื›ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ื“ืขืชื• ื‘ืฉืขืช

ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืœืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืš ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืจ ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื’ื™ืœื” ื“ืขืชื• ืืœื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืกืชื ืœื ื”ื“ืจื™ ื–ื‘ื™ื ื™ ื•ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ืœื”ื“ื™ื ื‘ืค"ื‘ ื“ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื ื“ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ืขืชื ืœืžื™ืกืง ืœืืจืขื ื“ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื ืžืคืœื™ื’ื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืš ื“ื”ืชื ืœื“ื”ื›ื ื›ืœืœ. ื•ื›ืคืกืงื™ื• ืฉื”ื

ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื ืงื˜ื™ื ืŸ ื "ืœโ€œ ืขื›โ€ืœ. ื”ื‘โ€ื— ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืจืโ€ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื“ืขืชื•, ื•ืืฃ ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื‘ืจ

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ื›ืžื• ืจืฉโ€ื™ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืืช ืคืกืงื•ืชื™ื•, ื”ื•ื ื“ื—ื” ืืช ืจืฉโ€ื™ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืชื•ืกืณ. ื•ืื–, ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืœื›ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคืกืงื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืโ€ืฉ. ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื™ ืฉื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื›ืŸ,

ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื”ืจืโ€ืฉ ืกื•ืชืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉโ€ืก ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืคืกืงื•ืชื™ื•! ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ืจืโ€ืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ (ื•:ื˜) ืฉื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ื›ื• ืœื™ื” ื–ื•ื–ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช. ื•ืœื ืขื•ื“,ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื

ืกื•ืชืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื•, ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื“ ืกื™ืณ ื ืฉื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ื›ื• ื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช! ื•ืžืฉื ื ืจืื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืโ€ืฉ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ืคืกื™ืงืช ื”ืฉื•โ€ืข ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื™ืฉ ืกืชื™ืจื” ืžื™ื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉ

ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืคืกื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืจืฉโ€ื™. ื•ื”ื‘โ€ื—, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืณ ื”ืจื”โ€ืž, ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจ ืœืคืกื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืคืกืงื™ ื”ืจืโ€ืฉ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ื›ื˜ื•ืขื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฉื ื”, ืฉืœื ืจืื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืกืงื™ื ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืโ€ืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.

ื•ืื–, ื‘ืจื” ื›ื—ืžื” ืฉืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืœื‘, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื.

ืื‘ืœ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืœื›ืช ืื—ืจ ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืงื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืชื•ืกืณ (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื–:) ื•ื–โ€ืœ: ืื ืชืืžืจ ืื ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื”ืœื•ืงื— ืคืจื” ืžื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื•ื ื˜ืจืคื” ืื• ืžืชื” ืื ืŸ ืกื”ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ื›ืŸ ืœืงื—ื” ื•ื™"ืœ ื“ื”ืชื

ืื ืŸ ืกื”ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ืกืคืง ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื™ื›ื ืก ื•ืืคื™ืณ ืื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ืื ืชื˜ืจืฃ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืคืกื“ ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ืงื—ื”... ื•ืœื ื“ืžื™ ืœืœื•ืงื— ื—ืคืฅ ื•ืื™ืจืข ื‘ื• ืื•ื ืก ื“ืœื ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ื“ืื“ืขืชื ื“ื”ื›ื™ ืœื ืงื ื” ื•ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืงื— ื“ืื™ื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœื‘ื“ื• ื“ื”ื

ืื™ื›ื ื ืžื™ ื“ืขืช ืžืงื ื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื ื” ืœื• ืœื“ืขืชื• ืื ืœื ื™ืคืจืฉ...โ€œ ืขื›โ€œืœ. ื•ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืกืณ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืง ื“ืขืช ืื—ื“ ื•ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื’ื ื™ืฉ ื“ืขืช ืื—ืจืช. ื•ื‘ื โ€ื“, ืฉื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื›ืจ ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื•ื’ื ื“ืขืช ื”ืœื•ืงื—, ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ

ืœืœื›ืช ืื—ืจ ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื“? ื•ืขื•ื“, ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื•, ืื™ืš ื”ื’ืžืจื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืคืกื•ืง ืฉื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ื›ื• ืœื™ื” ื–ื•ื–ื™ ื”ื“ืจื™ ื–ื‘ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ? ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืžืœโ€ืž (ื–ื›ื™ื” ื•:ื) ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืกืณ ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืชื•ืกืณ ืื™ื ื” ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœึน ืื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ื•ืฉืชื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžืฉ, ืืœื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืคืกื™ื“ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืงืคื™ื“ื ืœื—ื“, ื•ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืคืกื™ื“ื, ื›ืžื• ื–ื•ื–ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื‘ ื•ื–ื•ื–ื™ ืฉืงื™ืœ. ื•ืื–, ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ื›ื•, ื•ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ืชื” ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื–ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื‘ ื•ื–ื•ื–ื™ ืฉืงื™ืœ ื‘ืœื™

ืคืกื™ื“ื”, ืฉื”ืงืจืงืข ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื•ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืœื”ืœื•ืงื— ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ื”ืคืกื“ ืื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.

ื•ืขื•ื“, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื“ืขืช ื”ื ื”โ€ืž (ืจืœ:ื), ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื•ื“ ืชื ืื™ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืœโ€ืž, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื—, ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉืขืช ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœืœื•ืงื— ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื—ื“ ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื”ื• ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืงื—, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ

ืงื•ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื•. ื›ื™ ื‘ื โ€œื“, ืืขโ€ืค ืฉื”ืžืงื— ืขืฆืžื• ื ื’ืžืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืœื•ืงื— ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžื ื•. ื—ื“, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืื™ื“ื ื, ื“ื™ื ื™ ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืžืื“ ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื, ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื•ืขื•ื“,

ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืงืจืงืข, ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ืจื™ืงื ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืืคืจืช ื›ื–ื”.

ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ืืžืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืืœ ืคืœืคื•ืœ, ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืœโ€ืž ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืžืข ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืกืณ ื•ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื ืชื”โ€ืž ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืš ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืื™โ€“ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœโ€ืž. ื•ื“ืขืชื™ ื ื•ื˜ืข ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” (ืžื”ื“โ€ืง ื™ื•โ€ื“ ืกื˜) ืฉืคื™ืจืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืกืณ ื•ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืชืœื•ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืื•ืชื• ื”ืกืคืง. ื•ื–โ€ืœ โ€ื ืžืฆื

ืฉื™ืฉ ื’ืณ ื—ืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ. ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืžื“ื ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื›ื ื•ืก ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืกืคืง ื›ืœืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืชืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืขืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืื–ืœื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืชืจ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื“ื—ื“ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืžื• ื–ื‘ื™ืŸื• ืœื ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ื›ื• ืœื™ื” ื–ื•ื–ื™ ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืชืŸ ืžืขื•ืช ืœื—ืชื ื• ื•ืžืชื” ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ื” ืืจื•ืกื” ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื‘ืจื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืกืคืง ืืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ื’"ื› ืื•ืžื“ื ื ืฉืื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื™ืืจืข ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื ื”ื™' ืขื•ืฉื” ืื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื“ืขืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืคืจื” ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ื•ืื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื“ืขืช ื—ื“ ืฉืคื™ืจ ื’ื ื‘ื–ื” ืื–ืœื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืชืจ ืื•ืžื“ื ื.โ€œ ืœืคื™ ื–ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื›ื ื•ืก ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืกืคืง

ื›ืœืœ, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ื›ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ืื—ืจืช ื•ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืื—ืจ ื”ืื•ืžื“ื ื ืฉืœ ื—ื“. ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ืฉืœ ืชื•ืกืณ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื“ ื•ืชืจื™ ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ืžื• ืคืจื” ื•ื ืžืฆื ื˜ืจื™ืคื”, ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืื ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืกืคืง ืื•

ืœื, ื•ืื ื• ืจืง ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ ืื“ืขืชื ื“ื”ื›ื™ ืื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืช ืื—ืจ. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ืขืช ืื—ืจืช ืฉื—ื•ืœืง, ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืžื” ื”ืืžืช ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืงื—. ื•ืœืคื™โ€ื– ื‘ื โ€œื“ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœื›ื ื•ืก ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืกืคืง ื›ืœืœ ื•ื”ื•ื™,

ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื“โ€ื‘, โ€ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืงืคื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืจ ืœืŸ ื“ืœื ื”ื•ื” ืžื—ื™ืช ื ืคืฉื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืกืคื™ืงื... ื“ื”ื•ื” ื›ืืœื• ื”ืชื ื”.โ€œ

ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื–ื”, ืืขโ€ืค ืฉื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืกืณ, ื™ืฉ ืžืจื’ืœื ื‘ืคื•ืžื™ื” ื“ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ ื”ืจื™โ€ื (ืื”โ€ืข ื›ื”) ืฉื›ื•ืชื‘ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืกืณ ื•ื–โ€ืœ: โ€ืจืง ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื›ื ืขืฉื” ืžื•ืžืจ ื•ื›ื”"ื’ ืฉืื ื”ื™ืณ ืขื•ืœื” ืข"ื“

ืกืคืง ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื ื” ื•ืืฃ ืฉื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ืฆื” ืจืง ืฉื™ื›ื ืก ื‘ืกืคืง ื–ื” ืž"ืž ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืš ืืฃ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืžืจ ื“ืžื™ ืœื”ืื™ ื“ืœื ื›ืณ ืืœื ืข"ืž ืœื›ื•ื ืกื”. ืจืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ืœื›ื ื•ืก ืœื”ืกืคืง ื›ื›ืœ ืœื•ืงื— ื‘ื”ืžื” ืฉืื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืœื•ืงื— ืžืชื ื”

ื•ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ืฆื” ืขื“ ืฉื™ื›ื ื™ืก ื•ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืกืคืง ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ืžื ืข ืžืœื™ืงื— ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื‘ืชืœื•ื™ ืจืง

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ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ืืฃ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ืื ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืข"ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื ื” ื“ืœืžื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื ื” ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืก' ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืž"ื– ืข"ื‘โ€œ ืขื›โ€ืœ. ื•ืœืคื™โ€ื–, ื”ื›ืœ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื›ื— ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื— ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ืื ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืจื‘ ืœืชื ืื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืžืงื—, ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื•ืžืจ ืื“ืขืชื ื“ื”ืชื ืื™ ื”ื–ื”. ืื‘ืœ, ืื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ืžืงื— ื‘ืœื™ ืชื ืื™

ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืื—ืจ ื”ืžืงื— ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืง ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžืงื— ืื“ืขืชื ืœืชื ืื™ ื”ื–ื”. ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื— ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื— ืœื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื. ื›ื™ ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื•ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืœื•ืงื— ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืงืจื” ื”ืงืจืงืข ืžืฉื•ื

ืžืขืจื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืชื— ื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ืœืงืฉืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื’ืจืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช. ื•ืžืคื ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื ืื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ื–ื”. ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™, ืื ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื ืื™ื ืฉื”ื ืจืง ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืขโ€ืž ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœืืจื”โ€ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื›ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“. ื•ืœืคื™ืณ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจื™โ€ื

ืฉื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืžืงืจืข ืฉืœื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืžื•ื›ืจื™ื.

ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืœืจื‘ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืฆโ€ืœ ืฉื”ืงืจืงืข ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืจืฉืื•ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ.

ื•ืืœ ืชืงืฉื” ืขืœื™ ืžืžโ€œืฉ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื“ื‘โ€ื– (ืฉื•โ€ืช ื‘:ืชืงืฆื—) ื•ื”ืžื”ืจืฉื“โ€ื (ื—ื•โ€ืž ืกืณ ืžื”), ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืื—ืจ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ืืœื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืžื•ืŸ ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืžื•ืŸ. ื›ื™ ืืคื™ืณ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืžื•ืŸ ื•ืื•ืงื™

ืžืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช ืžืจื™ื” ืงืžื. ื•ื›โ€ื› ื”ืžื”ืจืฉโ€ื (ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื˜:) ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื”ื•โ€ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ืžื• ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ืจื ื“ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื›ืกื™ื” ืœืžื™ืกืง ืœืืจืขื ื“ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืโ€ื ื‘ืงืจืงืข, ื›ื™ ื‘ืงืจืงืข, ืืขโ€ืค ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืงื— ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™โ€ืœ ืฉื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช ืžโ€ืง ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจ, ืœืื•ืžืช ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืœื•ืงื— ื•ื‘ื—ื–ืงืชื•. ื•ื’ื ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืคื โ€ื™ (ืฉื ื“โ€ื” ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ืจื) ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืจืฉโ€œื. ื•ืื ื•

ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืคืณ ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉโ€ืก ืฉื“ื™ื ื™ ืžื•ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื‘ืงืจืงืข ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ืจ ื›ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช ืžโ€ืง. ื•ืขื•ื“, ืคืกืง ื”ืจืžโ€ื (ื“ืจโ€ืž ื—ื•โ€ืž ืจื–:ื) ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืชื™ื ืช ืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืขโ€ื›,

ืฉืืขโ€ืค ืฉืกื™ื™ื ื”ืžืงื— ื•ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืงืจืงืข ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืžโ€ืง ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื—ื–ืงืชื•. ื•ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื•.

ื•ืœืื•ืจ ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืกืžืš ืœืคืกืง ื”ื–ื” ืืคื™ืณ ืœืืœื• ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ืง ื•ืœื ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื ื•ื‘โ€ื™. ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืกืคืง ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ืื• ืœื, ื•ื’ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืกืคืง ืื ื”ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื‘ื โ€ื“ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื“ืžื•ื›ื— ืฉืœืคื™ ื”ืจืžโ€ื ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœื™ื•, ื•ืขื•ื“, ื‘ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืขืฆืžื” ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื”

ืžื”ื ืœืคืกื•ืง ืฉืืคื™ืณ ื”ืจืโ€ืฉ ื•ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช. ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืงื‘ืขื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืžืจื™ื” ืงืžื ื‘ืงืจืงืข, ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืกืคืงื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืงืจืงืข ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช

ื‘ืขืœื™ื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช, ืื– ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืงืจืงืข ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœืžโ€ืง.

ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืขื ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืœื•ืงื— ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืœืžื•ื›ืจื™ื.

ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืช. ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืณ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืช (ื‘โ€ื‘ ืฆื—.) ื”ืื™ ืžืืŸ ื“ืงื‘ื™ืœ ื—ืžืจื ืื“ืขืชื ื“ืžืžื˜ื™ ืœื™ื” ืœืคืจื•ื•ืชื ื“ื•ื•ืœ ืฉืคื˜ ,ื•ืื“ืžื˜ื™ ื”ืชื ื–ืœ, ื“ื™ื ื ื”ื•ื ื“ืžืงื‘ืœ ืœื™ื”. ื•ืžืฉืžืข ืžื”ืชื ืฉืืขโ€ืค ืฉื”ื•ื–ืœื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช โ€ืžืืŸ

ื“ืงื‘ื™ืœ ื—ืžืจืโ€œ ื”ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืžืคืกื™ื“. ื•ื‘ื โ€œื“ ื ืจืื” ื”ืคื•ืš, ืฉื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืชืŸ ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืจืฉื•ืช ืœื•ืงื—. ื•ืžืคื ื™ ื–ื”, ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื โ€ื“ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ, ื•ื”ืœื•ืงื— ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื ื•ืชืŸ.

ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื”โ€ืž (ืจืœ:ื) ืฉืžื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื–ืœื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื–ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ืžื›ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืฉื‘ืฉื ื™ ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื‘ืจื” ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ. ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืžื›ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื’ื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื–ืœื” ื”ื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื’ื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ

ืฉืืกื•ืŸ ื›ื–ื” ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจโ€“ืกืœ ืœื ืจืง ืžื•ืจื’ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืงืœื•ื”ื•ืžื ืกื™ื˜ื™, ืืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ืคืจื“ ื•ืื›ืžโ€ืœ.

ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืช, ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื ื›ื ืก ืœื“ื™ื•ื ื ื•, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืืช ื โ€ื“ ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืžืจื. ื–ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ื™ืจืกื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืฉื˜โ€ืžืง (ืฉื) ื•ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืกื™ื โ€ื”ืื™ ืžืืŸ ื“ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืžืจื.โ€œ ืœืคื™โ€œื– ื”ื’ืžืณ ืžืชืขืกืงืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืงื—

ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉืชื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืœื•ืงื— ื•ืžื•ื›ืจ. ื‘ื โ€ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืงื ื™ืŸ, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื›ืกืฃ ืื™ื ื•. ื•ืื– ืโ€œื ืœื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืžืณ, ืฉืœืคื™ ื–ื” ืžืชืขืกืงืช ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืงื ื™ืŸ, ืœื โ€ื“.

ื•ืขื•ื“, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคื™ ื’ื™ืจืกืชื™ื ื• ื‘ื’ืžืจื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืงื ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืงื‘ืœื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืโ€ื ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื™ื. ื—ื“, ื›ื™ ืœื’ื™ืจืกื” ื”ื–ืืช, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื™ืกืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืชืŸ ื•ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ โ€ืœืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืฉื›ืจโ€œ ื•ื”ื•ื™ โ€ืคืœื’ื ืžืœื•ื” ืคืœื’ื ืคืงื“ื•ืŸโ€œ (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืจืฉื‘โ€ื

ืฉื ื“โ€ื” ื”ืื™ ืžืืŸ ื“ืงื‘ื™ืœ), ื•ื‘ื โ€ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืขื™ืกืงื”. ื•ืขื•ื“, ืืคื™ืณ ืื ืจโ€ืœ ืฉืืขโ€ืค ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืขื™ืกืงื” ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื (ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืฉื˜โ€ืžืง ืฉื ื“โ€ื” ืขืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื•), ื’ื ื–ื” ืื™ื ื•, ื›ื™ ื‘ื โ€ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืืœื ืื•ืžื ื•ืช.

ื•ื›ืฉโ€ื› ื”ื ื”โ€ืž (ืฉืœื’:ื˜ื•) โ€ื•ื”ื›ื ืžื™ื™ืจื™ ืฉืœื ืืžืจ ืœื• ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ืจืง ืฉืืžืจ ืœื• ืฉืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืขืฉื”ื• ืœืขืฆืžื•

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ื™ืงื ื”ื• ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ืงื ื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื• ื“ืื– ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ืฉืœื•ื—ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืชื™ื›ืฃ.โ€œ ืขื›โ€ืœ. ื•ืœืคื™โ€ื– ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื โ€ื“, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืงื ื™ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืžื™ืœื™ ื‘ืขืœืžื ื•ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ืŸ ื“ืžื™ืœื™ ืœื ืžื™ืžืกืจื™ืŸ ืœืฉืœื™ื—. ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื”ื’ื“ื” ืœืื•ืžืŸ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ

ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืœืฉืคื˜.

ืœื•ืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืืขโ€ืค ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืงื ื™ืŸ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืชื™ื ืช ืžืขื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืื ื”ืœื•ืงื— ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืคื™ื• ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื ืฆื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืกืงื”. ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉืคืจืข, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืืคื™ืณ ื ืชื™ื ืช ืžืขื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ืืžื ื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืฆื™ืื ื• ื‘ืคืณ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ (ื‘โ€ืž ืžื˜.), ื•ืืžืจื ื• ืฉื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื— ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื ื•ื—ื” ื”ื™ืžื ื•. ืืœื, ืœืงืžืŸ ื‘ืžืกืณ

(ื‘โ€ืž ืขื“:) ืžื™ืกืง ื”ื’ืžืณ ืœืคื™ ืจโ€ืฉ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ืืžื ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืชืจื™ ืชืจืขื, ื›ืœื•ืณ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจโ€“ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ืœืคื ื™ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืงื ื™ืŸ. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืชืจื™ ืชืจืขื, ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื•ืง

ื”ื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืช, ืฉื”ื•ื–ืœื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืขื™ืกืงื” ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•. ืœื”ืœื›ื”, ื”ืจืžโ€ื (ื—ื•โ€ืž ืจื“:ื™ื) ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืณ ื“ืขื•ืช ืื ื™ืฉ ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ืืžื ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื™ ืชืจืขื, ื•ืืขโ€ืค ื”ื•ืฉ ืžื™ืกืง ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืืคื™ืณ ื‘ืชืจื™ ืชืจืขื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื

ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ืงื™ืœื• ื‘ื–ื”. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืชโ€ืก (ืฉื•โ€ืช ื—ื•โ€ืž ืงื‘) ืฉืคืกืง ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจโ€“ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก, ืืœื ืฉืจืง ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ืงื— ื•ืžืคื ื™ ื–ื” ื”ืœื•ืงื— ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืื•ืชื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืกืงื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ืืžื ื”.

ื•ืœืื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื–ื”, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื โ€ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืืคื™ืณ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ืืžื ื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืœื•ืงื— ืœืฉืœื ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžืงื— ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื•ืงื•โ€ื— ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืช ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ืขืฉื•.

ืืœื, ืืขโ€ืค ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžืงื—, ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื ื–ืง ืœื”ื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืขืฉื•. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ, ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ื™ ืœืื•ืžืŸ. ื•ืคืกืง ื”ืจืโ€œืฉ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื• (ื›ืœืœ ืงื“ ืกื™ืณ ื•) ืฉืžื™ ืฉืืžืจ ืœืื•ืžืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื• ื—ืคืฅ, ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืื•ืžืŸ ืขืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ื ืžืœืš ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ื•ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœืงื ื•ืชื•, ืืขโ€ืค ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืงื ื•ืชื•, โ€ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืคืจื•ืข ืœืื•ืžืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืกื“ื• ืžืฉื•ื

ื“ื™ื ื ื“ื’ืจืžื™.โ€œ ื•ื–ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฆื™ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื’ืจื ืืช ื”ืื•ืžืŸ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื”, ื•ืžืคืกื™ื“ื•. ื•ื”ื˜ื•ืจ (ื—ื•โ€ืž ืฉืœื’:ื™ื) ืคืกืง ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืžื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ืื‘ื™ื•. ื•ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื ืžืฉืš ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืคืกืง (ืฉื•โ€ืข ื—ื•โ€ืž ืฉืœื’:ื™ื) ื•ื–โ€ืœ โ€ืืžืจ ืœืื•ืžืŸ: ืขืฉื” ืœื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื•ืืงื—ื ื• ืžืžืš, ื•ืขืฉืื• ื”ืื•ืžืŸ, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื—ืชื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ืœื ื™ืงื™ื—ื ื• ืžื™ื“ ื™ืคืกื™ื“,

ื—ื™ื™ื‘.โ€œ ื•ืืขโ€ืค ืฉื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื‘ื“, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื. ื•ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืคืจื™ืฉื” (ืฉืœื’:ื™ื) โ€ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœื™ ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืžโ€ืž ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืœื• ื›ืคื™ ืขืจืš ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื โ€ืœโ€œ ื•ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื โ€ื›ืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ื’ื ื›ืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื›ืจ ืื ืœื ืฆื•ื” ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœื™.โ€œ ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื•. ื•ืœืคื™โ€ื–, ื ืจืื” ืžืฆื“ ื ื–ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘

ืœืฉืœื ืœืคื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื’ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืคืกื“ ืœื”ื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืขืฉื•, ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœืื•ืžืŸ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืช ืฉืโ€ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ. ื•ืื ื›ื‘ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื ื–ืง ื•ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžื•ืกื›ื ืœื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืช, ื•ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื• ืœื”ืœื•ืงื— ืœืงื™ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื•, ื•ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื–ื”

ื”ื•ื ืžืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžืžื—ื•ืกืจื™ ืืžื ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช.

ื•ืืœื• ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื”, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืœื ืงื ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ื ืชื™ื ืช ืžืขื•ืช ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ ื›ืžื• ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืžืคื ื™ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืœื•ืงื— ืื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžื–ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžืŸ ื’ื•ืจื ืื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื“ืขืชื ื“ื”ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืœื•ืงื—, ื•ื“ืื™ ื˜ื•ืขื™ื. ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืื“ืขืชื ื“ื”ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื–ืงืชื™?! ื‘ืจื‘ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉโ€ืก ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื–ืง ื‘ืœื™ ื“ืขืช

ื”ืžื–ื™ืง, ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื! ื•ืœืคื™ ืกื‘ืจื ื›ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ืฉืžืกืณ ื‘โ€ืง ื ืžื—ืงืช! ื•ืขื•ื“, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืืœื• ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืขืœ ื”ืœื›ื” ืคืกื•ืงื” ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื›ื–ื”, ื•ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ื–ืง, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืโ€ื ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืœื•ืงื— ืžืœืฉืœื. ื›ื™ ื‘ื โ€ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืœื•ืงื— ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืื“ืขืชื ื“ื”ื›ื™, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื” ืœื™ื” ืœื™ื“ืข ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืข! ื•ืžื™ ืฉืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื“ื™โ€“ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืœืคืจื ืกืชื• ืืžื•ืจ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื™ืฉ

ื—ืฉืฉ ืชืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื™ื— ืžืื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜, ื•ืื™ื ื• ื›ืžื• ืื•ื ืก ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉื›ื™ื—ื™. ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜, ื™ืฆืื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืงื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืื ื˜ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืจืช. ื•ืœื›ืŸ,

ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื•ืœื” ื ื™ืฉืืช (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’.) ื“ืืžืจื ื• ืฉืื ืกื›ื ืช ื”ืื•ื ืก ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื›ื™ื— ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื, ื”ื•ื” ืœื™ื” ืœื”ืชื ื”, โ€ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืื™ื‘ืขื™ ืœื™ื” ืœืืชื ื•ื™ื™ ื•ืœื ืืชื ื™ ืื™ื”ื• ื“ืืคืกื™ื“ ืื ืคืฉื™ื”.โ€œ ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื โ€ื™ (ืขืœ ื‘โ€ืž ืžื–.) ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืืช

ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื ืก ืฉืงืจื ืจืง ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“, ื•ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืกืง ื›ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ (ื—ื•โ€ืž ืฉืœื“:ื’). ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื ืจืื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกื‘ืจื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืœื•ืงื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืื“ืขืชื

ื“ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ื โ€ื“.

ื•ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ, ืคืกื™ืงืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืงืจืงืข ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื, ื•ืื•ืชื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื”ืื•ืžืŸ ืœื”ื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืฉื”.

ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื’ืœื•ื™ ื•ื™ื“ืขื• ืœืคื ื™ื ื•, ื›ืžื• ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื“ืžื•ื—ื›ื. ื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืณ ืœืขื•ืœื ืชืขืžื•ื“ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ื• ืœื“ืจ ื•ื“ืจ.

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ืื ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื“, ืœื™ืขื“ ืžืœืš ื”ืœื•ื™.

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Page 39: 2016 SBM TeshuvotTable of Contents Introduction to Topic 3 SBM 2016 Shayla 5 Teshuvot Rabbi Aryeh Klapper 6 Shira Krinsky 2 0 Levi Mastrangelo 30 Leead Staller 33 Introduction to To

Yoni Zolty ืฉืืœืชืš: ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืžื›ืจื• ืงืจืงืขื ืข"ื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืืžืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ืฆืขืชื•ื“ื” ืขื‘ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•

ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื ืกื’ืจ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืœืžืคืจืข ืืช ืžืงื—ื.

ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”:

ื•ื™ื—ืœืžื• ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื—ืœื•ื. ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื’ื ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื’ื•ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื"ื™, ื“ื‘ืจ ืื“ื™ืจ ื•ืžืจืฉื™ื. ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืจืฆื• ืœืงื ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘. ืื•ืœื, ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื”, ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžื–ืœ

ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื™ืจืฆื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื—ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื ื™ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜, ื•ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื›ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื ื™.

ื‘ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื“ืŸ, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื”ื™ื: ื”ืื ืฉื™ืฉ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื“ืžื•ื›ื—ื ืฉื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืžื›ืจื• ืงืจืงืขื ืืš ื•ืจืง ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ืœื™ืจื“ ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”? ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืงื‘ืœื” ื”ืฆืขืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืฉื, ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ื•ืื™ืฉื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื,ื•ื™ื›ืืฉืจ

ืกื’ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืืช ื“ืœืชื™ื•, ื‘ื˜ืœื” ื™ื–ืžื ื•ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืืจืฅ. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืชื‘ื˜ืœ, ื›ืœ' ื˜ืขื ืชื ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื›ืจื• ืข"ื“ ืœืžื™ืกืง ืœืืจื”"ื‘, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ื”ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืื™-ืงื™ื•ื ื“ืขืชื.

ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ื˜ืขื ืชื, ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืž' ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื:

ื) ืžืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”"ืื•ืžื“ื ื" ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกืคืงืช ืœืจืฉื•ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ? ืชื•ืก' ื•ื”ืจื"ืฉ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช (ืชื•ืก' ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื˜:, ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฆื–., ื‘"ื‘ ืงืœื–:, ืชื•ืก' ืจื"ืฉ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื˜:, ืจื"ืฉ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช

ื™ื, ืฉื•"ืช ืคื:ื, ื•ื›ื•') ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจ"ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื’' ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื“ื ื, ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืชื•ืงืคื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช.

"ืฉืฉืœืฉ ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ. 1) ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ืขื“ ืฉื™ืชื ื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ื ื“ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื• ืื™ ืœืื• ื“ืืชื ื™โ€ฆ

2) ื”ื ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ื›ื• ืœื™ื” ื–ื•ื–ื™, ื•ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ืจื ื“ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื›ืกื™ื” ืืขืชื ืœืžื™ืกืง ืœืืจืขื ื“ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืฃ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ ื“ื’ืœื™ ื“ืขืชื™ื” ืžืขื™ืงืจื ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื›ืœ ืฉืœื“ืขืช ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืจ, ื‘ืขื™ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžืขืฉื”; ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืœื™ื›ื ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื“ืžื•ื›ื— ื‘ืœื ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช

โ€ฆ 3) ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืื™ื›ื ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื“ืžื•ื›ื— ื‘ืœื ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืชื•, ื•ื›ื•ื ืชื• ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื›ืœ ืœืื™ื–ื” ื“ืขืช ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื’ืœื” ื“ืขืชื•

ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžืขืฉื” ืœื ื”ื•ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืœื‘, ืืœื ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืŸ ื›ืืœื• ื”ืชื ื”" (ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจื"ืฉ ื›ืœืœ ืœื“ ืกื™ืžืŸ ื).

ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ืชื ืื™ ืขื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื (ืืค' ืœื“ืขืช ื—ื›ืž' ืฉืœื ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืชื ืื™ ื›ืคื•ืœ), ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื: ื”ืื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ืื• ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื“ืžื•ื›ื— ืฉื‘ื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืชื ื• ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืงื—?

ื‘) ื”ืื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื— ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืงื— ืข"ื™ ืื•ืžื“ื ืโ€”ืืค' ืื ื ืงื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื“ืžื•ื›ื—ื?

ืชื•ืก' (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื–: ื•ื‘"ืง ืงื™:) ืžืงืฉื™ื: ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืงื— ืข"ื™ ืื•ืžื“ื ื, ืฉ"ืื ื›ืŸ, ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื”ืœื•ืงื— ืคืจื” ืžื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื•ื ื˜ืจืคื” ืื• ืžืชื”, ืื ืŸ ืกื”ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ื›ืŸ ืœืงื—ื”?!"

ืชื•ืก' ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ืœืื•ืžื“ื ื ืข"ืค ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื (ื•ืขืœื™ื”ื ื ืขืžื•ื“ ืœื”ืœืŸ),

ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงื—ื™ื ื—ื“-ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœืžืงื—ื™ื ื“ื•-ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืจืฆื” ื”ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืœื™ื›ื ืก ืœืกืคืง, ื•ืžืงื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื™ื›ื ืก.

ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืชื•ืก' ืฉื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื“ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืœื ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืื•ืžื“ื ื (ื”ืื ื”ื™ื 'ืžื•ื›ื—' ืื• ืœื) ืืœื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.

ืœื›ืŸ ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื—ื›ื ืฆื‘ื™ (ืฉื•"ืช ืžื) ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืกื•ืชืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืžื“ื ืโ€”ื”ืื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืžื“ื ื ืข"ืค ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื ื•, ืื• ืข"ืค ื›ื•ื—ื” ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืงื— ืข"ืค ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื? ื ืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืกืชื™ืจื”

ื”ื–ืืช ืœื”ืœืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ืืžื™ืชื”.

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Page 40: 2016 SBM TeshuvotTable of Contents Introduction to Topic 3 SBM 2016 Shayla 5 Teshuvot Rabbi Aryeh Klapper 6 Shira Krinsky 2 0 Levi Mastrangelo 30 Leead Staller 33 Introduction to To

ื ื“ืงื“ืง ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•:

ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื‘ื "ื“, ื™ืฉื ื ืฉืชื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช: ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืกื›ื™ื” ืื“ืขืชื ืœืžื™ืกืง ืœื"ื™ (ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื˜:)1) ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ื›ื• ืœื™ื” ืœื–ื•ื–ื™ (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฆื–.).2)

ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ืขืชื ืœืžื™ืกืง ืœ"ื ื”ืžืกืงื ื ื”ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžื›ืจ ืžืฉื•ื ื”ืื•ืžื“ื ื ืžืคื ื™ "ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืœื‘ ื”ื, ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืœื‘ ืื™ื ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื".

ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื (ืชื•ืก', ื—ื›ืžื™ ืกืคืจื“) ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื ื’ื™ืœื” ื“ืขืชื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžื›ืจ ืฉืข"ื› ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืจ ืงืจืงืขื•ืชื™ื•, ืืœื ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ื ื•ื“ืข ืœื ื• (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืข"ื™ ืฉื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื ื• ืงื•ื“ื ืœืžื›ื™ืจื” (ืจืฉื‘"ื, ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœื ื ื•ื“ืข ืœืžื™) ืื• ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื

(ืชื•ืก' ืจื™ื“)) ืฉื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืงืจืงืขื•ืชื™ื•. ื”ื•ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ, ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื•ื“ื ื”ืžื›ืจ, ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžื›ืจ - ืจืง ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœ.

ื›ืš ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืชื•ืก' (ื“"ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืœื‘ ืื™ื ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ):

"ืžืฉืžืข ื“ื•ืงื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ืคื™ืจืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืคื™ืจืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœื”ื“ื™ื ื•ืืžืจ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืจื ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืœื›ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ื”ื•ื” ื”ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื˜ืœ."

ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืืฆื˜ื™ืจื™ื›ื• ืœื–ื•ื–ื™, ืžืกื™ืงื™ื ืฉ"ื”ื“ืจ ื–ื‘ื™ื ื™" ื•ื”ืžืงื— ื‘ื˜ืœ.

ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื (ืชื•ืก', ื—ื›ืžื™ ืกืคืจื“, ื•ื›ื•') ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื’ื™ืœื” ื“ืขืชื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื“ืข ืœื ื• ืฉืžื•ื›ืจ ืข"ื“ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืื™ื–ื• ื“ื‘ืจ.

ื"ื›, ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉื–ื” ื”ื›ืœืœ: ืื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื’ื™ืœื” ื“ืขืชื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ - ื›ื—ื• ื™ืคื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœื”; ื•ืื ืœืื•, ื•ืจืง ื’ื™ืœื” ื“ืขืชื• ืงื•ื“ื ืœืžื›ืจ - ืื™ืŸ ื›ื—ื• ื™ืคื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœื”.

ื‘ื "ื“, ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืชื™ ื•ืื™ืš ื’ื™ืœื• ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœืœื•ืงื— ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœืžื›ื™ืจื”. ืžืžื” ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื• ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ, ืฉืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื”ืขื“ืจ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืชื ืื™, ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืชื ืื™ ืืœื ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืขืœืžื. ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื”ืœื•ืงื— ื‘ืงืฉ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืžื”ื ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื‘ื•, ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืคืชืื•ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœืžื›ื•ืจ, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืœื• ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ืฆืขืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ืŸ ืฉืžื” ื•ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืงืจืงืขื•ืชื. ืืœื ืฉืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื”

ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืื ื’ื™ืœื• ื“ืขืชื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ืื• ืฉืœื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ, ื•ื ืฉืืจ ืกืคืง.

ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืคืงืคืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื›ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช:

i) ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื ืื™ืฆืจื™ื›ื• ืœื™ื” ืœื–ื•ื–ื™, ืขืžื“ืช ื›ืžื” ืžืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ, ื•ื’ื ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ืฉืœื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ื™ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžื›ืจ.

ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื (ื“"ื” ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ) ืžืฆื˜ื˜ ื’ื™ืจืกื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉืœืคื™ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืืข"ืค ืฉืœื ื’ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ. ื›ืžืŸ ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ืจืื™ื (ื–) ื•ื”ืžืจื“ื›ื™ (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืจืžื•) ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉ"ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื–ื•ื–ื™ - ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืกืชื, ื•ืื™ืŸ

ื“ืจื›ื ืœืคืจืฉ ืื ืœื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืžืขื•ืช ื™ื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืงื—, ื•ื”ื•ื™ ืกืชืžื• ื›ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื•", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื–ื™, ืœื ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ื‘"ื™ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”, ื•ืืข"ืค ืฉืฉืชืงื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”, ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ืฉืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ืชื ืื™.

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ืฉื”ืจื"ืฉ (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื, ืฉื•"ืช ืœื“:ื) ืกื•ืชืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื•ื’ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื ืืฆื˜ืจื™ืš ืœื–ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืงื˜ื•ื’ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ "ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืœื ืชื ืื™", ื•ืคืขืžื™ื (ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื•, ืฉื•"ืช ืคื:ื) ืžืกื•ื•ื’ ืื•ืชื• ื›"ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื“ืžื•ื›ื— ื‘ืœื™ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ".

ื"ื›, ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืจืฉ ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืœื ืืฆื˜ืจื™ืš ืœื–ื•ื–ื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืงื— ืืฃ ื›ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ. ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืืค' ืื ื ืืžืจ ืฉื‘ื "ื“ ื’ื™ืœื• ื“ืขืชื ืืš ื•ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื›ืจ, ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืขื™ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืงื—.

ืฉื™ื˜ืชื ื‘ื ื™ื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ืชื ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ "ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืœื‘" ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืœื‘ ืื™ื ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื›ื—ืฉื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื38 ืื—ืจ ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื (ืข' ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืคืจืง ื‘, ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืฉื). ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ืขืชื ืœืžื™ืกืง ืœื"ื™ ื™ืฉ ืกืชื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื• (ืฉืžื•ื›ืจ

ืข"ื“ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ) ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ื• (ืฉืžื•ื›ืจ ืกืชื ื‘ืœื™ ืชื ืื™). ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืžืขืฉื™ื• ืœื ืกื•ืชืจ ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ื• ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืจืžื–ื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืข"ื“ ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื›ืกืฃ.

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Page 41: 2016 SBM TeshuvotTable of Contents Introduction to Topic 3 SBM 2016 Shayla 5 Teshuvot Rabbi Aryeh Klapper 6 Shira Krinsky 2 0 Levi Mastrangelo 30 Leead Staller 33 Introduction to To

ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื ืจืง ื“ืขืชื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื, ื•ืจื•ื‘ ืจื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื (ืข' ืชื•ืก', ื—ื›ืžื™ ืกืคืจื“, ืชื•ืก' ืจื™ื“, ื•ื›ื•') ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื ืืฆื˜ืจื•ื›ื™ ืœื–ื•ื–ื™ ืžืชืขืกืงืช ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ื“ืขืชื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ. ื’ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกืชืคืง

ื”ืื ื‘ืืžืช ื "ื“ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืงืจื” ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื, ืื• ื“ื™ืœืžื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ืขืชื ืœืžื™ืกืง ืœื"ื™, ืฉื‘ื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืœ ื”ืžืงื— ืื"ื› ื”ื™ื” ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ.

ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืžื›ืจื• ืืช ืงืจืงืขื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”.39

ืชื•ืก' ืจ"ื™ ื”ื–ืงืŸ (ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื .) ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื ืืฆื˜ืจื™ืš ืœ ื–ื•ื–ื™ "ื ื•ืœื“ ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ", ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื˜ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ืขืชื ืœืžื™ืกืง ืœื"ื™ "ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืืœื ืฉืžืชื—ืจื˜ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื›ืจ". ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืฉืื›ืŸ

ืกื’ื™ืจืช ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืื™ื ื ื• ืฆืคื•ื™ ืื• ื ืคื•ืฆื”. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ืœืกื’ื•ืจ! ื ืจืื”, ืื›ืŸ, ืฉื”ืกื’ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืžืงื— ืื™ื ื ื” ื‘ืื” ืžืฉื•ื ื—ืจื˜ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื.

ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื™ืคืš, ืฉืžื›ืจื• ืืช ืงืจืงืขื ืœื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืงืจืงืข ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืืžืจื™ืงื” (ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืงืจืงืข ื‘ืืคืจืช, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉื™ืžื›ืจื• ื•ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื•), ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื–ื™. ืœื›ืŸ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื“ื•ืงื ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื–ื™ ื•ืœื ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ืขืชื ืœืžื™ืกืง ืœื"ื™.

ii) ืืค' ืื ื ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ืžืงืจื™ื ื• ื›ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ืขืชื ืœืžื™ืกืง ืœื"ื™, ืืคืฉืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื—ืœืง ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉืจืง ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืœื– ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื›ืจ ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื•ืขื™ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื›ืจ ื™ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืงื—.

ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื”ืจื"ืฉ (ืฉื•"ืช ืœื“:ื) ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉ"ืœื ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ: ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ืœื” ื“ืขืชื• ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ืื“ืขืชื ื“ื”ื›ื™ = ืœืžื™ืกืง ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ - ื ื™ื–ื™ืœ ื‘ืชืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื• ื•ื™ืชื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืงื—, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืขืœื”." ืกื‘ืจืช ื”ืจื"ืฉ ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื ืขืœื”, ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ื•ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื›ืจ ืข"ื“ ืœืขืœื•ืช. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื›ืจ ืจืฆื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืข"ื“ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœื"ื™, ื•ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื›ืจ ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœื"ื™. ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืชื™ ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ, ืื• ื”ืื ื’ืžืจ ื“ืขืชื•

ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”ืฃ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ื•ืœื ืžื›ืจ ื“ื•ืงื ืข"ื“ ืœืขืœื•ืช. ืื•ืœื, ื‘ื "ื“ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืจืฆื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ืชื ืื ืืค' ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื›ืจ ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืืžืจื™ืงื” ืžืฉื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื”, ืืœื ืฉืœืฆืขืจื ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืชื ืื

ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื ืกื’ืจ. ืœื ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื“ืขืชื ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื ืื™, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ืฉื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื ื•ืจืฆื• ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืกืชื.

ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื’ื ืœืชื•ืก', ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ืฉืœื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ื™ื•ืขื™ืœ, ืฉื”ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื (ืข' ืชื•ืก' ื˜ื•ืš ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื˜:, ืชื•ืก' ื—ื›ืžื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ืชื•ืก' ืจ"ืฉ): "ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ื›ืš, ื•ืจืง ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืชื•, ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืœื ื—ืฉืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ

ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžืขืฉื” ื“ืขืชื•, ืฉื™ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ". ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืžืจืื” ืฉืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ื•ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืข"ื“ ืœืขืœื•ืช. ืกื‘ืจืชื ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื“ืขืชื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ,

ืฉืืœ"ื›, ืžืคืงืคืงื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื“ืขืชื•. ืื•ืœื, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืœืง ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ืขื•ืชื ื›ื–ืืช ืฉืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื“ืขืชื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืืžืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ื—ืฉืฉื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื“ืขืชื. ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื ืื™ ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืงื—. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื ืกื’ืจ ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ ื•ื“ื™ ืžื–ื“ืขื–ืข. ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœื ื—ืฉืฉื• ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ื™ืกื’ืจ ื•ืœื ื—ืฉืฉื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื ืื• ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืขื•ื“ ืคืขื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ.

ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœื"ื™ ื“ื™ ื ืคื•ืฅ, ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื“ื™ ืฆืคื•ื™, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉืžื•ื›ืจ ืข"ื“ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœื"ื™ ืฉื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืกื’ืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืชื ืื• ืฆืคื•ื™ื”.

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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืœืคื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื, ืฉื›ื•ืชื‘: "ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ื•ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”", ืฉืกื‘ืจืชื• ื ืจืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ - ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื“ืขืชื•, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื•

ืจืื™ื” ืžื•ื›ื—ื” ื ื’ื“ื™ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื’"ืค ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื“ืขืชื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืืค' ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื™ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ื”ืชื ืื™, ื•ืœื ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื“ืขืชื ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื ืื™ ืืœื ืฉ"ื ื—ืชื“ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ" (ืข' ืจื"ืฉ, ืชื•ืก' ืจ"ื™

ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื”ืœื•ืงื— ื”ื–ืงืŸ), ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ืขื•ืกืง, ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื“ืขืชื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ.41

ื’ื ื‘ื–ื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืงืคืง ื•ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ืžืงืจื™ื ื• ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ื›ื• ืœื™ื” ืœื–ื•ื–ื™ ืฉื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ื’ืž' ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืกืคืกื™ืคื™ ืื39 ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืœื ืจืง ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœื™ (ืข' ืจืฉ"ื™ ื•ืื›ืž"ืœ).

ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื›ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื“ืขืชื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™-ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื ืื™ ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉื"ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืื™-ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื ืื™ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื (ื‘"ืง ืงื™:).40 ืื™ืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืชื ืื ื•ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืืžืจื™ืงื” ืืœื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื™ืŸ ืœืขืœื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ืขืชื ืœืžื™ืกืง41

ืœื"ื™ ื•ื ืื ืก (ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื .) ืฉืฉื ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ื’ื™ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ืื ื”ืžืงื— ื‘ื˜ืœ. ืžืฉื•ื ืฉ (ื) ื™ืฉ ืฉืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืฉืืค' ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืœื– ื”ืžืงื— ื‘ื˜ืœ (ืข' ืจืžื‘"ื ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื™ื:ื—, ืชื•ืก' ืจ"ื™ ื”ื–ืงืŸ),

(ื‘) ืืค' ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ื‘ืคืกืง ื”ืœื›ื” (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื .), ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืงื™ื™ื ื”ืชื ืื™; ื”ืชื ืื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉืจืฆื• ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืข"ื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉืจืฆื• ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืข"ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ืฉื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื”. ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืงื™ื™ื ื”ืชื ืื™.

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Page 42: 2016 SBM TeshuvotTable of Contents Introduction to Topic 3 SBM 2016 Shayla 5 Teshuvot Rabbi Aryeh Klapper 6 Shira Krinsky 2 0 Levi Mastrangelo 30 Leead Staller 33 Introduction to To

ื‘ืงืฉ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื•ืกื™ืจื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ืโ€”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืชื• ืจืง ืข"ื“ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”.

ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ (ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืฉืœื ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืฉืœื”ื ืœื‘ื ืง), ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช. ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ืžืชื™ื™ืืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื•ื™ืชืจื• ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ืžื ื•ืœื›ืŸ

ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืงืจืงืขื. ื•ืื›ืŸ, ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื›ืจ, ื›ืฉื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื•ืฆื’ ืœืคื ื™ื”ื, ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื“ืขืชื ื•ืจืฆื• ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ.

ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื‘ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ืžื” ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื“ืขืชื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจโ€”ื•ื›"ื› ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื—:) ืฉื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ืžื•ื ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืžืงื— ืข"ื™ ืชื ืื™.

iii) ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืžื” ื“ืขืชื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืžื”ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ. ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืจ' ื—ื ื ืืœ (ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ืชื•ืก' ืจื™"ื“ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื"ื› ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื’ื ื‘ื "ื“ ื™ืฉ ืžื˜:, ื .) ืžืกื•ื•ื’ ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ืขืชื ืœืžืกื™ืง ืœื"ื™ ื•ื–ื•ื–ื™ ื›ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื“ืžื•ื›ื—.

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ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื“ืžื•ื›ื—โ€”ืืค' ืื ืœื ื’ื™ืœื• ื“ืขืชื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจโ€”ื•ื”ืžื›ืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ืœ.

ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžืฉืžืข ืžื”ืชืฉื‘"ืฅ (ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืจ' ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ื›ื“) ืฉืื ืฉื ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจโ€”ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื–ื•, ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืงื—. ื"ื›, ื‘ื "ื“ ืฉื”ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืœื ืกื•ืชืจ ืืช

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืœื• ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืืžืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื”, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืื•ืžื“ื ื ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ.

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ืื•ืœื, ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื”ืชื•ืก' ืจื™"ื“ ื•ื ื›ื“ื• ื”ืจื™ื"ื– (ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื˜:, ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฆื–., ื•ื›ื•') ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื— ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ, ื•ื›ืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ืื• ืื•ืžื“ื ื ืฉื ื•ื•ื“ื ืœื ื• ืžืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืฉื•ื ืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ืœื›ืชื™. ื"ื› ื‘ื "ื“ ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช

ื”ืžืงื— ืื"ื› ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื’ื™ืœื• ื“ืขืชื ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ. ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”, ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื‘ ื”ืื™ ื’ืื•ืŸ (ืžืงื— ื•ืžืžื›ืจ ื˜"ื•) ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืžืฉื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ, ื•ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื• ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืงื—.

ืืข"ืค ืฉืจื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื›ื”ืชื•ืก' ืจื™"ื“ ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื“ืžื•ื›ื— ื‘ืžื›ืจ, ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืชื•ืก ืจื™"ื“, ื•ืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืคืกืงื• ื›ืžื•ื”ื•.

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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื (ืฉื•"ืช ืžื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื›ื“) ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื ื•, ืื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื˜ืจ ืฉื™ื•ื—ืœ "ืงื ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื’ืžื•ืจ", ื"ื›, ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืงื ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื—ืœ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืชื ืื™, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืœื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื ืื™.

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ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื—ืœ ืžื™ื“, ืืคืฉืจ ื’"ื› ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืชื ืื™ ื”ืงื ื™ืŸ.46

ืืคืฉืจ ืขื•ื“ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช, ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืงืจืงืขโ€”ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืจื"ืฉ (ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘). ื”ื•ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืœืคื™ ืจืฉ"ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืงื— ืจืง ื‘ืงืจืงืข ื•ืœื ื‘ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ. ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืงืจืงืข ื›ื“ื‘ืจ

"ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืจื ืก ื‘ื”ื"โ€”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื” ื‘ื "ื“, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืžืชืคืจื ืกื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืงืจืงืข, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉืœืคื™ ื”ืจื"ืฉ ื‘ื "ื“ ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžื›ืจ ืืค' ืื ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉื’ื™ืœื• ื“ืขืชื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ.

ืื›ืŸ, ื”ืจื"ืฉ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืกื‘ืจืชื• ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื: ื‘ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืื“ื ืžื•ื›ืจ ื—ืคืฆื™ื• ืืค' ื“ืขืชื• ืœื™ืฉืืจ ื›ืืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืงืจืงืข "ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืื“ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืงืจืงืขื•ืชื™ื• ... ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ืœืขืงื•ืจ ื“ื™ืจืชื• ืžื›ืืŸ". ืื– ื”ืจื"ืฉ ื’ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืงืจืงืข ื›ืžืงื•ื ื“ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ืโ€”ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื”ืื ื‘ื "ื“ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ืžืงื•ื ื“ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื™,

ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื‘ื™ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื•ืœื ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืžื”, ืื‘ืœ ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ืื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžืงื•ื ื“ื™ืจื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืœืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉืžื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืจืงืข ืœืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืชื™ ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช:

(ื) ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ืงืจืงืข ื•ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ-ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืจื"ืฉ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื.

ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืื™ืš ืจ"ื— ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืž' ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื˜: ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืื“ืขืชื ืœืžืกื™ืง ืœื"ื™ ื”ืžื›ืจ ืœื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ืข"ื™ ื“ืขืชื•.42 ืืคืฉืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ืขืœ ื˜ืขื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื˜ืขืŸโ€”ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกื›ื™ื ืื™ืชื ืขืœ ื”ื•ื“ืขืชื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ. ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื“ืขืชื, ืืœื43

ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื˜ืขื•ื ืชื™ื• ืœื‘"ื“ ื•ืžืกืชืžืš ืขืœื™ื ื• ื›ื‘"ื“ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื. ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืฉื‘"ืฅ ืฉื‘ื "ื“ ืืข"ืค ืฉื”ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืžื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ, ืื ื• ื›ื‘"ื“ ืžืกืชืคืงื™ื ื‘ื” ื•ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœื™ื”. ืžื™ ื ืืžืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ืช ื”ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืงื” ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื‘ืฉืขืช

ื”ืžื›ืจโ€”ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืžื™ื“ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ื‘ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœื”ืžืขื™ื“ ืืช ื“ืขืชื. ืข' ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžื ื—ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ื—ืœืง ื• ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืข44 ืง"ืง ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ (ืฉื•"ืช ืชืชืงืขื‘) ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื‘ืžื›ืจ ืขื ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžื›ืจ ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื ืื™ ืชืœื•ื™, ื•ื›ืฉืื—"ื› ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืชื ืื™, ื”ืžืงื— ืžืงื•ื™ื45

ืœืžืคืจืข ืžืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ื•ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ืงื ื™ืŸ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืฉืขืช ื”ืงื ื™ืŸ. ืœืžื” ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ืœื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ืจ? ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืœืง, ืฉืืข"ืค ืฉื‘ืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื•ื—ืœ ื”ืงื ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“, ืž"ืž ืœื•ืงื— ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืžื•ืขื‘ืจืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื‘ื"ื™, ื•ื—ืชื™ืžืช46

ืฉื˜ืจ ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืจืง ื”ืชื—ืœืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืงืจืงืข ื•ืœื ื”"ื’ืžืจ".

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Page 43: 2016 SBM TeshuvotTable of Contents Introduction to Topic 3 SBM 2016 Shayla 5 Teshuvot Rabbi Aryeh Klapper 6 Shira Krinsky 2 0 Levi Mastrangelo 30 Leead Staller 33 Introduction to To

ื‘ืงืจืงืข - ื”ืžืจื ืงืžื ืžื•ื—ื–ืง; ื•ื‘ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ - ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืง ื”ื•ื ืžื™ ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืขื›ืฉื• ื‘ื—ืคืฅ ("ืžื” ืฉืชื—ืช (ื‘) ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžื•ื—ื–ืงื•ืช:47

ื™ื“ ืื“ื ืฉืœื•"). ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืžื’ื“ืจื™ื ืžืงืจื™ื ื• ื›ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืงืจืงืข, ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืคืงืคืง ื‘ืžื•ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข (ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื ืขืžื•ื“ ืœื”ืœืŸ).

iv) ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื (ืงืฆื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ืจื :ื”, ืฉื•"ืช ื’ื™ื ืช ื•ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื—ื•"ืž ื”:ื) ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”, ื•ื‘ืกืคืง ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžื›ืจ ื•ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืœืžื•ื›ืจื™ื. ืกืคืง ื“ืขืช ื•ืกืคืง ืื•ืžื“ื ื ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืงื— ื•ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืงืจืงืข; ืจืง ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ื•ื“ืื™ืช ืจื•ืฉืžืช ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื "ื“ ืฉืžืกืชืคืงื™ื ืื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื“ืขืชื ื”ื™ื”

ืฉื™ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื›ืจ ืข"ื“ ืฉื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืขืช ื•ืจืฆื• ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืกืชื. ืื—ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื (ืข' ืฉื•"ืช ืžื ื—ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•:ืงืข ืฉืžืฆื˜ื˜ ื”ืฉื•"ืข ื‘ื—ื•"ืž ืจืž"ื•:ื” ื•ื”ืกืž"ืข ืฉื) ืฉื‘ืกืคืง ื“ืขืช ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืื—ืจ

, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื "ื“ ืฉืžืกืชืคืงื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ, ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืข"ืค ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืง. ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืง48

ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ืื ื’ื™ืœื• ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื“ืขืชื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ืื• ืืš ื•ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื›ืจ. ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื“ื™ื“ืŸ, ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ืง ื•ืœืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื’ื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื• ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช

ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ, ื•ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืฉื ืฆื˜ืจืš ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื• ืืช ื“ืขืชื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื ืฉืืจื ื• ื‘ืกืคืง ืขืœ ืชื•ืงืคื• ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืชื, ื•ืกืคืง ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ืœื ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืงืจืงืข ืœืคื™ ื›ืžื” ืคื•ืกืงื™ื. ืœืคื™ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื

ื‘ืกืคืง ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืง โ€” ื•ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืžื™ื”ื• ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื "ื“ (ืข' ืœื”ืœืŸ).

ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืกืงื ืชื™ื ื•, ื”ืจื"ื (ืฉื•"ืช ื˜ื–) ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•"ืื ืŸ ืœื ื‘ืงื™ืื™ื ืŸ ื”ืื™ื“ื ื ื‘ืฉืขื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืงื™ืื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“, ื“ื”ื•ื• ื‘ืงื™ืื™ ื˜ืคื™ ื‘ืื•ืžื“ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืื™ื–ื” ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื™ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื“ืžื•ื›ื—ื ื•ืื™ ื–ื” ืžื”ื ืœื

ื”ื•ื™ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื“ืžื•ื›ื—ื, ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืžื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“ ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื• ื‘ืœื ืจืื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”, ืืœื ืื• ื‘ืื•ืžื“ ืฉื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“, ืื• ื‘ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื“ืžื•ื›ื—ื ื˜ืคื™, ื“ืœื™ื›ื ืœืžื™ืชืœื™ ื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืžืœืชื ืื—ืจื™ืชื™". ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืคืกืง ื”ื’ื™ื ืช ื•ื•ืจื“ื™ื (ื—ื•"ืž ื”:ื) ื•ื”ื—ื›ื

ืฆื‘ื™ (ืงืœื”). ืœื›ืŸ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื"ื ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื• ืข"ืค ืื•ืžื“ื ื•ืช, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื”, ืžืกืชืคืงื™ื ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืžืงืจื™ื ื• ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ืžืจื, ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ื‘ืงื™ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืžื“ื ื•ืช, ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืง.

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ืื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื•. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืงืจืงืข ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืจื ืงืžื. ื•ื›ืš ืคืกืง ื”ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื (ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื˜:), ืฉืืœื•ืœื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื"ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืจืฉ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉืžื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืจืงืข ืœืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ืขืชื ืœืžืกื™ืง

ืœื"ื™ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืกืคืง ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ื”ืœื•ืงื— ืžื•ื—ื–ืง, ื•ื‘ืกืคืง ืงืจืงืข ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืžื•ื—ื–ืงโ€”"ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืงืจืงืข ื ื™ื—ื ื“ืœื ื”ื•ื” ื–ื‘ื™ื ื™ ื–ื‘ื™ื ื, ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืกืคื™ืงื ื”ื•ื”, ืงืจืงืข ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช ื‘ืขืœื™ื” ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื” ื–ื‘ื™ื ื™ ื–ื‘ื™ื ื". ื”ืคื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข (ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื˜:) ื”ืืจื™ืš ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื–ืืช ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉืืค' ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจื• ืœื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื“ืžื™ ืœืชืคื™ืกื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืกืคืง, ื•ืœื›ืŸ "ืื•ืงื™

ื”ืžืงื— ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช ืžืจื ืงืžื".

ืื•ืœื, ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ืžืงื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ืโ€”ืžื“ื•ืข ื ืืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืœื•ืงื— ืžื•ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืงื ื” ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืฉื˜ืจ? ืืข"ืค ืฉื‘ืกืคืง ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืž"ืง, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืœื•ืงื— ืจืื™ื” ืœื˜ืขื ืชื• (ื›ืžื• ื—ื–ืงืช ื’' ืฉื ื™ื ืื•

ืฉื˜ืจ) ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•. ื"ื›, ื‘ื "ื“ ืœืžื” ืœื ื ืฉืื™ืจ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืœื•ืงื—?

ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ "ืฉื˜ืจื ืžื–ื•ื™ืฃ" (ื‘"ื‘ ืœื‘:), ืฉืฉืžื” ืจืื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ืงื— ืฉื˜ืจ ืžื–ื•ื™ืฃ ื•ืžืกืชืคืงื™ื ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื˜ืจ ืžื–ื•ื™ืฃ (ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’ื ืžื™ื’ื•) ื›ืจืื™ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืงืจืงืข. ืชื•ืก' ื•ืจื•ื‘

ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื (ืฉื) ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืžืกืงื ืช ื”ื’ืž' ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืœืžื•ื›ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžืจื ืงืžื ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื•ื—ื–ืงื•ืช. ื™ื•ืฆื ื"ื› ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืขืฆื ืชื•ืงืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืกืคืง, ืืค' ืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืขืœื” ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ืงื—, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืž"ืง

ื›ืžื•ื–ื—ืง.50

ืื•ืœื, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื›ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืชื ืื™ (ืข"ืค ืื•ืžื“ื ื) ื”ืžื‘ื˜ืœื•. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ืขืฆื ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืœื ืžื•ืชืงืฃ; ื›ื•ืœื ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืžื›ืจื• ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข. ืฉืืœืชื ืจืง ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื ืื™. ืœื›ืŸ,

ื›ืฉืžื›ืจื• ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ืขืœื” ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ืงื— ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœืžื•ื—ื–ืง, ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืกืคืง ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืฉืœ ืชื ืื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืื—ืจ

ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื˜:, ื‘"ื— ื—ื•"ืž ืจื–47 ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื”ืž"ืง ืžื•ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ. ื ืจืื” ืœืงืžืŸ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ื•ืœืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื "ื“ ื”ืœื•ืงื— ื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ. ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื’"ื› ื™ืกื›ื™ื ื‘ื "ื“ ื•ื™ื—ืœื•ืง48

ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืชื ื” ื•ืžื›ืจ, ื•ืื›ืž"ืœ. ืื›ืŸ, ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ื• ื™ืฆื ืžื—' ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืขืชื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืžื ื”ื’ ืคื’ื•ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ืชื™ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื•ืชืœื•ื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืขืœ ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ49

ื”ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื. ื™ื•ืฆื ื"ื› ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื“ื•ืŸ ืข"ืค ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื"ื ืฉื"ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื•. ื•ื›ืš ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืžืฉืžืจืช ื›ื”ื•ื ื” (ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื˜:)50

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ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืง ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ื—ื–ืงืชื•. ื•ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื (ืฉื•"ืช ืชืชืงืขื‘) "ื“ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื›ื ืฉืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื›ืœื ืœื•ืงื— ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื“ ื•ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืฉื˜ืจ ื•ื‘ื—ื–ืงื”. ืืœื ืฉื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืœื”ืกืชืœืง ืžื—ืžืช ืชื ืื™ ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื

ืฉื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื”ืจื™ ืงืจืงืข ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช ืœื•ืงื— ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื›ืฉื• ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืž' ื‘ื–ื” ืื•ืงื™ ืžืžื•ื ื ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช ืžืืจื™ ืงืžื. ... ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื ืชืคืก ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื ืคืงื ืžื™ื ื” ืœื–ื” ืฉื™ืจื“ ืœืชื•ื›ื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื." ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืกืงื™ื (ืข' ื“"ืž ื—ื•"ืž ืจื–, ื‘"ื™ ื—ื•"ืž ื›ื˜, ืกื–, ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•, ืจื ื, ืงืฆื•ืช ืจื ื, ื•ื›ื•') ื•ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ

ืœื”ืœื›ื”.

ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ืœื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืงืจื™ื ื• ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืขืœื™ื• ืžืฉื ื™ ื˜ืขืžื™ื; ืขื ื–ืืช, ืฉื ื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื™ื“ื—ื•.

ื) ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืกืคืง ื”ื‘ื ืžืชืจื™ ื•ืชืจื™, ื•ืื ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืกืคืง ื“ื“ื™ื ื. ื›ืš ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืžืœ"ืž (ื˜ื•"ื  ื˜ื•:ื™ื) ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ืข ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืคืกืงื™ื• ืฉืœื ืžืฆื ืฉื•ื ืจืื™ื” ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืงื•, ื•ืฉื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื—ืœืงื• ืขืœื™ื•. ื’"ื›

ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉื‘ืกืคื™ืงื ื“ื“ื™ื ื ื’ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืœื•ืงื— ื›ืžื•ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื• (ื—"ื’ ืงืกื‘). ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืžืœ"ืž ืžื•ื“ืข ืฉื—ื™ืœื•ืงื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื™ ื•ืชืจื™ ื•ืกืคืงื™ ื“ื“ื™ื ื ื”ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืคืš ื”ื’ืžื•ืจ ืžืกื‘ืจืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื‘ื‘"ื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ

51

(ืœื‘.).52

ื‘) ืœืžื” ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉื”ืžื›ืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืืœื ืฉื”ืชื ืื™ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืกืคื™ืงื•? ืื“ืจื‘ื, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืชื ืื™ ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ืขืฆื ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืœืกืคืง, ื•ืื ืœื ื ืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ืชื ืื™, ื ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ืžื›ืจ ืžืกืคืง.

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ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื›ืœื™ื (ืข' ื‘"ื™, ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืงืฆื•ืช ืฉื) ืžื‘ืืจื™ื ืฉื”ืชื ืื™ "ืžื™ืœืชื ืื—ืจื™ืชื™ ื”ื™ื" ื•ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืงื— ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ืจ ื•ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืžื›ืจ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื›ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืžื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื” ืœื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื ืื™

ื•ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืœืขื“ื”, ืืœื ืฉืื™ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื ืื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ืœืžืคืจืข. ื•ื›ืš ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื (ืฉื•"ืช ืงื ื•). ื›ืš ื’ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื (ื–:ื™) "ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืชื ืื™ ืžื™ืœืชื ืื—ืจื™ืชื™ ื•ืœื ืžืจืข ืœื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”".

ื•ืขืœ ืชืฉืืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื ืื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื™ืœืชื ืื—ืจื™ืชื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ืข"ืค ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืชื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ืจืคืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืขื ื”ืžื›ืจ ื•ืขืฆื ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื“ื ื. ื"ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื›ืš ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™

ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ื•ืชื ืื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžื›ืจ ืข"ื™ ืชื ืื™ ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื. ืืค' ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• (ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื”:) ืฉืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื ืื™ื ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื“ืขืช, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจืง ืขืœ "ื“ืขืช ืžื” ืฉืขื‘ืจ"โ€”ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื•. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื

ืฉืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ืฉื”ืชื ืื™ ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ (ื‘ืขืชื™ื“) ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื“ืขืช ื•ืชื ืื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื "ื“ ืฉืชื ืื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืœืชื ืื—ืจื™ืชื™.

ื"ื› ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉืœืคื™ ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื‘ื "ื“ ื”ืœื•ืงื— ืžื•ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืงืจืงืข ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ืžื›ืจ ื•ืขืœื” ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื•, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื• ืข"ืค ืกืคืง ืชื ืื™. ื•ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคืกื•ืง ื›ื”ืœื›ื”. ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืคื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื”ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ืœืขื™ืœ ืฉื›ืœ ืžื›ืจ ืื ืชื ืื™ ื“ืžื™ ืœืชืคื™ืกื”

ืœืื—ืจ ืœื™ื“ืช ืกืคืง ื ืฉืœืœื™ื ืข"ืค ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื, ื•ื›ืš ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืกืคื™ืงื•ืช (ืฉื). ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจืฉื‘"ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื•ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืคืกืง ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ื• ื ืคืกืงื• ื”ืœื›ื” ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ืŸ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืžืชื—ืช ื™ื“ ื”ืœื•ืงื— ืžืคื ื™

ืกืคืง.54

ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื›ืœ ื”ื "ืœ ืฉืžืงื•ื ืฉืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื‘ื "ื“ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ืื ื”ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื•ื•ื“ืื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืงื—, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืกืคืง ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืกื•ืง ืื• ื›ืงืฆื•"ื— ืฉืกืคืง ืื•ืžื“ื ื ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืื•ืžื“ื ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืงื— ืื• ื›ืจื"ื ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื

ืกืคืง ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืงืจืงืข ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืงโ€”ืฉื‘ื "ื“ ื”ื™ื ื”ืœื•ืงื—.

ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื‘ื "ื“ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืงื— ืข"ืค ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื. ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ ืชื•ืก' ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื‘"ืง ืฉื•ืืœ ืฉืื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืžื“ื ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืงื— "ืื ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื”ืœื•ืงื— ืคืจื” ืžื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื•ื ื˜ืจืคื” ืื•

ืžืชื” ืื ืŸ ืกื”ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ื›ืŸ ืœืงื—ื”?" ืชื•ืก' ืžื•ื˜ืจื“ ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืžื“ื ื

ืข' ืคืจื ืงืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืก' ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืขืž' ืชืงื ื•ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืฆื™ื˜ื˜ื• ืฉืžื”51 ื”ืžืœ"ืž ื ื™ืกื” ืœืชืจืฅ ืืช ื”ืกืชื™ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช, ืื‘ืœ ืชื™ืจื•ืฆื• ืงืฉื”.52 ื›ืš ืฉื•ืืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืข' ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื“ืžืฉืง ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื—ื•"ืž ื›ื˜53 ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืžื”ืจ"ืŸ (ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ื“"ืž ื—ื•"ืž ืจื–:ื) ืฉืคื•ืกืง ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื ืชื™ื ืช ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืขืœ ื›ืจื—ื” ื”ืž"ืง ื ืฉืืจ ืžื•ื—ื–ืง, ืฉืฉืžื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื›ืจืžื• ืฉืœื54

ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื "ื“. ืข' ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ืœืขื™ืœ, ื•ืข' ืงื•ื "ืก ืฉื.

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Page 45: 2016 SBM TeshuvotTable of Contents Introduction to Topic 3 SBM 2016 Shayla 5 Teshuvot Rabbi Aryeh Klapper 6 Shira Krinsky 2 0 Levi Mastrangelo 30 Leead Staller 33 Introduction to To

ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉื›ืœ ืžืงื— ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ. ืœื›ืŸ, ืชื•ืก' ืžืชืจืฆื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืงื—. ืื•ืœื ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืชื•ืก' ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื•.

ื ืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื’ื‘ื™ ื "ื“ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืœืš ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืงื— ืข"ื™ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืžืงื—. ืชื•ืก' ื‘ื‘"ืง ืžืชืจืฅ "ื“ื”ืชื ืœืื• ื‘ืœื•ืงื— ืœื—ื•ื“ื™ื” ืชืœื™ื ืžื™ืœืชื ืืœื ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ืขืช ืžื•ื›ืจ ื•ืžื•ื›ืจ ืืงื ื” ืœื™ื”1)

ืื“ืขืชื ื“ื”ื›ื™ ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ื ื“ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื” ืงื™ื™ืžื ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ื”ื™ืืš ื“ืขืชื” ืœื”ืชืงื“ืฉ ื•ื›ืŸ ื’ื‘ื™ ืžืงื“ื™ืฉ ื ืžื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื™ื” ืงืื™ ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ื’ื–ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื™ื” ืงืื™". ื”ืžืœ"ืž (ื–ื›ื™ื™ื” ื•) ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืก' ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื ืื™ ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื ืื™ ืฉืจืง ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื•ื ื”ืคืกื“ ื‘ืื™-ืงื™ื•ื

ื”ืชื ืื™. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืžื™ืชืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ (ื’ืž' ื‘"ืง ืงื™), ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื˜ ืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืื• ื‘ืื™-ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื ืื™โ€”ืœื ืื™ื›ืคืช ืœื• ืื ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื™ืคืงื™ืขื• ืœืžืคืจืข. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื”

ื•ื ื˜ืจืคื” ื™ืฉ ืœืžื•ื›ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื˜ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื ืื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืคื™ื“ ืื ืžื‘ื˜ืœื™ืŸ ื”ืžื›ืจโ€”ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืคืจื” ืฉืœื™ืžื”, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืคืจื” ื˜ืจื™ืคื”.

ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื "ื“, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”ืคืกื“ ืœืœื•ืงื— ืื ื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืœืžื•ื›ืจื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื ืชืŸ ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืœื• ื”ื›ืกืฃ. ืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื (ื•ื›"ื› ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืจืœ:ื). ืข"ื› ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืข"ืค ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืงื—.

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ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ (ืฉื) ื•ื”ืžื—ื ื” ืืคืจื™ื (ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื“) ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื"ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืงื— ื›ืฉื”ืื•ื ืก ืงืจื2) ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชืš, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืœื•ืงื— ืคืจื” ื•ื ื˜ืจืคื” ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžื›ืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืคืจืชื• ื ื˜ืจืคื” ื•"ื ืกืชืคื—ื” ืฉื“ื”ื•" ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื

ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ืงืœืงื•ืœ ื”ืคืจ ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื›ืื—ืจืื™ ื•ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืงื—., ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื‘ื "ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ื–ืืช ืœื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื ืก

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ื”ืžืงื— ืข"ืค ืื•ืžื“ื ื. ื”ืคื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข (ื‘"ืง ืงื™:) ืžืฆื™ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ืฉื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจ3)

ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉืฉ ืฆื“ื“ื™ ื•ื˜ืคืœ ืœืขื™ืงืจ ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื›ืจ. ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื–ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ื›ื• ืœื™ื” ืœื–ื•ื–ื™ ืžื›ืจ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืจืฆื” ื”ื–ื•ื–ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื•ื›ืจ ืคืจื” ื•ื ื˜ืจืคื” ืœื ืงื ื”

ื”ืœื•ืงื— ื”ืคืจื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ื ื˜ืคืจื”, ืงื ื” ืื•ืชื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืจื•ืฉ ืฉื“ื”ื• โ€”ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ื˜ืจื™ืคืช ื”ืคืจื”.57

ื‘ื "ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืžื›ืจื• ืืช ืงืจืงืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ื“ื•ืงื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืืžืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืงื— ืข"ื™ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื•.

ื”ืชื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื (ื‘"ืง ืงื™:) ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœืื™-ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื ืื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื“ื ื4) ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœืื™-ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื ืื™. ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื™ืคืช ืคืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœื˜ืจื™ืคืช ื”ืคืจื” (ื ืคื•ืฅ ืฉืคืจื•ืช ืžืชื•ืช) ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื"ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืงื— ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ืชืช ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื—ื˜ืืช (ื’ืž' ื‘"ืง ืงื™) ืื™ื ื ื• ื ืคื•ืฅ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ

ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืงื—ื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื”. ื‘ื "ื“ ืกื’ื™ืจืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื ื ืคื•ืฅ ืื• ืฆืคื•ื™, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืฉืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืœืขื™ืœ.

ื”ืจื™"ื (ืฉื•"ืช ืื”"ืข ื›ื”) ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืื ื“ืขืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื›ืชื ืื™, ื”ืื ื”ืœื•ืงื— ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื›ื™ื5) ืœืชื ืื™, ืื• ื”ืื ื”ืœื•ืงื— ื”ื™ื” ืžืงืคื™ื“ ืฉื”ืงื ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ืชื ืื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื—ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืชื ืื. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื™ืฉ

ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืฆื•ื ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืขื ืชื ืื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืœื•ืงื— ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ืชื ืื™ ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืื™ื–ื• ืžื”ื ื™ื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืจืฆื•ื ื.

ื‘ื "ื“ ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืชื ืื ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืœื•ืงื— ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืœื•ืงื— ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ืงืจืงืขื ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื, ืœืžื” ื™ืงืคื™ื“ ื›"ื› ืขืœ ืชื ืื? ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื

ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื’ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ื–ืืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืงื— ื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื›ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ืฉื•ื” ืœื• ืœื ืœื”ื ื™ื—ื.58

ืข"ื™ ืื•ืžื“ื ื. ื”ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” (ื™ื•"ื“ ืงืžื ืกื˜) ืžืฆื™ืข ืฉืœืคื™ ืชื•ืก' ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช (ื•ื›ืš ื ืœืคืข"ื“ ืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืชื•ืก' ืฉื) ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืœืฉื”6)

ืฉืœื‘ื™ื. ืื ื™ืฉ "ืื•ืžื“ื ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื›ื ื•ืก ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืกืคืง ื›ืœืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืชืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืขืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืื–ืœื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืชืจ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื“ื—ื“ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ... ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื‘ืจื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืกืคืง ืืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ื’"ื› ืื•ืžื“ื ื ืฉืื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื™ืืจืข ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™' ืขื•ืฉื” ืื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื“ืขืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ

ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ "ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช" โ€œOpportunity Costsโ€ ืœืœื•ืงื— ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืกืคื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืžืงื— ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื. ืืœื ืฉ(ื) ืœืคื™ ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช55 ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ (ืจืœ:ื) ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื•, ื•(ื‘) ืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืžืคืชื— ื‘ื›ืกืคื™ ื”ืžื›ืจ.

ืข' ื’ืž' ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘. ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื ืกืชืคื—ื” ืฉื“ื”ื• ื‘ืื•ื ืก ื“ืœื ืฉื›ื™ื—ื™.56 ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื ื”ืชื ื• ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื ืื™ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืง ืื•ืžื“ื ื.57 ืืคืฉืจ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืœื•ืงื— ื™ื“ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืข ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ืš ืžืื•ืžื“ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.58

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ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืคืจื” ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ื•ืื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื“ืขืช ื—ื“ ืฉืคื™ืจ ื’ื ื‘ื–ื” ืื–ืœื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืชืจ ืื•ืžื“ื ื." ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ื "ื‘ื™ ืฉืžืงืจื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื›ื ื•ืก ื‘ืกืคืง ื›ืœืœ ืื–ืœื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืชืจ ืื•ืžื“ื ื.

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ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื "ื“ ืฉืžืกืชืžื ื”ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืื•ืชื• ืกืคืงโ€”ืฉืื ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ื™ืกื’ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”โ€”ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืžื“ื ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืงื—.

ื”ืžื ื—ืช ืฉืœืžื” (ืฉื•"ืช ืชื ื™ื ื ืงืœื“) ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื ืžื•ื˜ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื”7) ื”ืชื ืื™. ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœื”ืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื”ื–ืืช, ื•ืื ืœืื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื ืื™.

ื"ื› ื‘ื "ื“ ืœื ื ืจืื” (ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืกื›ืžื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ) ืฉื™ืฉ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืงื— ืข"ื™ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”.

ื™ื•ืฆื ื"ื› ืฉืœืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ ืจื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืชื•ืก' ื•ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื“ื ื, ืื–ืœื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืชืจ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื‘ื "ื“ ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืงื—. ืื•ืœื, ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื (ืข' ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืžื ื—ืช ืฉืœืžื”, ื ื•"ื‘ื™) ืฉืกื‘ืจื• ืฉื"ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ

ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืžืงื— ืข"ื™ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื’ืžืจ ื”ืžืงื—. ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื’ื ื‘ื "ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื’ืžืจ ื”ืžืงื—60

. ื™ื•ืฆื ื"ื› ืฉืœืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืงื— ืข"ื™ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื›ื–ืืช, ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืงื—61

ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื’ืžืจื• ื”ืžืงื—.

ืœืคื™ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ, ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉื›ืฉืžืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืขื“ื ื ื™"ืค ืฉืืœืช ืžื™ื“ืชื” ื•ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื” (ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื“ืžื•ื›ื—, ืกืชื ืื•ืžื“ื ื, ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช, ื•ื›ื•') ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจ" ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืจื"ืฉ ื•ื‘ืชื•ืก' ื‘ื "ื“ ื"ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืงื—. ื•ื›ืฉืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื“ื ื

ืข"ืค ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชื•ืก' ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื‘"ืง ืื–ืœื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืชืจ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื‘ื "ื“ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืงื—. ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ื"ื› ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืกืชื™ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช?

ืœื›ืŸ, ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืขืžื“ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืกืชื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื“ื ื. ื”ื—ื›ื ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจ"ื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื“ืžื•ื›ื— ื™ืฉ ืžืงื— ื“ื•-ืฆื“ื“ื™ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืฉืกื•ืชืจ ืืžื“ืช ื”ืชื•ืก' ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช

ืฉื‘ืžืงื— ื“ื•-ืฆื“ื“ื™ ืœื ืื–ืœื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืชืจ ืื•ืžื“ื ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉืื ืกื‘ืจ ืชื•ืก' ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจ"ื™ (ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื“ืžื•ื›ื— ื ื’ื“ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื’ืจื™ืขื•ืชื) ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœืชืจืฅ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืœืฉืืœืชื•: "ืื ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื”ืœื•ืงื— ืคืจื” ืžื—ื‘ื™ืจื•

ื•ื ื˜ืจืคื” ืื• ืžืชื” ืื ืŸ ืกื”ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ื›ืŸ ืœืงื—ื”?" ืชื•ืก' ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืฉืื”"ื , ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื“ืžื•ื›ื— ืžื‘ื˜ืœื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงื—, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื›"ื› ื‘ืจื•ืจื”. ื•ื›ืš ืชื™ืจืฅ ื”ืคื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข (ื‘"ืง ืงื™:) ืฉืืœืช ืชื•ืก'!

ืœื›ืŸ, ื ืœืคืข"ื“ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืจืฅ ืืช ื”ืกืชื™ืจื” ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื: ืื”"ื  ื™ืฉ ืกืชื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืกืชื™ืจื”. ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช1)

ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ื•ืขืœื™ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.62

ืืœื ืฉืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืช ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื” ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืฉืžื ื™ื—ื” ืฉืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.

ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจ"ื™ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื›ื— ื”ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื•ืงื™ื•ืžื”. ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื ืฉืชืžืฉ2) ื‘ืื•ืžื“ื ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืื•ืžื“ื ื" ื•ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™. ืฉื ื™ืช,

ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืงืžื ื• ืืช ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืื•ืžื“ื ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืงื— ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืžื“ื ืโ€”ื”ืื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ืจืง ื‘ืžืงื—ื™ื ื—ื“-ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืื• ืืค' ื‘ืžืงื—ื™ื ื“ื•-ืฆื“ื“ื™ื? ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•

ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.63

ื™ื•ืฆื ื"ื› ืฉื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžื“ื ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืงื—. ื"ื› ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื‘ื "ื“ (ืžืฆื“ ื›ื•ื—ื” ื•ืงื™ื•ืžื”) ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืงื—, ืืข"ืค

ืฉืžืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžื“ื ื ืข"ืค ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื ื ืจืื” ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืžื“ื ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื’ื ืœืคื™

ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืก' ื‘ื ื•"ื‘ื™ ื‘ื ื•ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื•ืขื™ืœื• ื‘ื "ื“ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืงื—. ืื•ืœื, ื”ื ื•"ื‘ื™ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ืกื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืื™ื ื ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืืœื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™59 ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฉื™ื™ืืคืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืžื“ื ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืงื—.

ืœืคื™ ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื’ืžืจ ื”ืžืงื— ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืงื—, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื "ื“ ื”ืœื•ืงื— ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงืจืงืข. ืื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”,60 ื”ื™ื ื–ื›ื•ืชื•, ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ืื–ืœื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืจ ืื•ืžื“ืžื ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืžื›ืจ ื”ื–ื”.

ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื ื•"ื‘ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ื "ื“ ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื‘ืืจ ืœื”ืœืŸ.61 ื•ื›ืš ื ืจืื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื”ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื"ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืžื•ื“ื ื ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืงื— ื•"ื›ืœืชื” ื”ื ืืช ื”ืงื ื™ืŸ". ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื›ื–ืืช ื ืกืชืจืช62

ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืื ืขืžื“ืช ื”ื’ืž' ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืื•ืžื“ื ื ืข"ื™ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืงื— ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ื ื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื•ื›ื‘ืจ "ื›ืœืชื” ื”ื ืืช ืงื ื™ืŸ". ื•ืฆ"ืข ื˜ื•ื‘ื ืื™ืš ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืž' ื”ื–ืืช.

ืชื™ืจื•ืฅ ื›ื–ืืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื”ื ื•"ื‘ื™ ืžืงื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื’ืžืจ ื”ืžืงื— ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืื•ืžื ื“ื, ื•ืื—ืจ ื’ืžืจ ื”ืžืงื— ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื™ื63 ื”ืชืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืื•ืžื“ื ื ืœืชื ืื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืชื•ืขืœืช ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื—.

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Page 47: 2016 SBM TeshuvotTable of Contents Introduction to Topic 3 SBM 2016 Shayla 5 Teshuvot Rabbi Aryeh Klapper 6 Shira Krinsky 2 0 Levi Mastrangelo 30 Leead Staller 33 Introduction to To

ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžื“ื ื ืข"ืค ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืงื— ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื’ืžืจ ื”ืžืงื—, ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืขืœื• ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.

ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ื "ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืœื•ืงื—. 64

ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ืฉ. ื. ื–ื•ืœื˜ื™

ื "ืœ ืฉื–ื• ื’ื ืคืฉื˜ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืข"ืค ื”ืฉื•"ืข (ื—ื•"ืž ืจื– ื“-ื”), ืข"ืฉ.64

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