Permanent(Beta(

•  Lecture'at''Permanent'Beta'Dag'#7'•  Date:'13th'November'2015'

•  Loca<on:'Lyceum'Ro?erdam'

•  Language:' 'Sheets:'English'' ' ' ' 'Presenta<on:'Dutch'

•  Title:'' '“CO2(re.use”(11/14/15' Permanent'Beta' 1'

Pol'Knops'

Innova<on'Concepts'B.V.'

knops@innova<onconcepts.eu'

Tel:'+31'6S51304842'

Permanent Beta

CO2 re-use

11/13/15' 2'Permanent'Beta'

Myself(

•  Pol'Knops'•  52'year'•  MSc'Physisc'@'Twente'

•  Renewable,'energy'projects:'•  >'12'years'Gravity'Pressure'Vessel'•  5'years'Mineraliza<on'

CO2: 322,25 ppm

CO2: 400 ppm 11/13/15' 3'Permanent'Beta'

Presenta6on(

•  Three'topics:'– Why'CO2'?''

– How'to'use'CO2?'– How'to'make'rocks(with(CO2(

11/13/15' 4'Permanent'Beta'

Actueel(

11/13/15' 5'Permanent'Beta'

Actueel(

11/13/15' 6'Permanent'Beta'

Historie(

1957 Algemeen Indisch dagblad - de Preangerbode 10-01-1957

1994 Limburgs Dagblad

< 315 ppm

≈ 358 ppm

11/13/15' 7'Permanent'Beta'

1965(

≈ 318 ppm 11/13/15' 8'Permanent'Beta'

11/13/15' 9'Permanent'Beta'

11/13/15' 10'Permanent'Beta'

CO2(concentra6on(

11/13/15' 11'Permanent'Beta'

Yearly(CO2(

11/13/15' 12'Permanent'Beta'

Global(CO2(balance'

11/13/15' 13'Permanent'Beta'

Carbon(deposits(Amount((C)((X(10E15(kg)(

Rela6ve((%)(

Limestone'(CaCO3)' 35.000' 47%(

Dolomites'(CaCO3MgCO3)' 25.000' 33%(

Sedimentary'carbon' 15.000' 20%'

Recoverable'fossil'fuels' 4' 0,005%'

Oceanic'HCO3S'CO32S' 42' 0,056%'

Dead'Surficial'Carbon'(humus,'peat)' 3' 0,004%'

Atmospheric'CO2' 0,72' 0,00095%'

Biomass' 0,56' 0,0007%'

Anthropogenic'emissions' 0,008/year'

Natural'(volcanic)' 0,00005'/yr' (1%)'

“Live” “Dead”

11/13/15' 14'Permanent'Beta'

Pre(and(post(Industrial(

11/13/15' 15'Permanent'Beta'

11/13/15' 16'Permanent'Beta'

Why'2'

11/13/15' 17'Permanent'Beta'

Drive(•  Plenty(fossil'fuels:'

– Coal ' '3.000(–(5.000(Gigaton(C(

– Gas'– Shale'gas'– Gas'hydrate'– Oil'– Oil'sand'– Oil'shale'

So'Environmental'problem, 'NOT'resource(

11/13/15' 18'Permanent'Beta'

1/3(Way(•  Energy'“hunger”'•  Resources'available'

– Not'a'resource'problem,'but'environmental(

•  Various'op<ons:'– Energy'efficiency,'CCS,'Nuclear,'Biomass,'PV'– CO2(re.use(– CO2(re.move(

•  We'need'all'op<ons'

•  60(–(80%(REDUCTION(11/13/15' 19'Permanent'Beta'

CO2(use(

11/13/15' 20'Permanent'Beta'

CO2(molecule(

11/13/15' 21'Permanent'Beta'

“Uphill”'/'“Downhill”'En

ergy

leve

l

CO2

Coal

0

Permanent(Beta' 'Pol'Knops/'Innova<on'Concept''22'11/13/15'

“Uphill”'/'“Downhill”'En

ergy

leve

l

CO2

Coal

0

Urea Synthesis gas

CO

Permanent(Beta' 'Pol'Knops/'Innova<on'Concept''23'11/13/15'

“Uphill”'/'“Downhill”'En

ergy

leve

l

CO2

Coal

0

Urea Synthesis gas

CO

Permanent(Beta' 'Pol'Knops/'Innova<on'Concept''24'11/13/15'

CO2

“Uphill”'/'“Downhill”'En

ergy

leve

l

CO2

Coal

0

Urea Synthesis gas

CO

MgCO3

Permanent(Beta' 'Pol'Knops/'Innova<on'Concept''25'11/13/15'

CO2

(“Conven6onal”(CO2(uses(

•  Carbonated'water ' 'Spa,'Cola'etc.'•  Greenhouses ' ' ' 'OCAP'

•  Cooling ' ' ' ' ' 'replacing'CFK’s'

•  Solvent/Extrac<on ' 'Feyecon'(paint)'

•  EOR ' ' ' ' ' ' 'Driving'gas'' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '6.000'km'CO2'pipelines'

11/13/15' 26'Permanent'Beta'

11/13/15' 27'Permanent'Beta'

11/13/15' 28'Permanent'Beta'

Synthe6c(fuels(

11/13/15' 29'Permanent'Beta'

Mineraliza6on(

11/13/15' 30'Permanent'Beta'

Seifritz(1990(

11/13/15' Permanent'Beta' 31'

Mineraliza6on(reac6on(

Olivine: Mg2SiO4 + 2CO2 => 2MgCO3 + SiO2

[∆H = -239.2 kJ/mol]

11/13/15' 32'Permanent'Beta'

Exothermic(reac6on(Coal'

Gaseous'CO2'

Solid'Carbonate'

ΔH'='11,1'MJ/kg'CO2'80%(

ΔH'='2,7'MJ/kg'CO2'20%(

“The ground energy state of carbon is a mineral carbonate”

11/13/15' 33'Permanent'Beta'

Mineraliza6on(reac6on(

3'routes:'' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 'condi<ons ' 'focus''

natural'weathering ' 'ambient ' ' 'CO2'

Product'replacement ' 'various ' ' 'Replacement'Process'intensifica<on 'HPHT' ' ' 'End'Products'

11/13/15' 34'Permanent'Beta'

Natural(weathering(

11/13/15' 35'Permanent'Beta'

Product(replacement(

•  Use'Olivine:'– As'pebbles,'sand,'etc.''– Fer<lizer:'

'pH'stabilizing,'''Magnesium'release,'''CO2'binding'

•  Life<me'of'the'product''='weathering'rate'

•  Nickel'(for'olivine)''11/13/15' 36'Permanent'Beta'

Producten

11/13/15' 37'Permanent'Beta'

11/13/15' 38'Permanent'Beta'

11/13/15' 39'Permanent'Beta'

CO2(sequestra6on(

Increase(mineraliza6on:(

•  Ambient(Weathering(

•  Product(replacement(

•  Process(intensifica6on(

Weathering(rate:(

≈(1(μm/year(

≈100 µm/hr

Intensification: 1.000.000 times Permanent(Beta'11/13/15' 'Pol'Knops/'Innova<on'Concept''40'

Process(condi6ons(

Flue(gas(

60°C'

Ambient'(10%'CO2)'

seconds'

Mineraliza6on(

180°C'

40S100'bar'

1'hour'

VerTech((GPV)(

275°C'

100'bar'

1'hour'

Temperature'

Pressure'

Residence'<me'

Permanent(Beta'11/13/15' 'Pol'Knops/'Innova<on'Concept''41'

E'D'

Reactor'

B'

A:'Incoming'material'B:'DownComer'tube'C:'CO2'injec<on'D:'UpComer'tube'E:'Surrounding'cooling'tube'

C(

A'

11/13/15' 42'

S'The'Olivine'(or'Serpen<ne)'is'grinded'outside'the'reactor'and'fed'into'the'reactor.'S'CO2'is'injected'into'the'DownComer'tube'S 'Effluent'material'further'to'be'degassed,'dewatered'and'land'filled/applied'S 'Energy'recovery'(depending'on'exothermic'reac<on)'

Permanent'Beta'E(

E( E(

Construc6on(

•  Conven6onal(drilling:((Straight,(30”((

11/13/15' 43'Permanent'Beta'

Well'head'

11/13/15' 44'Permanent'Beta'

Batch(autoclave(

Permanent(Beta' 'Pol'Knops/'Innova<on'Concept''45'11/13/15'

Reac6on(products(

Sample:'U3:(

SiO2'

MgCO3'

11/13/15' 46'Permanent'Beta'

“take'home'message”'

•  Reduce'&'Recycle'&'Remove'

•  CO2'can'used'for'various'applica<ons'

•  This'is'being'done:'– Opera<onal'– R&D'level'

•  Much,'much'more'is'required'11/13/15' 47'Permanent'Beta'