2015 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Sample Tournament Station A: Examine the diagram of the Heart and answer the following questions. 1. Name and give the function of the structure labeled A. 2. Name and give the function of the structure labeled K. 3. Name and give the function of the structure labeled G. 4. Name and give the Function of the structure labeled M. 5. Name and give the function of the structure labeled E. 6. Name and give the function of the structure labeled L. 7. Name and give the function of the structure labeled B. 8. Name and give the function of the structure labeled F. 9. Name and give the function of the structure labeled C. 10. Name and give the function of the structure labeled I.

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2015 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Sample Tournament Station A: Examine the diagram of the Heart and answer the following questions.

1. Name and give the function of the structure labeled A. Aorta – carries oxygenated blood from heart to body

2. Name and give the function of the structure labeled K. Vena cava – brings blood back to heart from body

3. Name and give the function of the structure labeled G. Left ventricle – pumps blood through aorta to body

4. Name and give the Function of the structure labeled M. Right Atrium – collects blood coming in from vena cava

5. Name and give the function of the structure labeled E . Mitrial valve - keeps blood from sloshing back into left atrium from rt. ventricle

6. Name and give the function of the structure labeled L. Tricuspid valve - prevent flow from the rt. ventricle back into the rt. atrium

7. Name and give the function of the structure labeled B. Pulmonary artery - carry blood from the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen 8. Name and give the function of the structure labeled F. Aortic valve- prevent back from the aorta into the left ventricle 9. Name and give the function of the structure labeled C. Pulmonary vein- carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart 10. Name and give the function of the structure labeled I.

Right ventricle- It collects deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and then forces it into the lungs through the pulmonary valve.

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Station B:

11-20. Describe the electrical coordination of the heart contraction. Use the following diagram to assist you. Start at # 1 and describe the movement of the current from the heart’s pacemaker through the rest of the heart. Indicate the names of the regions involved in your explanation.

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Station B:

11-20. . Describe the electrical coordination of the heart contraction. Use the following diagram to assist you. Start at # 1 and describe the movement of the current from the heart’s pacemaker through the rest of the heart. Indicate the names of the regions involved in your explanation.

1. Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)-Pacemaker of the heart- The signal (action potential) begins at the SA node- Impulse from SA node spreads in all directions causing atrial

to contract. 2. Intra-atrial Pathway-carries electricity through atria 3. Internodal Pathway-carries electricity through atria 4. Atriaventricular Node (AV Node)-Back up pacemaker. Slows conduction - Temporarily pauses at the AV node When the impulse reaches AV node, it relays them by way of the AV bundle and Purkinje fibers to the ventricles causing them to contract. Travels down the

bundle of HIS and down the left and right bundle branches 5. Bundle of His-last part of conduction in atria 6. Right Bundle Branch-carry electricity through R. Ventricle 7. Purkinje Fibers-distribute electrical energy to the myocardium 8. Left Bundle Branch-carries electricity through L. Ventricle 9. Reaches the apex of the heart and goes up the ventricle outer walls via the Purkinje

system

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Station C: Examine the EKG diagrams and answer the following questions.

21. Using the diagrams, explain what happens during the P phase. 22. Using the diagrams, explain what happens during the QRS phase. 23. Using the diagrams, explain what happens during the T phase. 24. What occurs in ventricular systole?

25. What occurs in ventricular diastole? 26. What is Passive filling?

27. What occurs during active filling? 28. What is this abnormal heart rhythm called? Use the formulas to solve the following problems. 29. If systolic pressure is 122 and diastolic pressure is 84, what are the pulse pressure and the Mean Arterial Pressure?

30. Mrs. Jones has a heart rate of 85, a systolic pressure of 140 and diastolic pressure of 60, and an end diastolic volume of 110 and end systolic volume of 40. What is her cardiac output?

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Station C: Examine the EKG diagrams and answer the following questions.

21. Using the diagrams, explain what happens during the P phase. P = atria contract (depolarization)- Marks the beginning of atrial systole

22. Using the diagrams, explain what happens during the QRS phase. QRS = atria relaxes (repolarization) as ventricles contract (depolarization) Beginning of ventricular systole

23. Using the diagrams, explain what happens during the T phase. T = ventricles relax (repolarization) Marks the end of ventricular systole.

24. What occurs in ventricular systole? The left and right ventricles contract simultaneously. AV valves immediately close Semilunar valves open after a brief delay

25. What occurs in ventricular diastole? Left and right ventricles relax simultaneously Semilunar valves immediately close AV valves open after a brief delay

26. What is Passive filling? Ventricles are in diastole. Atria are in diastole AV valves are open Semilunar valves are closed

27. What occurs during active filling? Ventricles are in diastole Atria are in systole AV valves are open Semilunar valves are closed

28. What is this abnormal heart rhythm called? Atrial fibrillation-Contains obvious QRS waves but no defined P or T waves. The atria are fluttering and atrial systole is not occuring.,Not immediately fatal because ventricles will fill passively Use the formulas to solve the following problems. 29. If systolic pressure is 122 and diastolic pressure is 84, what are the pulse pressure and the Mean Arterial Pressure? 11. pp = 38 hg of Mercury and MAP = 96.7 rounded to 97 30. Mrs. Jones has a heart rate of 85, a systolic pressure of 140 and diastolic pressure of 60, and an end diastolic volume of 110 and end systolic volume of 40. What is her cardiac output? CO = 5950 mL/min

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Station D: 30. Explain the difference between the circulation of blood and the circulation of lymph. 32. Trace to flow of blood through the body. 33. Trace the flow of lymph through the body. 34. What are the characteristics of arteries? 35. What are the characteristics of veins? 36. Why do veins have valves? 37. What is the important function of capillaries? 38. What is arteriosclerosis? 39. What is atherosclerosis? 40. What is a myocardial infraction?

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Station D: 30. Explain the difference between the circulation of blood and the circulation of lymph.

Blood is pumped under pressure by the heart while lymph is not is propelled but moves in a passive fashion. Lymph vessels are thin walled, and have valves as do veins.

32. Trace to flow of blood through the body.

Blood Flow: vena cava right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle pulmonary valve pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary bed pulmonary veins left atrium bicuspid (mitrial valve) left ventricle aortic valve aorta arteriesarterioles tissue capillaries venules veins vena cava

33. Trace the flow of lymph through the body.

Lymph Flow: Interstitial fluid → Lymph → Lymph capillary → Afferent lymph vessel → Lymph node → Efferent lymph vessel → Lymph trunk → Lymph duct {Right lymphatic duct and Thoracic duct (left side)} → Subclavian vein (right and left) → Blood → Interstitial fluid...

34. What are the characteristics of arteries? Large vessels to carry blood away from the heart. Have thick muscular walls 35. What are the characteristics of veins? Low resistant conduits for return of blood to the heart. 36. Why do veins have valves? Prevent backflow of blood 37. What is the important function of capillaries? Site of exchange of nutrients and waste products between blood and tissues. 38. What is arteriosclerosis?

Any hardening (and loss of elasticity) of medium or large arteries 39. What is atherosclerosis?

Common form of arteriosclerosis-cholesterol, lipid, calcium deposits in the walls of the arteries 40. What is a myocardial infraction? Loss of living heart muscle as a result of coronary occlusion

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Station E: Human Skin Refer to the Skin Diagram for Questions 41-50. 41. What is number 1and what does it do? 42. What is number 2 and what does it do? 43. What is number 3 and what does it do? 44. What is number 8 and what does it do? 45. What is number 9 and what does it do? For questions 46-50, use Figures 1 and 2 46. Which Figures (1 or 2) represents thin skin? 47. Where is thin skin found on the body? 48. Which Figure (1 or 2) is thick skin> 49. Where is thick skin found on the body? 50. How is thick skin different from thin skin?

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Station E: Human Skin Refer to the Skin Diagram for Questions 41-45. 41. What is number 1and what does it do? Epidermis – outer layer provides physical, chemical, and biological barriers 42. What is number 2 and what does it do? Dermis – second layer – has blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles 43. What is number 3 and what does it do? Subdermal layer - or hypodermis- below skin – attaches skin to underlying organs and tissues has connective tissue and adipose tissue for insulation 44. What is number 8 and what does it do? Sweat gland - – produce sweat to cool body 45. What is number 9 and what does it do? Subaceous gland - produce oil which lubricates hair and skin For questions 46-50, use Figures 1 and 2 46. Which Figures (1 or 2) represents thin skin? Fig 2 47. Where is thin skin found on the body? all parts of body except palms of hands and soles of feet 48. Which Figure (1 or 2) is thick skin> Fig 1 49. Where is thick skin found on the body? palms of hands and soles of feet 50. How is thick skin different from thin skin? hairless, has thick epidermis, lacks sebaceous and has more sweat glands plus sense receptors are more densely packed

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Station F: Cells and Layers of Skin Use A-F for Questions 51-55 (Cell Types) use letters (G-N) on the diagram. 51. Which cell is the melanocyte? 52. Which cell is a live keratinocyte? 53. Which cell is a dead keratinocyte? 54. Which cell is a Merkel cell and helps with touch? 55. Which cell is a Langerhans cell and participates in immune responses? Use G-L for Questions 56-60 (Cell Layers) use letters (A-F) on the diagram 56. Which layer is present only in thick skin? What is its name? 57. Which layer is where skin cells reproduce? What is its name? 58. Which layer Is the layer of dead flat keratinocytes? What is its name? 59. Which layer spine-like projections that tightly join the cells together? What is its name? 60. Which layer marks the transition between deeper metabolically active layers and the dead cells

of the superficial strata? What is its name?

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Station F: Cells and Layers of Skin Use A-F for Questions 51-55 (Cell Types) use letters (G-N) on the diagram. 51. Which cell is the melanocyte? K 52. Which cell is a live keratinocyte? I 53. Which cell is a dead keratinocyte? G 54. Which cell is a Merkel cell and helps with touch? L 55. Which cell is a Langerhans cell and participates in immune responses? J Use G-L for Questions 56-60 (Cell Layers) use letters (A-F) on the diagram 56. Which layer is present only in thick skin? What is its name? B Stratum lucidum 57. Which layer is where skin cells reproduce? What is its name? E Stratum basale 58. Which layer is the layer of dead flat keratinocytes? What is its name? A Stratum corneum 59. Which layer spine-like projections that tightly join the cells together? What is its name? D Stratum spinosum 60. Which layer marks the transition between deeper metabolically active layers and the dead cells

of the superficial strata? What is its name? B Stratum granulosum

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Station G: Skin 61. – 65. What pigments are responsible for skin color and what factors are involved in skin color? How does UV light affect the skin 66. – 70. How does aging affect the skin and the glands and accessory organs within the skin?

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Station G: Skin 61. – 65. What pigments are responsible for skin color and what factors are involved in skin color? How does UV light affect the skin

Skin Pigments - three pigments are responsible for skin color- melanin, carotene, hemoglobin – genes, sun exposure, volume of blood in the capillaries and RBC unoxygenated blood determine skin color

• Melanin is located mostly in epidermis • Number of melanocytes are about the same in all races • Difference in skin color is due to the amount of pigment that melanocytes produce and

disperse to keratinocytes. • Freckles are caused by the accumulation of melanin in patches • Liver spots are also caused by the accumulation of melanin • Melanocytes synthesize melanin from an amino acid called tyrosine along with an

enzyme called tyrosinase. All this occurs in the melanosome which is an organelle in the melanocyte.

• Two types of melanin: eumelanin which is brownish black and pheomelanin which is reddish yellow

• Fair-skinned people have more pheomelanin and dark skinned people have more eumelanin

• UV light increases enzymatic activity in the melanosomes and leads to increasedmelanin production.

• A tan is achieved because the amount of melanin has increased as well as the darkness of the melanin. (Eumelanin provides protection from UV exposure while pheomelanin tends to break down with too much UV exposure)

• The melanin provides protection from the UV radiation but prolonged exposure may cause skin cancer.

66. – 70. How does aging affect the skin and the glands and accessory organs within the skin?

• Beginning in our 20s, the effects of aging begin to be visible in the skin. • Stem cell activity declines: skin thin, repair difficult • Epidermal dendritic cells decrease: reduced immune response • Vitamin D3 production declines: calcium absorption declines and brittle bones • Glandular activity declines: skin dries, body can overheat • Blood supply to dermis declines: tend to feel cold • Hair follicles die or produce thinner hair • Dermis thins and becomes less elastic – wrinkles • Sex characteristics fade: fat deposits spread out, hair patterns change • Genetically programmed chronologic aging causes biochemical changes in collagen

connective tissues that give skin its firmness and elasticity. • The genetic program for each person is different, so the loss of skin firmness and

elasticity occurs at different rates and different times in one individual as compared with another.

• As skin becomes less elastic, it also becomes drier. • Underlying fat padding begins to disappear. • With loss of underlying support by fat padding and connective tissues, the skin begins to

sag. It looks less supple and wrinkles form. • The skin may be itchy with increased dryness. A cut may heal more slowly.

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Station H: Immune Cells 71. Where are the precursor cells which form the immune cells produced? 72. What do the cells of the immune system defend against? 73. The lymph tissue assists in immunity – where are these lymph tissues found? 74. Which cells are the chief phagocytes in the blood and become macrophages when in organs? 75. Which cells make and secrete antibodies? 76. Which cells recognize foreign antigens and secrete antibodies to guide the attack? 77. Which cells kills cells with the guidance of antibodies? 78. Which cells destroy worms? 79. Which cells trigger the inflammatory response? 80. Which cells are attacked by the HIV virus?

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Station H: Immune Cells 71. Where are the precursor cells which form the immune cells produced? bone marrow 72. What do the cells of the immune system defend against? infectious agents, malfunctioning cells or abnormal body cells and foreign cells or particles 73. The lymph tissue assists in immunity – where are these lymph tissues found? spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes, GALT, MALT, SALT 74. Which cells are the chief phagocytes in the blood and become macrophages when in organs? monocytes – dendrite cells are also phagocytes in tissues that are in contact with external environment 75. Which cells make and secrete antibodies? plasma cells or plasma B cells 76. Which cells recognize foreign antigens and secrete antibodies to guide the attack? B cells 77. Which cells kills cancer cells, cells infected esp with viruses and other damaged cells? NK cells or cytotoxic T cells 78. Which cells destroy parasitic worms? eosinophils 79. Which cells trigger the inflammatory response and release histimines? basophils and Mast cells 80. Which cells are attacked by the HIV virus? helper T cells also macrophages and dendrite cells

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Station I: Inflammation Process 81. What is the body’s first line of defense? What helps with is defense? 82. What is the body’s second line of defense? 83. What is the body’s third line of defense? 84. Which line of defense is most involved in the inflammation process? 85. Is the response associated with the inflammation process - specific or nonspecific? Why? 86. What is the role of complement proteins? 87. What is the collective name for the types of immune cells with destroy invading organisms? 88. What is the major mechanism used to destroy invading organisms? 89. What make up the pus that is formed during the inflammation process? 90. What chemicals are released which cause redness, swelling, and pain?

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Station I: Inflammation Process 81. What is the body’s first line of defense? What helps with is defense? prevent entry – intact skin and mucosae and their secretions 82. What is the body’s second line of defense? fight infection and keep it local - phagocytic white blood cells, antimicrobial proteins, and other cells 83. What is the body’s third line of defense? (Specific or innate response)

combat major infections - Lymphocytes and Antibodies – work on specific invaders – produce memory cells to protect against another infection

84. Which line of defense is most involved in the inflammation process? Second line of defense 85. Is the response associated with the inflammation process - specific or nonspecific? Why? Non-specific – it is designed to be immediate and fight all invaders 86. What is the collective name for the types of immune cells with destroy invading organisms? phagocytes – mainly neutrophils 87. What is the role of complement proteins? activate other proteins in a domino fashion resulting in a cascade of reactions which attract phagocytes 88. What is the major mechanism used to destroy invading organisms? phagocytosis 89. What make up the pus that is formed during the inflammation process?

Dead neutrophils make up a large proportion of puss 90. What chemicals are released which cause redness, swelling, and pain? histimines – this is why antihistimines are used to reduce inflammation

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Station J. Immune Responses The third line of defense is very specific and involves two processes. Use the diagram of these two processes in answering Questions 91-100. 91. Which is the third line of defense – the adaptive response – specific or nonspecific? 92. Which is the third line of defense – the adaptive response – immediate or is there a lag time between exposure and maximum response? 93. What is the name of the response which defends against extracellular pathogens by binding to antigens? 94. What is the name of the response process which defends against intracellular pathogens and cancer by binding to and lysing these cells? 95. Antigen-presenting cells stimulate what type of cells? What letter is it on the diagram? 96. Which type of cells stimulate B cells, cytotoxic Tcells and memory T cells? What letter is it on the diagram? 97. Free antigens directly activate what type of cells? What letter is it on the diagram? 98. What cells secrete antibodies and are derived from B cells? What letter is it on the diagram? 99. Which cells binding to and lyse infected cells or cancer cells? What letter is it on the diagram? 100. Which cells provide memory for the two response mechanisms to help with future infections?

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Station J. Immune Responses The third line of defense is very specific and involves two processes. Use the diagram of these two processes in answering Questions 91-100. 91. Which is the third line of defense – the adaptive response – specific or nonspecific? specific 92. Which is the third line of defense – the adaptive response – immediate or is there a lag time between exposure and maximum response? lag time between exposure and maximum response 93. What is the name of the response which defends against extracellular pathogens by binding to antigens? Humoral (antibody-mediated) immune response 94. What is the name of the response process which defends against intracellular pathogens and cancer by binding to and lysing these cells? Cell-mediated immune response 95. Antigen-presenting cells stimulate what type of cells? What letter is it on the diagram? Helper T cells – C on the diagram 96. Which type of cells stimulate B cells, cytotoxic Tcells and memory T cells? What letter is it on the diagram? Helper T cells – C on the diagram 97. Free antigens directly activate what type of cells? What letter is it on the diagram? B cells – A on the diagram 98. What cells secrete antibodies and are derived from B cells? What letter is it on the diagram? Plasma cells – B on the diagram 99. Which cells binding to and lyse infected cells or cancer cells? What letter is it on the diagram? Active cytotoxic T cells – H on the diagram 100. Which cells provide memory for the two response mechanisms to help with future infections? What letters is it on the diagram? Memory B cells and Memory T cells – E & F on the diagram

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Station K: Disorders For Questions 101-103, explain the cause and treatment for the following disorders 101. Congestive Heart Failure 102. Atrial Fibrillation 103. Bradycardia vs. Tachycardia 104. Distinguish between 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree burns. For Questions 105-108, use the pictures (A,B, and C) of skin cancer. 105. Which picture is of Basal cell carcinoma? 106. Which picture is of Squamous Cell Carcinoma? 107. Which picture is of Melanoma? 108. Which of these types of skin cancer is the most deadly? Why? 109. Which type of cells are infected by the HIV virus within the immune system? 110. Why is tissue matching so important in organ transplants

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Station K: Disorders For Questions 101-103, explain the cause and treatment for the following disorders 101. Congestive Heart Failure - the heart's function as a pump is inadequate to deliver oxygen rich blood to the body due to weakend heart muscle, stiffening of heart muscle or deseases that demand oxygen beyond the capacity of the heart to deliver oxygen-rich blood. It is treated with medications like ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, and diuretics as well as lifestyle changes. Surgery may also be used . 102. Atrial Fibrillation - Irregular and often rapid beats of the atria. Treatment involves medications to slow heart rate, restore and maintain normal rhythm, and prevent clot formation 103. Bradycardia – slowness of heart rate, usually fewer than 60 beats per minute in resting adults. Treatment vary based on the underlying cause of the condition. They may include medications, pacemaker, surgery, or even in severe cases a heart transplant Tachycardia – rapid resting heart rate, more than 100 beats per minute. Treatment varies based on underlying causes may include lifestyle changes, medications to slow heart, surgery for pacemaker or defibrillator 104. Distinguish between 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree burns.

• 1st degree burns skin is inflamed, red - surface layer of skin is shed

• 2nd degree burns deeper injury - blisters form as fluid builds up beneath outer layers of epidermis

• 3rd degree burns full thickness of skin is destroyed -sometimes even subcutaneous tissues results in ulcerating wounds

For Questions 105-108, use the pictures (A,B, and C) of skin cancer. 105. Which picture is of Basal cell carcinoma? B 106. Which picture is of Squamous Cell Carcinoma? C 107. Which picture is of Melanoma? A 108. Which of these types of skin cancer is the most deadly? Why? Malignant Melanoma – it spreads rapidly – often begins in molds 109. Which type of cells are infected by the HIV virus within the immune system?

HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system such as helper T cells, macrophages, and dendrite cells

110. Why is tissue matching so important in organ transplants? human immune system is designed to attack anything it doesn't recognize –white blood cells recognize the body's tissues by looking for a set of antigens on the surface of each cell so it is important to find tissue that has as many of the right MHC markers as possible

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