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3

5G Enables New User Experiences

On the go Nomadic Fixed

Critical IoT Robotic Control

HD - Video Stream .

4K - Video Stream

Modified – Original Source: GSMA

M2M

Critical IoT (Public Safety, RT* control) Challenge: Ultra reliability and low latency

communication (URLLC) + Security needed.

One of the 5G areas (eMBB, mMTC, URLLC, NEO)

AR/VR, Interactive Robotic control Challenge: Low latency, >100Mbps, Mobile.

eMBB 5G area covers these requirements

4K Video/CB office (multiple streams) Challenge: >100Mbps last mile streaming

eMBB 5G area covers these requirements

Massive IoT Challenge: 1 million devices/sqkm, low cost, secure

4.5G covers low cost/deep coverage (NB-IoT, eMTC);

5G mMTC covers 1 million devices/sqkm, security

* Industrial Real Time Control

2016 Lenovo, All Rights Reserved

4 ••© 2014 Lenovo Internal Use Only. All rights reserved. 4

5G - Enabling a Hyper Connected Future

VIDEO

Modified – Original Source: GSMA 1990 2005 2015 2025

2G 3G 4G 4.5G 5G



30 Bn

12.5 Bn

State of Mobile Operators

2015-2020: Revenue CAGR ~2% 2015-2020: Traffic CAGR ~49%

Connections

Modified – Original Source: Samsung


6 ••© 2014 Lenovo Internal Use Only. All rights reserved. 6 2016 Lenovo, All Rights Reserved

UDN

Massive MIMO

Adv. Modulation and coding

Full duplex

5G Requirements and Potential Technologies

1000x 10-100x 10-100x 5x 10x

1000x data volume 50/100 B devices Up to 10Gbps Few ms E2E 10 years

Higher mobile data volumes

Higher number of connected devices

Typical end-user data rates

Lower latency Longer battery life for low-power devices

Novel multiple access

FBMC

D2D

Massive MIMO

All spectrum access

UDN

Interference C.


Short frame / signaling

Flat net, D2D


Flexible DRX

MTC

D2D

Create a new radio interface to address new spectrum and service opportunities, and support new network architectures with NFV/SDN

Source: Ericsson

8

Ways to Improve Channel Capacity

Shannon’s Law

>3.5GHz

& ASA

More Bandwidth More Antennas Better SNR for HOM

Carrier Aggregation

- licensed (0.6 – 6 GHz)

- unlicensed(LAA), hybrid spectrum(ASA)

- mmWave (200+MHz contiguous BW)

3D/Full Dimension MIMO,

Massive MU-MIMO

(full time-frequency reuse per user)

Better SNR for higher order modulation:

Densification (add small cells),

advanced interference cancellation


Massive Increase in Antennas Drives Capacity

3 to10x Capacity increase

– More antennas = narrow transmission beams

= more simultaneous high data rate users

mmWave spectrum = huge bandwidth

Gbps enabled by huge bandwidths

– 100+ antennas enables mmWave use

1.4 GHz 850 MHz 1.6 GHz 7 GHz 7 GHz

28 GHz

Bandwidth

Bands 37 39 GHz

Source: Samsung

Source : 4G Americas


MOTOROLA MOBILITY CONFIDENTIAL

Line-Of-Sight (LOS) MIMO

• MIMO without multipath (depends on spherical propagation)

T R

Rd d

N

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Size

oLf

Arr

ay (m

eter

s)

Distance between transmitter and receiver (meters)

LOS MIMO Array Length vs. Frequency 2 element array

1 GHz

4 GHz

16 GHz

64 GHz

• Depends crucially on – carrier frequency (wavelength λ)

– spacing of elements in the antenna arrays (dT , dR)

– distance from the transmitter to the receiver (R)

– number of elements in the array (N)

– Rank N transmission can be achieved for a one-dimensional array if the following condition is satisfied

– Rank N2 transmission can be achieved for a two-dimensional array (N2

antenna elements) if the condition is satisfied in each dimension

– Rank 2N2 transmission if two orthogonal polarizations (2N2 antenna elements)

• Becomes feasible for modest ranges at millimeter wave frequencies (e.g., 60 GHz) – Can increase spacing dT at the transmitter in order to reduce spacing dR at the receiver

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When antenna elements are embedded within a closely-spaced array, they couple − Currents on one antenna create fields which induce currents on the adjacent antennas and these induced

currents generate their own fields

− The behavior of the closely spaced array is affected by all of the following: − The circuits used to drive the array (voltage or current source, source impedance)

− Matching circuits (broadband multi-port) used to match the impedance of the array to the transmission line

− The presence/absence of isolators at the source

This coupling can significantly impact the behavior of the array by − Altering the mapping between the weighting vector applied to the array and the far-field pattern (relative to

that expected in the absence of coupling)

− Altering the mapping between the norm of the weighting

vector and the transmitted power.

− Example: two half-wavelength dipoles with half wavelength spacing − Transmit power variation shown as a function of the relative phase θ of the weights

− Transmit power varies by 1.3 dB

1

exp j

v

Impact of Mutual Coupling in Closely Spaced Arrays

1 1

2 2Weighting Coupling MatrixArrayPattern VectorCoupled Patterns Uncoupled Patterns

, ,,

, ,T T

T

q pP

q p

vv v M


5G Channel Coding

● Design requirements

○ Flexibility on information block size and codeword size granularity

○ HARQ support (data channel) - Incremental Redundancy and Chase Combining

○ Latency (Decoding/Encoding) – impacts low latency communications

○ Performance – error floor important for ultra reliable communications

○ Implementation complexity (Area efficiency (Gbps/mm2)) – esp. important for very high data rates

○ Power consumption (Energy efficiency (J/bit)) – important for mMTC;

● Candidates

○ Turbo code

○ LDPC code

○ Convolutional code

○ Polar code

○ Outer erasure code – handle bursty interference

○ For large information block sizes, Turbo, LDPC, and Polar show comparable link performance

○ For small information block sizes, performance of Polar and convolution codes are comparable for

similar decoders


5G Modulation

● Design requirements

○ Spectrum efficiency

○ Demodulator complexity

○ Integration with MIMO

○ Low PAPR/CM for link-budget limited scenarios – e.g., mMTC

○ Phase noise floor impacts for mmWave bands

● Candidates

○ Square QAM constellations – including high order QAM – e.g., 1024QAM for backhaul

○ Constellation shaping

○ Bit-to-symbol mapping – Gray, natural mapping

○ Coded modulation schemes – Bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM), Multi-level codes (MLC)

● Phase-noise will restrict the maximum modulation order for mmWave bands


Densification with mmWave Small Cells – Tokyo example

>1 Gbps average t-put !

small cells: 100m ISD and carrier aggregation:

– 160 MHz (<6GHz) – multiple bands

– 200 MHz (>6GHz) – 1 band

– 100 Mbps cell edge (5%-ile) t-put

BUT: how to carry the data back from each cell site?

– Backhaul/Fronthaul challenge

– Wired/Wireless backhaul

–73GHz 1Gbps backhaul-2hop

Source: Nokia

1 km

1 k

m

2015 Lenovo Confidential. All rights reserved.

4G vs 4.5G vs 5G - Expected Capacity for Mobile Broadband 4 Trends (increases capacity & average and peak data rates to handle 6x data usage increase every 5 years)

- More Bandwidth (via aggregation)

- 5 carrier aggregation - 2010;

- 32 carrier aggregation - 2015; 4.5G (<=2.5GHz, 3.5GHz, 4GHz, 5.8GHz)

- 200+ MHz contiguous BW (pre operator) by 2022 for 5G at mmWave - More small cells (densification - started back in 2010 but taking off only now in 2016 - backhaul key)

Moving content to the edge enabling low end-to-end latency (leverage 1ms 5G radio network latency) - More antennas (Full Dimension MIMO - 3D beamforming → 3 to 10x capacity improvement)

- FD-MIMO with up to 32 antennas at eNB and 4 rx antennas at UE is 4.5G (below 6GHz)

- FD-MIMO with >100 eNB antennas & 32 UE antenna elements is 5G (above 6GHz) Tables below Highlight the 4 trends in terms of Increase in average & top 10%-ile data rates for 4x 2015 network load (4.5G)and 10x 2015 network load (5G). Lower latency trend especially regarding 5G highlighted.


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Not just PHY

OPEX and other considerations

• Flexible Network architecture

(virtualization/slicing)

• Control and User plane split

• Connection-less operation

• Energy efficiency

• Multi-connectivity

• multi site

• multi RAT

Source: METIS 2020, D6.4, 2015


17

Wireless and Wireline (Telco) Network Virtualization

Proprietary SW on Proprietary HW

Telco operators adopt Google/Amazon approach of virtualized + commoditized HW

OpenSource SW on Commodity HW

Source: Intel


18

Optimizing Mobile Network & User experience via Big Data analytics

– Big ‘signaling/traffic/location/waveforms/heterogeneous’ Data

– Big policy data: M&A different types of data for generating NW analytics for determining policy

Wireless + Big data (Optimize NW & User Experience)

SOURCE: Ying He et al, “Big Data Analytics in Mobile Cellular Networks”, IEEE Access, May 11, 2016



IoT – Internet of Things

Today IoT is set of disconnected systems

– many short range communications techniques (RFID, Bluetooth, UWB, … )

5G provides unified framework for seamless connections

– Smart city is now enabled (e.g.)

wearables

home

office eHealth

critical infrastructure

transportation

data center



Promise of 5G – Underpinning future technologies

• 5G (NR) connectivity will support large range of devices and use cases from IoT to mobile VR/AR gaming.

• 5G leverages 4.5G low cost IoT radio access designs (NB-IoT, eMTC) to support 1 million IoT dev/sqkm

• 5G to continue trend of MNO use of unlicensed (WiFi) spectrum with built-in 5G (NR) support

• Moving content to the edge + 1ms 5G radio NW design enabling low 10ms end-to-end latency

• Radio and Network Architecture flexibility to drive down cost & better address new markets & use cases

• Network slicing and other virtualization support will be built into the 5G network design faster NW innovation

• Virtualization-slicing + big data analytics allows anticipating per user connectivity needs with customized services.

• 5G will enable low latency 100 Mbps services anywhere (5%-ile c.e. t-put) in the network which requires :

• aggregation of ~ 300 MHz of spectrum

• e.g. 160 MHz of licensed and unlicensed spectrum below 6 GHz (600 MHz – 6 GHz)

• 200+ MHz of >6 GHz contiguous spectrum which can achieve up to 10 Gbps in small cell scenarios,

• massive MU-MIMO support (in 2.5 GHz to millimeter wave bands)

• small cell optimization with built-in backhaul support (e.g. backhaul built into frame structure)

• flexible frame structure design enabling low latency and optimization for known & unknown use cases



5G (NR) Timeline and Status

5G Stds Kickoff Sep 15

1 Apr 16 5G SI start

1 Apr 17 5G WI starts

5G SPEC R1 Dec 19

5G Commercial

~2021

Oct 14 Lenovo/MM

5G Team

5G Study Item 5G Phase 1

2016 2017 2018 2019

NSA SA

NSA 5G SPEC Dec 18

SA 5G SPEC Jun 18

5G Phase 2

“Early 5G”Last Mile Streaming Video

NSA 4G CORE

5G Commercial Est. Dates

SA 5G CORE

Phase 2 R1 SPEC

R13 R14 R15

WRC

• Early non-standalone (NSA) version slated for completion in Dec 2017 • Standalone (SA) Phase 1 version slated for completion in June 2018. • Phase 2 completion of 5G is targeted for Dec 2019. Expected Pre-commercial and commercial dates are also given including plans for early ‘5G’ rollout for fixed wireless last mile internet video streaming in June 2017.

eMBB + low latency only

eMBB, URLLC, Massive MTC, NEO

Korea Japan mmWave Spectrum

R16


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