2014-influence of thermal shrinkage on protective clothing performance during fire exposure...

8/12/2019 2014-Influence of Thermal Shrinkage on Protective Clothing Performance during Fire Exposure Numerical Investiga

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Mechanical Engineering Research; Vol. 4, No. 2; 2014ISSN 1927-0607 E-ISSN 1927-0615

Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education

1

Influence of Thermal Shrinkage on Protective Clothing Performance

during Fire Exposure: Numerical Investigation

AhmedGhazy11Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt

Correspondence: Ahmed Ghazy, Faculty of Engineering, Ibrahim Abel Razik Street, Ain Shams E., 11718, Cairo,

Egypt. E-mail: [email protected]

Received: March 31, 2014 Accepted: May 8, 2014 Online Published: June 20, 2014

doi:10.5539/mer.v4n2p1 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mer.v4n2p1

Abstract

The thermal shrinkage of protective clothing during fire exposure plays a crucial rule in reducing the clothing

protective performance. The transversal reduction in the fabric perimeter around the body due to the fabric thermal

shrinkage causes a dynamic reduction in the air gap between the clothing and the body. This leads to a dynamic

change in the heat transfer modes within the gap. Despite of its influential effect on the clothing performance, the

thermal shrinkage of protective clothing during fire exposure has not been yet addressed in the literature. This

can be attributed to the absence of a gap model that can capture the reciprocal change in heat transfer modes

within the gap due to clothing shrinkage. This paper develops a finite volume model to investigate the influence

of the fabric thermal shrinkage on protective clothing performance. A special attention was drawn to the model

of the air gap between the clothing and skin as it responds directly to the clothing thermal shrinkage. The

influence of a variation in the fabric shrinkage rate and the overall reduction in the fabric dimensions was

investigated. The paper demonstrates that the clothing protective performance continuously decreases with the

reduction in the fabric dimensions while the decay in the clothing protective performance is limited to small

shrinkage rates of the fabric. Moreover, this decay in the clothing performance vanishes at high shrinkage rates

of the fabric.

Keywords:fabric shrinkage, fire exposure, conduction-radiation, thermal radiation, finite volume method.

1. Introduction

Protective clothing is widely used in many industries and applications such as petroleum and petrochemical

industries and municipal firefighting to seek protection from thermal and fire exposures. The thermal protective

performance (TPP) of the clothing is determined by estimating heat transfer from the thermal source to the skin

through clothing, which causes skin burns as a result. Standard bench top tests (ISO 9151, 1995, ASTM D 4108,

1987, ASTM F, 1999, and NFPA, 2007) are used to evaluate the TPP of fabric specimens while manikin test

(ASTM F, 2000) is used to evaluate the TPP of the whole garment at different locations of the body.

Modeling the thermal performance of protective clothing has been extensively reported in the literature during the

past decade. Torvi (1997) and Torvi and Dale (1999) modeled heat transfer in Kevlar/PBI and Nomex

flame-resistant fabric during a flame TPP test. Mell and Lawson (2000) modeled heat transfer in multiple layers

protective garment during radiant exposure. Tan, Crown and Capjack (1998) studied the design of flightsuitprotective garment for optimum protection to flight personnel. Chitrphiromsri and Kuznetsov (2005) and Song,

Chitrphiromsri and Ding (2008) modeled heat and moisture transfer through firefighters clothing in fire exposure

and local flame test, respectively. Zhu and Zhang (2009) considered the fabric thermal degradation at high

temperature during radiant exposure. Mercer and Sidhu (2008, 2009) investigated the performance of protective

clothing with embedded phase change material.

The air gap between the fabric and skin plays an essential role in determining the performance of protective

clothing during fire exposure. This role was acknowledged in the literature in several studies. For example, Torvi,

Dale and Faulkner (1999) investigated the effect of the gap width on the protective performance of a

flame-resistant fabric during a flame TPP test. Sawcyn and Torvi (2005) and Talukdar, Torvi, Simonson and

Sawcyn (2010) attempted to improve the modeling of the air gap in bench top tests of protective fabrics. The 3-D

body scanning technology was used (Song, Barker, Hamouda, Kuznetsov, Chitrphiromsri, & Grimes, 2004; Kim,

Lee, Li, Corner, & Paquette, 2002; Mah & Song, 2010a; Mah & Song, 2010b) to determine the widths and


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www.ccsenet.org/mer Mechanical Engineering Research Vol. 4, No. 2; 2014

2

distribution of air gaps between flame-resistant garment and manikin body. Ghazy and Bergstrom (2010)

developed a numerical model for single layer protective clothing that considers the combined conduction-radiation

heat transfer between the fabric and the skin. Then, Ghazy and Bergstrom (2011) further investigated the influence

of the conduction-radiation in the gap between protective clothing and the skin on the overall performance of the

clothing. Ghazy and Bergstrom (2012) also developed a model for heat transfer in multiple layers firefighters

clothing that considers the combined conduction-radiation heat transfer within the air gaps between clothing layers.

Ghazy (2013) developed a novel air gap model that stands middle way between the conduction-radiation modelintroduced in Ghazy (2011) and the approximate air gap model exists elsewhere in the literature.

The thermal shrinkage of protective clothing in thermal or fire exposures significantly affects the clothing

performance. The transversal reduction in the fabric perimeter around the body due to fabric thermal shrinkage

causes a dynamic reduction in the air gap between the clothing and the body. This leads to a corresponding

variation in the total heat transfer through the gap and an interchanging variation in its modes. In addition, the

reduction in the gap width caused by thermal shrinkage and hence the overall protective performance of the

clothing depends on the total reduction in fabric dimensions and the shrinkage rate of the fabric.

The influence of the thermal shrinkage on the performance of protective clothing during fire exposure has not been

yet addressed in the literature. This is because the lack of knowledge about shrinkage rates of fire-resistant fabrics

during fire exposure. In addition, the approximate analysis of the air gap that most of the models in the literature

adopted is not capable of considering the dynamic variation in the air gap between the clothing and the skin due to

fabric thermal shrinkage. This paper numerically investigates the effect of the fabrics thermal shrinkage during

fire exposure on the overall performance of protective clothing. A special attention was drawn to modeling heat

transfer through the gap since it responds directly to the fabric thermal shrinkage. The temperature dependence of

the thermophysical properties of the air gap and the fabric was accounted for. The influence of a variation in the

fabric shrinkage rate and the reduction in the fabric dimensions on the clothing protective performance was studied

to capture different forms of fabric thermal shrinkage.

2. Problem Description

A typical protective clothing system is shown in Figure 1. The clothing system comprises a fire-resistant fabric

that is exposed to a heat flux of about 80 kW/m2from a lab burner, the human skin that consists of epidermis,

dermis and subcutaneous layers and an air gap enclosed between the fabric and the skin. The energy equations

for the clothing elements are expressed as follows.

Figure 1. A schematic diagram of protective clothing

2.1 Heat Transfer in Fire-Resistant Fabrics

The transient energy equation for the Kevlar/PBI fabric was introduced by Torvi (1997) and Torvi and Threlfall

(2006) as


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5

PbP

l

P IS ,= (23)

The boundary conditions for the air gap energy equation (Equation 5) are as follows.

fabfab LyfabLyair

TT==

=

0>t (24)

airfabairfab LLy

epLLyairTT

+=+= =

0>t (25)

whereepT is the epidermis surface temperature and airL is the air gap width.

The initial condition of the air gap is

ambair TtyT == )0,( (26)

2.3 Heat Transfer in the Human Skin

Heat transfer in the human skin is modeled by the bioheat transfer equation developed by Pennes (1948). The

energy equations for the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layers of the skin are written as

=

y

Tk

yt

Tc epepP)(

(27)

)()()( TTcyTk

ytTc crbbPdsdsP +

=

(28)

)()()( TTcy

Tk

yt

Tc crbbPscscP +

=

(29)

whereb is the blood perfusion rate, crT is thecore body temperature.

The boundary conditions of the skin are

airfab

airfab

airfab LLy

airairLLyy

LLy

ep

epy

TTkrq

y

TTk

+=

+=

+=

=

)()()(

r 0>t (30)

crLLLLLyscTT

scdsepairfab

=++++=

0>t (31)

whereairfab LLy

y rq+=

)(r is the incident radiation heat flux on the skin (Equation 16) and

epL , dsL and scL are the

thicknesses of the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layers, respectively.

The initial conditions of the skin are represented by a linear temperature distribution from the epidermis surface

(32.5C) to the subcutaneous base (37C). Skin burn injury takes place when the basal layer (the base of the

epidermis layer) temperature reaches 44oC. Henriques integral (Henriques & Moritz, 1947) is employed to predict

times for the skin to receive burn injuries as follows.

=

t

dtRT

EP

0

exp (32)

where the values for the activation energy E

of the skin and the pre-exponential factor Pwere determined by

Weaver and Stoll (1996) for seconddegree burns and by Takata, Rouse and Stanley (1973) for thirddegree burns.The basal layer temperature is employed in the aforementioned integral to predict times to first and second

degree burns. First and seconddegree burns take place when reaches 0.53 and 1, respectively. Whilst the

dermal base (the base of the dermis layer) temperature is employed in the integral to estimate times to thirddegree

burns, which occur when reaches 1.

3. Numerical Solution

The fabric, air gap and the skin (epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous) energy equations were solved along with

their boundary conditions using the finite volume method (Patankar, 1980) using the Gauss-Seidel point-by-point

iterative scheme. The solution proceeds as follows. Within each time step, temperatures calculated in the previous

time step are used as initial guess for the iteration loop. The air gap width is updated according to Equations 6 and

7. A uniform reduction in the air gap control volumes sizes is assumed whereas the air properties in each control

volume do not change. Within the iteration loop, temperatures of the air gap, fabric backside and epidermis surface


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are used t

of radiati

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for higher red

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ction rates. T

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ing is conside

n the clothing

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r or the fabric

n. However, t

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e linearly dec

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width on skin

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increase in the

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e reduction r

width. Lastly,

re influential

place.

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ally investiga

shrinkage of t

rate of the fabr

protective pe

ters the cond

n heat flux fr

he clothing p

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Vol. 4, No. 2;

d secondde

different redu

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4) The re

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